This document provides an introduction to structured query language (SQL). It outlines the basic commands and functions of SQL for data administration and manipulation. These include using SQL to create tables, indexes and views; and to add, modify, delete and retrieve data. The document also discusses SQL queries, constraints, indexes, joins and aggregate functions to extract useful information from databases.
Intruduction to SQL.Structured Query Language(SQL}IlgarKarimov3
This document provides an introduction to SQL, covering both data definition and data manipulation language. It explains how SQL is used to create and manage databases, tables, and indexes, as well as manipulate the data within tables by inserting, updating, deleting and querying records. The document also covers advanced SQL topics like joins, views, functions and aggregations.
Intruduction to SQL.Structured Query Language(SQL}IlgarKarimov3
This document provides an introduction to SQL, covering both data definition and data manipulation language. It explains how SQL is used to create and manage databases, tables, and indexes, as well as manipulate the data within tables by inserting, updating, deleting and querying records. The document also covers advanced SQL topics like joins, views, functions and aggregations.
Introduction to structured query language (sql)Dhani Ahmad
This chapter discusses the basics of Structured Query Language (SQL) including how to use SQL commands to define databases and tables, manipulate data by inserting, updating, and deleting rows, and retrieve data through queries. It covers SQL commands for data definition, data manipulation, and data queries and includes examples of creating tables and inserting, updating, and selecting data.
Different types of database management systems are discussed including hierarchical, relational, object-oriented, and object-relational. Relational database systems started in the 1970s and are still widely used today through systems like Oracle, SQL Server, and MySQL. The document discusses roles in database development and administration including administrator, developer, and architect roles. It also covers database concepts like normalization, relationships, and server configuration.
Introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL).pptAshwini Rao
The document provides an overview of SQL (Structured Query Language). It discusses the basic commands and functions of SQL for data administration and manipulation. The key topics covered include creating databases and tables, inserting, updating, and deleting data, filtering queries with conditions, joining tables, and aggregating data with functions. The document also summarizes the main SQL clauses, data types, constraints and how to work with views.
Introduction to structured query language (sql)Sabana Maharjan
This document provides an introduction to structured query language (SQL). It discusses the two broad categories of SQL functions: data definition language and data manipulation language. The data definition language includes commands for creating database objects like tables and views, while the data manipulation language includes commands for inserting, updating, deleting, and retrieving data from tables. The document then covers topics like SQL data types, table structures, constraints, indexes, and basic data manipulation commands. It also discusses more advanced SQL concepts such as joins, aggregate functions, and views.
This document discusses how to manage tables in a database including creating, modifying, and dropping tables. The key points are:
1. A table stores data in rows and columns and is created using the CREATE TABLE statement.
2. Tables can be modified using the ALTER TABLE statement to add, modify, or drop columns and constraints.
3. Integrity constraints like primary keys, foreign keys, checks and defaults are applied to tables to maintain data integrity.
4. External tables allow querying data stored outside the database in flat files and are created using the CREATE TABLE statement with the ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL clause.
This chapter discusses advanced SQL features including relational set operators like UNION and INTERSECT, different types of joins, subqueries, functions, views, triggers, stored procedures, cursors, and embedded SQL. It covers topics like using subqueries in the SELECT, WHERE, HAVING and FROM clauses, correlated subqueries, date/string/numeric functions, updatable views, procedural language features in PL/SQL including triggers and stored procedures, and static versus dynamic embedded SQL.
Intruduction to SQL.Structured Query Language(SQL}IlgarKarimov3
This document provides an introduction to SQL, covering both data definition and data manipulation language. It explains how SQL is used to create and manage databases, tables, and indexes, as well as manipulate the data within tables by inserting, updating, deleting and querying records. The document also covers advanced SQL topics like joins, views, functions and aggregations.
Intruduction to SQL.Structured Query Language(SQL}IlgarKarimov3
This document provides an introduction to SQL, covering both data definition and data manipulation language. It explains how SQL is used to create and manage databases, tables, and indexes, as well as manipulate the data within tables by inserting, updating, deleting and querying records. The document also covers advanced SQL topics like joins, views, functions and aggregations.
Introduction to structured query language (sql)Dhani Ahmad
This chapter discusses the basics of Structured Query Language (SQL) including how to use SQL commands to define databases and tables, manipulate data by inserting, updating, and deleting rows, and retrieve data through queries. It covers SQL commands for data definition, data manipulation, and data queries and includes examples of creating tables and inserting, updating, and selecting data.
Different types of database management systems are discussed including hierarchical, relational, object-oriented, and object-relational. Relational database systems started in the 1970s and are still widely used today through systems like Oracle, SQL Server, and MySQL. The document discusses roles in database development and administration including administrator, developer, and architect roles. It also covers database concepts like normalization, relationships, and server configuration.
Introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL).pptAshwini Rao
The document provides an overview of SQL (Structured Query Language). It discusses the basic commands and functions of SQL for data administration and manipulation. The key topics covered include creating databases and tables, inserting, updating, and deleting data, filtering queries with conditions, joining tables, and aggregating data with functions. The document also summarizes the main SQL clauses, data types, constraints and how to work with views.
Introduction to structured query language (sql)Sabana Maharjan
This document provides an introduction to structured query language (SQL). It discusses the two broad categories of SQL functions: data definition language and data manipulation language. The data definition language includes commands for creating database objects like tables and views, while the data manipulation language includes commands for inserting, updating, deleting, and retrieving data from tables. The document then covers topics like SQL data types, table structures, constraints, indexes, and basic data manipulation commands. It also discusses more advanced SQL concepts such as joins, aggregate functions, and views.
This document discusses how to manage tables in a database including creating, modifying, and dropping tables. The key points are:
1. A table stores data in rows and columns and is created using the CREATE TABLE statement.
2. Tables can be modified using the ALTER TABLE statement to add, modify, or drop columns and constraints.
3. Integrity constraints like primary keys, foreign keys, checks and defaults are applied to tables to maintain data integrity.
4. External tables allow querying data stored outside the database in flat files and are created using the CREATE TABLE statement with the ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL clause.
This chapter discusses advanced SQL features including relational set operators like UNION and INTERSECT, different types of joins, subqueries, functions, views, triggers, stored procedures, cursors, and embedded SQL. It covers topics like using subqueries in the SELECT, WHERE, HAVING and FROM clauses, correlated subqueries, date/string/numeric functions, updatable views, procedural language features in PL/SQL including triggers and stored procedures, and static versus dynamic embedded SQL.
SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. It allows users to retrieve, insert, update, and delete data as well as create databases and tables. Common SQL queries include SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT, CREATE DATABASE, ALTER DATABASE, CREATE TABLE, and ALTER TABLE.
Introduction to structured query language (sql) (1)RajniKashyap9
The document discusses using SQL for data administration and manipulation. It covers using SQL to create tables, indexes and views, and to add, modify, delete and retrieve data. It also discusses the basics of SQL commands, data types, constraints, and how to query a database using SELECT statements with conditions like WHERE, BETWEEN, IN and EXISTS.
This document provides an overview of SQL and PL/SQL concepts including data definition language (DDL), data manipulation language (DML), data control language (DCL), and transaction control language (TCL). It discusses SQL commands to create, modify and delete database objects as well as manipulate data. It also covers PL/SQL concepts such as stored procedures, functions, cursors and triggers. Indexes and their use in improving query performance are also summarized.
SQL.pptx for the begineers and good knowPavithSingh
SQL is a standard language for storing, manipulating and retrieving data in relational databases. It allows users to define database structures, create tables, establish relationships between tables and query data. Popular uses of SQL include inserting, updating, deleting and selecting data from database tables. SQL is widely used across industries for managing large datasets efficiently in relational database management systems like MySQL, Oracle and SQL Server.
This document provides an overview of the relational database language SQL. It begins by defining basic data types in SQL like numbers, characters, dates and times. It then discusses the SQL Data Definition Language (DDL) which is used to define and modify database schemas and objects. Specific DDL commands like CREATE, DROP, ALTER, TRUNCATE and RENAME are described. The document also covers the SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML) including commands for queries, inserts, updates and deletes. Additional topics discussed include constraints, indexes, views and the advantages of SQL.
This document provides an overview of SQL and database concepts. It defines what a database and DBMS are, and explains that relational database management systems like SQL Server use SQL as the standard language to interact with relational databases. The document also outlines the main SQL commands - DDL for defining and modifying database structure, DML for manipulating data, DCL for controlling user access, and DQL for querying data. Key concepts like SQL operators, joins, and primary/foreign keys are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of SQL (Structured Query Language). It defines SQL as a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. It describes what SQL can do, such as execute queries, retrieve, insert, update and delete data. It also covers important SQL statements (SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT), clauses (WHERE, ORDER BY), operators (LIKE), joins, and functions. In addition, it discusses SQL data types, constraints, creating tables and indexes.
SQL is a standard language for creating and manipulating databases. It allows users to define, manipulate, and control access to data in a database. Some key capabilities of SQL include creating and deleting tables, inserting, updating, and deleting rows of data, retrieving data with queries, and setting access privileges for database users and applications. SQL is supported by many popular database systems like Oracle, MySQL, SQL Server, and PostgreSQL.
Complete SQL Tutorial In Hindi By Rishabh Mishra.pdfssuserb5bb0e
This document provides an introduction to SQL and a tutorial on various SQL concepts. It begins with an overview of what SQL is and how it is used to interact with databases. It then covers topics like data types, primary keys, constraints, creating tables, inserting/updating/deleting records, the SELECT statement and WHERE clause. Later sections discuss importing data from Excel, functions, aggregate functions, the GROUP BY and HAVING clauses, timestamps and joins. The tutorial is presented in a step-by-step manner over multiple pages with examples provided for each SQL concept.
This document provides an overview of SQL queries for inserting, updating, deleting, and viewing data in Oracle 10g. It covers using scripts to create tables, the INSERT command, search conditions, transactions, sequences, joins, nested queries, set operators, and views. The objectives are to learn how to manipulate and retrieve data from single and multiple tables using SQL.
Using SQL Queries to Insert, Update, Delete, and View Data.pptMohammedJifar1
This document provides an overview of Chapter 3 in the Guide to Oracle 10g, which covers using SQL queries to insert, update, delete, and view data. The key topics covered include running scripts to create database tables, inserting, updating, and deleting records, creating search conditions in queries, using sequences to generate keys, granting privileges on database objects, and writing queries to retrieve, calculate, group, and format data. The objectives are to learn how to perform these basic SQL operations for managing and querying data in an Oracle database.
Consists of the explanations of the basics of SQL and commands of SQL.Helpful for II PU NCERT students and also degree studeents to understand some basic things.
This document provides an overview of SQL Server database development concepts including SQL Server objects, tables, data types, relationships, constraints, indexes, views, queries, joins, stored procedures and more. It begins with introductory content on SQL Server and databases and then covers these topics through detailed explanations and examples in a structured outline.
This document provides guidance on optimizing database performance through techniques like indexing, query tuning, avoiding unnecessary operations, and following best practices for objects like stored procedures, triggers, views and transactions. It emphasizes strategies like indexing frequently accessed columns, avoiding correlated subqueries and unnecessary joins, tuning queries to select only required columns, and keeping transactions and locks as short as possible.
This document provides an overview of tools for PL/SQL development like Oracle SQL Developer and SQL*Plus. It also summarizes key SQL concepts including data definition, manipulation, retrieval, and security commands. Basic SQL elements such as constants, operators, conditions, data types, comments, and variables are also defined.
Aggregate functions in SQL perform calculations on multiple values from a column and return a single value. The document discusses various aggregate functions like COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX and how they are used. It also covers topics like views, joins, constraints and how to create, update, delete views and constraints.
The document provides information about various SQL concepts like views, triggers, functions, indexes, and joins. It defines views as virtual tables created by queries on other tables. Triggers are blocks of code that execute due to data modification language statements on tables. Functions allow reusable code and improve clarity. Indexes speed up searches by allowing fast data retrieval. Joins combine data from two or more tables based on relationships between columns. Stored procedures are SQL statements with an assigned name that are stored for shared use.
SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. It allows users to retrieve, insert, update, and delete data as well as create or modify database objects like tables, indexes, and views. Although SQL standards exist, implementations from different database vendors can vary while still supporting core commands. SQL is always used with an RDBMS which structures data into tables with rows and columns to enable relationships between data. Common SQL commands include SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT, and CREATE.
The document discusses various SQL aggregate functions such as COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX. It explains that aggregate functions perform calculations on multiple values from one or more columns and return a single value. The document also covers SQL views, joins, constraints and dropping constraints. It provides syntax examples for creating views, performing different types of joins (inner, left, right, full outer), and describes various constraint types like primary key, foreign key, unique key, not null.
The document discusses relational database management systems and the SQL language. It provides information on some key concepts:
1. Tables are the fundamental data structure in relational databases, organized as rows and columns. Each table has a unique name and columns must have unique names within the table.
2. SQL is the standard language used to communicate with relational databases to organize, manage and retrieve data. Key SQL commands include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.
3. ALTER TABLE, CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, and other commands are used to define and modify database structure. Data types supported include numeric, date, text. Columns can be added, modified, or dropped from tables.
The document discusses the entity-relationship (E-R) data model. It was proposed by Dr. Peter Chen and represents data graphically using entity sets, attributes, and relationships. Entity sets are collections of abstract objects, attributes are concrete data used to define entity sets, and relationships specify connections between entity sets. The E-R model uses a diagram with rectangles for entity sets, ovals for attributes, and diamonds for relationships. It allows modeling of one-to-one, many-to-one, and many-to-many connections between entity sets. The model aims to faithfully represent specifications simply without redundancy.
1. Magnetic disks are the primary storage medium for databases due to their large storage capacity and reliability. Disks store data in circular tracks divided into sectors, with read/write heads positioning over tracks to access data.
2. RAID (Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks) organizes multiple disks for improved performance, capacity, and reliability. Techniques like mirroring duplicate data across disks for fault tolerance, while striping distributes data across disks to enable parallel access.
3. Database designers must choose an appropriate RAID level based on factors like update frequency, capacity needs, and performance requirements to optimize the physical storage structure.
More Related Content
Similar to Introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL) (1).ppt
SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. It allows users to retrieve, insert, update, and delete data as well as create databases and tables. Common SQL queries include SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT, CREATE DATABASE, ALTER DATABASE, CREATE TABLE, and ALTER TABLE.
Introduction to structured query language (sql) (1)RajniKashyap9
The document discusses using SQL for data administration and manipulation. It covers using SQL to create tables, indexes and views, and to add, modify, delete and retrieve data. It also discusses the basics of SQL commands, data types, constraints, and how to query a database using SELECT statements with conditions like WHERE, BETWEEN, IN and EXISTS.
This document provides an overview of SQL and PL/SQL concepts including data definition language (DDL), data manipulation language (DML), data control language (DCL), and transaction control language (TCL). It discusses SQL commands to create, modify and delete database objects as well as manipulate data. It also covers PL/SQL concepts such as stored procedures, functions, cursors and triggers. Indexes and their use in improving query performance are also summarized.
SQL.pptx for the begineers and good knowPavithSingh
SQL is a standard language for storing, manipulating and retrieving data in relational databases. It allows users to define database structures, create tables, establish relationships between tables and query data. Popular uses of SQL include inserting, updating, deleting and selecting data from database tables. SQL is widely used across industries for managing large datasets efficiently in relational database management systems like MySQL, Oracle and SQL Server.
This document provides an overview of the relational database language SQL. It begins by defining basic data types in SQL like numbers, characters, dates and times. It then discusses the SQL Data Definition Language (DDL) which is used to define and modify database schemas and objects. Specific DDL commands like CREATE, DROP, ALTER, TRUNCATE and RENAME are described. The document also covers the SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML) including commands for queries, inserts, updates and deletes. Additional topics discussed include constraints, indexes, views and the advantages of SQL.
This document provides an overview of SQL and database concepts. It defines what a database and DBMS are, and explains that relational database management systems like SQL Server use SQL as the standard language to interact with relational databases. The document also outlines the main SQL commands - DDL for defining and modifying database structure, DML for manipulating data, DCL for controlling user access, and DQL for querying data. Key concepts like SQL operators, joins, and primary/foreign keys are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of SQL (Structured Query Language). It defines SQL as a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. It describes what SQL can do, such as execute queries, retrieve, insert, update and delete data. It also covers important SQL statements (SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT), clauses (WHERE, ORDER BY), operators (LIKE), joins, and functions. In addition, it discusses SQL data types, constraints, creating tables and indexes.
SQL is a standard language for creating and manipulating databases. It allows users to define, manipulate, and control access to data in a database. Some key capabilities of SQL include creating and deleting tables, inserting, updating, and deleting rows of data, retrieving data with queries, and setting access privileges for database users and applications. SQL is supported by many popular database systems like Oracle, MySQL, SQL Server, and PostgreSQL.
Complete SQL Tutorial In Hindi By Rishabh Mishra.pdfssuserb5bb0e
This document provides an introduction to SQL and a tutorial on various SQL concepts. It begins with an overview of what SQL is and how it is used to interact with databases. It then covers topics like data types, primary keys, constraints, creating tables, inserting/updating/deleting records, the SELECT statement and WHERE clause. Later sections discuss importing data from Excel, functions, aggregate functions, the GROUP BY and HAVING clauses, timestamps and joins. The tutorial is presented in a step-by-step manner over multiple pages with examples provided for each SQL concept.
This document provides an overview of SQL queries for inserting, updating, deleting, and viewing data in Oracle 10g. It covers using scripts to create tables, the INSERT command, search conditions, transactions, sequences, joins, nested queries, set operators, and views. The objectives are to learn how to manipulate and retrieve data from single and multiple tables using SQL.
Using SQL Queries to Insert, Update, Delete, and View Data.pptMohammedJifar1
This document provides an overview of Chapter 3 in the Guide to Oracle 10g, which covers using SQL queries to insert, update, delete, and view data. The key topics covered include running scripts to create database tables, inserting, updating, and deleting records, creating search conditions in queries, using sequences to generate keys, granting privileges on database objects, and writing queries to retrieve, calculate, group, and format data. The objectives are to learn how to perform these basic SQL operations for managing and querying data in an Oracle database.
Consists of the explanations of the basics of SQL and commands of SQL.Helpful for II PU NCERT students and also degree studeents to understand some basic things.
This document provides an overview of SQL Server database development concepts including SQL Server objects, tables, data types, relationships, constraints, indexes, views, queries, joins, stored procedures and more. It begins with introductory content on SQL Server and databases and then covers these topics through detailed explanations and examples in a structured outline.
This document provides guidance on optimizing database performance through techniques like indexing, query tuning, avoiding unnecessary operations, and following best practices for objects like stored procedures, triggers, views and transactions. It emphasizes strategies like indexing frequently accessed columns, avoiding correlated subqueries and unnecessary joins, tuning queries to select only required columns, and keeping transactions and locks as short as possible.
This document provides an overview of tools for PL/SQL development like Oracle SQL Developer and SQL*Plus. It also summarizes key SQL concepts including data definition, manipulation, retrieval, and security commands. Basic SQL elements such as constants, operators, conditions, data types, comments, and variables are also defined.
Aggregate functions in SQL perform calculations on multiple values from a column and return a single value. The document discusses various aggregate functions like COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX and how they are used. It also covers topics like views, joins, constraints and how to create, update, delete views and constraints.
The document provides information about various SQL concepts like views, triggers, functions, indexes, and joins. It defines views as virtual tables created by queries on other tables. Triggers are blocks of code that execute due to data modification language statements on tables. Functions allow reusable code and improve clarity. Indexes speed up searches by allowing fast data retrieval. Joins combine data from two or more tables based on relationships between columns. Stored procedures are SQL statements with an assigned name that are stored for shared use.
SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. It allows users to retrieve, insert, update, and delete data as well as create or modify database objects like tables, indexes, and views. Although SQL standards exist, implementations from different database vendors can vary while still supporting core commands. SQL is always used with an RDBMS which structures data into tables with rows and columns to enable relationships between data. Common SQL commands include SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT, and CREATE.
The document discusses various SQL aggregate functions such as COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX. It explains that aggregate functions perform calculations on multiple values from one or more columns and return a single value. The document also covers SQL views, joins, constraints and dropping constraints. It provides syntax examples for creating views, performing different types of joins (inner, left, right, full outer), and describes various constraint types like primary key, foreign key, unique key, not null.
The document discusses relational database management systems and the SQL language. It provides information on some key concepts:
1. Tables are the fundamental data structure in relational databases, organized as rows and columns. Each table has a unique name and columns must have unique names within the table.
2. SQL is the standard language used to communicate with relational databases to organize, manage and retrieve data. Key SQL commands include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.
3. ALTER TABLE, CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, and other commands are used to define and modify database structure. Data types supported include numeric, date, text. Columns can be added, modified, or dropped from tables.
Similar to Introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL) (1).ppt (20)
The document discusses the entity-relationship (E-R) data model. It was proposed by Dr. Peter Chen and represents data graphically using entity sets, attributes, and relationships. Entity sets are collections of abstract objects, attributes are concrete data used to define entity sets, and relationships specify connections between entity sets. The E-R model uses a diagram with rectangles for entity sets, ovals for attributes, and diamonds for relationships. It allows modeling of one-to-one, many-to-one, and many-to-many connections between entity sets. The model aims to faithfully represent specifications simply without redundancy.
1. Magnetic disks are the primary storage medium for databases due to their large storage capacity and reliability. Disks store data in circular tracks divided into sectors, with read/write heads positioning over tracks to access data.
2. RAID (Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks) organizes multiple disks for improved performance, capacity, and reliability. Techniques like mirroring duplicate data across disks for fault tolerance, while striping distributes data across disks to enable parallel access.
3. Database designers must choose an appropriate RAID level based on factors like update frequency, capacity needs, and performance requirements to optimize the physical storage structure.
This document discusses indexing and hashing techniques for improving data access performance in databases. It covers basic concepts of indexing, different index structures like B-trees and hash indices, and algorithms for insertion, deletion and searching in these index structures. B-trees are described as self-balancing tree structures commonly used for indexing database files. The document provides examples and details on B-tree structure, algorithms and performance.
1. There are several algorithms to implement joins, including nested-loop, block nested-loop, indexed nested-loop, merge-join, and hash-join. The choice depends on the estimated cost.
2. Nested-loop join examines every pair of tuples from the outer and inner relations, making it expensive. Block nested-loop join reduces cost by iterating over blocks rather than tuples.
3. Indexed nested-loop join uses an index on the inner relation to lookup matching tuples, improving performance over nested-loop joins when an index is available.
The document discusses different techniques for generating animation frames between two key frames. These include:
1. Interpolating positions of objects between key frames using motion paths defined by spline curves or physical forces.
2. Separating complex scenes into individual components called "cels" and interpolating their positions.
3. Morphing the shapes of objects overtime through techniques that adjust polygon edges and vertex positions between key frames.
4. Using curve-fitting techniques to specify animation paths by fitting key frame vertex positions with linear or nonlinear splines.
The document discusses Fourier series and related concepts:
- Fourier series decompose a function into a weighted sum of sinusoids, with the weights determined by the Fourier transform.
- They can represent both real and complex functions as a sum of coefficients and a particular series.
- Fourier series generally converge everywhere except at discontinuities and converge to the function at almost every point, according to Dirichlet's condition.
The document discusses animation design and control. Animation functions include a graphics editor, key frame generator, in-between generator, and standard graphics routines. The graphics editor allows designing and modifying object shapes. Scene description in animation specification includes object and light positioning, photometric and camera parameters. Action specification involves motion paths for objects and cameras. Standard graphics routines include viewing transformations and rendering operations. Key-frame systems generate in-betweens from user-specified key frames. Parameterized systems allow specifying object motion characteristics as part of object definitions. Scripting systems define object specifications and animation sequences through a user-input script.
Three-dimensional objects have height, width, and depth, like real-world objects that possess these three dimensions. For example, the human body is three-dimensional. Three-dimensional objects are also commonly referred to as 3D objects. In contrast, two-dimensional objects only have height and width.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
2. 2
Objectives
• Explore basic commands and functions of
SQL
• How to use SQL for data administration (to
create tables, indexes, and views)
• How to use SQL for data manipulation (to
add, modify, delete, and retrieve data)
• How to use SQL to query a database to
extract useful information
3. 3
Introduction to SQL
• SQL functions fit into two broad
categories:
– Data definition language
• SQL includes commands to:
– Create database objects, such as tables, indexes, and
views
– Define access rights to those database objects
– Data manipulation language
• Includes commands to insert, update, delete, and
retrieve data within database tables
4. 4
Introduction to SQL (continued)
• SQL is relatively easy to learn
• Basic command set has vocabulary of less
than 100 words
• Nonprocedural language
• American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) prescribes a standard SQL
• Several SQL dialects exist
8. 8
Data Definition Commands
• Examine simple database model and
database tables that will form basis for
many SQL examples
• Understand data environment
10. 10
Creating the Database
• Following two tasks must be completed:
– Create database structure
– Create tables that will hold end-user data
• First task:
– RDBMS creates physical files that will hold
database
– Tends to differ substantially from one RDBMS
to another
11. 11
The Database Schema
• Authentication
– Process through which DBMS verifies that
only registered users are able to access
database
– Log on to RDBMS using user ID and
password created by database
administrator
• Schema
– Group of database objects—such as tables
and indexes—that are related to each
other
12. 12
Data Types
• Data type selection is usually dictated by
nature of data and by intended use
• Pay close attention to expected use of
attributes for sorting and data retrieval
purposes
14. 14
Creating Table Structures
• Use one line per column (attribute)
definition
• Use spaces to line up attribute
characteristics and constraints
• Table and attribute names are capitalized
• NOT NULL specification
• UNIQUE specification
15. 15
Creating Table Structures
(continued)
• Primary key attributes contain both a NOT
NULL and a UNIQUE specification
• RDBMS will automatically enforce
referential integrity for foreign keys
• Command sequence ends with semicolon
16. 16
SQL Constraints
• NOT NULL constraint
– Ensures that column does not accept nulls
• UNIQUE constraint
– Ensures that all values in column are unique
• DEFAULT constraint
– Assigns value to attribute when a new row is added to
table
• CHECK constraint
– Validates data when attribute value is entered
17. 17
SQL Indexes
• When primary key is declared, DBMS
automatically creates unique index
• Often need additional indexes
• Using CREATE INDEX command, SQL
indexes can be created on basis of any
selected attribute
• Composite index
– Index based on two or more attributes
– Often used to prevent data duplication
19. 19
Adding Table Rows
• INSERT
– Used to enter data into table
– Syntax:
• INSERT INTO columnname
VALUES (value1, value2, … , valuen);
20. 20
Adding Table Rows (continued)
• When entering values, notice that:
– Row contents are entered between parentheses
– Character and date values are entered between
apostrophes
– Numerical entries are not enclosed in
apostrophes
– Attribute entries are separated by commas
– A value is required for each column
• Use NULL for unknown values
21. 21
Saving Table Changes
• Changes made to table contents are not
physically saved on disk until, one of the
following occurs:
– Database is closed
– Program is closed
– COMMIT command is used
• Syntax:
– COMMIT [WORK];
• Will permanently save any changes made
to any table in the database
22. 22
Listing Table Rows
• SELECT
– Used to list contents of table
– Syntax:
• SELECT columnlist
FROM tablename;
• Columnlist represents one or more
attributes, separated by commas
• Asterisk can be used as wildcard
character to list all attributes
23. 23
Updating Table Rows
• UPDATE
– Modify data in a table
– Syntax:
• UPDATE tablename
SET columnname = expression [, columname =
expression]
[WHERE conditionlist];
• If more than one attribute is to be updated
in row, separate corrections with commas
24. 24
Restoring Table Contents
• ROLLBACK
– Used to restore database to its previous
condition
– Only applicable if COMMIT command has not
been used to permanently store changes in
database
• Syntax:
– ROLLBACK;
• COMMIT and ROLLBACK only work with
data manipulation commands that are
used to add, modify, or delete table rows
25. 25
Deleting Table Rows
• DELETE
– Deletes a table row
– Syntax:
• DELETE FROM tablename
[WHERE conditionlist ];
• WHERE condition is optional
• If WHERE condition is not specified, all
rows from specified table will be deleted
26. 26
Inserting Table Rows with a
Select Subquery
• INSERT
– Inserts multiple rows from another table
(source)
– Uses SELECT subquery
• Query that is embedded (or nested) inside
another query
• Executed first
– Syntax:
• INSERT INTO tablename SELECT columnlist
FROM tablename;
27. 27
Selecting Rows with
Conditional Restrictions
• Select partial table contents by placing
restrictions on rows to be included in
output
– Add conditional restrictions to SELECT
statement, using WHERE clause
• Syntax:
– SELECT columnlist
FROM tablelist
[ WHERE conditionlist ] ;
30. 30
Arithmetic Operators:
The Rule of Precedence
• Perform operations within parentheses
• Perform power operations
• Perform multiplications and divisions
• Perform additions and subtractions
32. 32
Special Operators
• BETWEEN
– Used to check whether attribute value is
within a range
• IS NULL
– Used to check whether attribute value is null
• LIKE
– Used to check whether attribute value
matches given string pattern
33. 33
Special Operators (continued)
• IN
– Used to check whether attribute value
matches any value within a value list
• EXISTS
– Used to check if subquery returns any rows
34. 34
Advanced Data Definition
Commands
• All changes in table structure are made by
using ALTER command
– Followed by keyword that produces specific
change
– Following three options are available:
• ADD
• MODIFY
• DROP
35. 35
Changing a Column’s Data Type
• ALTER can be used to change data type
• Some RDBMSs (such as Oracle) do not
permit changes to data types unless
column to be changed is empty
36. 36
Changing a Column’s Data
Characteristics
• Use ALTER to change data characteristics
• If column to be changed already contains
data, changes in column’s characteristics
are permitted if those changes do not alter
the data type
37. 37
Adding a Column
• Use ALTER to add column
– Do not include the NOT NULL clause for new
column
38. 38
Dropping a Column
• Use ALTER to drop column
– Some RDBMSs impose restrictions on the
deletion of an attribute
40. 40
Copying Parts of Tables
• SQL permits copying contents of selected
table columns so that the data need not be
reentered manually into newly created
table(s)
• First create the PART table structure
• Next add rows to new PART table using
PRODUCT table rows
41. 41
Adding Primary and Foreign
Key Designations
• When table is copied, integrity rules do not
copy, so primary and foreign keys need to
be manually defined on new table
• User ALTER TABLE command
– Syntax:
• ALTER TABLE tablename ADD
PRIMARY KEY(fieldname);
• For foreign key, use FOREIGN KEY in place of
PRIMARY KEY
42. 42
Deleting a Table from the
Database
• DROP
– Deletes table from database
– Syntax:
• DROP TABLE tablename;
43. 43
Advanced Select Queries
• SQL provides useful functions that can:
– Count
– Find minimum and maximum values
– Calculate averages
• SQL allows user to limit queries to only
those entries having no duplicates or
entries whose duplicates may be grouped
52. 52
Virtual Tables: Creating a View
• View is virtual table based on SELECT
query
– Can contain columns, computed columns,
aliases, and aggregate functions from one or
more tables
• Base tables are tables on which view is
based
• Create view by using CREATE VIEW
command
54. 54
Joining Database Tables
• Ability to combine (join) tables on common
attributes is most important distinction
between relational database and other
databases
• Join is performed when data are retrieved
from more than one table at a time
• Join is generally composed of an equality
comparison between foreign key and
primary key of related tables
55. 55
Joining Tables with an Alias
• Alias can be used to identify source table
• Any legal table name can be used as alias
• Add alias after table name in FROM
clause
– FROM tablename alias
56. 56
Summary
• SQL commands can be divided into two
overall categories:
– Data definition language commands
– Data manipulation language commands
• The ANSI standard data types are
supported by all RDBMS vendors in
different ways
• Basic data definition commands allow you
to create tables, indexes, and views
57. 57
Summary (continued)
• DML commands allow you to add, modify, and
delete rows from tables
• The basic DML commands are SELECT,
INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, COMMIT, and
ROLLBACK
• INSERT command is used to add new rows to
tables
• SELECT statement is main data retrieval
command in SQL
58. 58
Summary (continued)
• Many SQL constraints can be used with
columns
• The column list represents one or more
column names separated by commas
• WHERE clause can be used with
SELECT, UPDATE, and DELETE
statements to restrict rows affected by the
DDL command
59. 59
Summary (continued)
• Aggregate functions
– Special functions that perform arithmetic
computations over a set of rows
• ORDER BY clause
– Used to sort output of SELECT statement
– Can sort by one or more columns and use
either an ascending or descending order
• Join output of multiple tables with SELECT
statement
60. 60
Summary (continued)
• Natural join uses join condition to match
only rows with equal values in specified
columns
• Right outer join and left outer join used to
select rows that have no matching values
in other related table