Understanding Selenium/RC, Webdriver Architecture and developing the page obj...Atirek Gupta
A workshop on understanding how Selenium, Selenium/RC, Webdriver and browser works. Learning what is same origin policy with example. Hands on locating element using CSS and Xpath. Interacting with html with java script Finally developing a page object framework using java, webdriver from scratch.
1. Introduction to Selenium WebDriver
2. Selenium WebDriver Architecture
3. Selenium Language Bindings
4. Selenium JSON Protocols and drivers
5. usage of various drivers such as chromedriver,geckodriver,edgedriver, etc.
6. Adding selenium libraries to a java project
7. First Java Selenium Script
(** Selenium Training: https://www.edureka.co/testing-with-selenium-webdriver **)
This ‘Selenium Maven with Eclipse’ PPT by Edureka helps you understand how to implement a Selenium Maven project using the Eclipse IDE. Below topics are covered in this PPT:
Selenium and its features?
Use case of Selenium
Introduction to Maven
Use case of Maven
Introduction to Selenium Maven
Advantages
Use case of Selenium Maven
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edureka_learning/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka
In this quality assurance training, you will learn Selenium - WebDriver. Topics covered in this session are:
• Test Strategy and Planning
• Test Strategy Document
• Test Planning
• Test Estimation Techniques
For more information, visit this link: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/quality-assurance/software-testing-training-beginners-and-intermediate-level/
Understanding Selenium/RC, Webdriver Architecture and developing the page obj...Atirek Gupta
A workshop on understanding how Selenium, Selenium/RC, Webdriver and browser works. Learning what is same origin policy with example. Hands on locating element using CSS and Xpath. Interacting with html with java script Finally developing a page object framework using java, webdriver from scratch.
1. Introduction to Selenium WebDriver
2. Selenium WebDriver Architecture
3. Selenium Language Bindings
4. Selenium JSON Protocols and drivers
5. usage of various drivers such as chromedriver,geckodriver,edgedriver, etc.
6. Adding selenium libraries to a java project
7. First Java Selenium Script
(** Selenium Training: https://www.edureka.co/testing-with-selenium-webdriver **)
This ‘Selenium Maven with Eclipse’ PPT by Edureka helps you understand how to implement a Selenium Maven project using the Eclipse IDE. Below topics are covered in this PPT:
Selenium and its features?
Use case of Selenium
Introduction to Maven
Use case of Maven
Introduction to Selenium Maven
Advantages
Use case of Selenium Maven
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edureka_learning/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka
In this quality assurance training, you will learn Selenium - WebDriver. Topics covered in this session are:
• Test Strategy and Planning
• Test Strategy Document
• Test Planning
• Test Estimation Techniques
For more information, visit this link: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/quality-assurance/software-testing-training-beginners-and-intermediate-level/
Presented at Drupal Camp Chicago 2012
Michelle Krejci details how Promet has used Jenkins, PHPUnit, and Selenium to automate our current continuous integration process so you can begin to start automating your QA testing today. She then outlines how Promet has begun to also include Phing and Chef to run PHPUnit tests on custom modules as part of test driven development. Finally, she looks at the challenges to running user acceptance tests on a Drupal installation and moving the Drupal community away from SimpleTest towards PHPUnit testing.
In short, this is an overview of what works, what doesn't, and why this is important to the Drupal community.
In this session you will learn:
Software Testing Tool – Overview
Advantage- Automation
Disadvantage - Automation
Grouping of Automation Tool
Functional Tool
Source Code Testing Tool
Performance Tool
Test Management Tool
Security Testing Tool
For more information: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/quality-assurance/qa-software-testing-training-for-beginners/
This knolx is all about the new features which are introduced in selenium 4.
The differences between selenium3&4,
And how it is better than its competitor Cypress.
This presentation is for anyone who wants to know what Clustering is and how to implement it, in ColdFusion. Clustering of resources is done to provide redundancy and scalability.
ProtractorJS for automated testing of Angular 1.x/2.x applicationsBinary Studio
Presentation for "Meet for IT: Learning to test. Testing to learn" by Oleksandr Khotemskyi (QA Team Lead at Lohika)
video: https://youtu.be/VC0q1VXv9ZQ?t=13
Unmesh Gundecha delivered a session on "Selenium Powertools" at #SeleniumSummit21
Technology focused IT professional offering vast experience leveraging Software Engineering, Agile Software Development, Test Automation & DevOps methodologies to deliver highly effective and creative solutions to business and technology challenges. Utilizes highly attuned analytical skills to develop IT and business strategies employing leading/cutting-edge technologies to increase productivity & efficiency and organised with a strong capacity to prioritize workload, delegation, and steer project completion with established deadlines. Experience in building and leading small to a large specialist team on critical project deliveries. Passionate about Technology, Automation, UI/UX and Design.
To know more about #SeleniumSummit21 please check : https://seleniumsummit21.agiletestingalliance.org/
Selenium is a powerful tool that manages web browsers by programs and automates browsers. It runs on all popular Operating System browsers, and its scripts are written in different languages, such as Python, Java, C#, Java etc.
Presented at Drupal Camp Chicago 2012
Michelle Krejci details how Promet has used Jenkins, PHPUnit, and Selenium to automate our current continuous integration process so you can begin to start automating your QA testing today. She then outlines how Promet has begun to also include Phing and Chef to run PHPUnit tests on custom modules as part of test driven development. Finally, she looks at the challenges to running user acceptance tests on a Drupal installation and moving the Drupal community away from SimpleTest towards PHPUnit testing.
In short, this is an overview of what works, what doesn't, and why this is important to the Drupal community.
In this session you will learn:
Software Testing Tool – Overview
Advantage- Automation
Disadvantage - Automation
Grouping of Automation Tool
Functional Tool
Source Code Testing Tool
Performance Tool
Test Management Tool
Security Testing Tool
For more information: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/quality-assurance/qa-software-testing-training-for-beginners/
This knolx is all about the new features which are introduced in selenium 4.
The differences between selenium3&4,
And how it is better than its competitor Cypress.
This presentation is for anyone who wants to know what Clustering is and how to implement it, in ColdFusion. Clustering of resources is done to provide redundancy and scalability.
ProtractorJS for automated testing of Angular 1.x/2.x applicationsBinary Studio
Presentation for "Meet for IT: Learning to test. Testing to learn" by Oleksandr Khotemskyi (QA Team Lead at Lohika)
video: https://youtu.be/VC0q1VXv9ZQ?t=13
Unmesh Gundecha delivered a session on "Selenium Powertools" at #SeleniumSummit21
Technology focused IT professional offering vast experience leveraging Software Engineering, Agile Software Development, Test Automation & DevOps methodologies to deliver highly effective and creative solutions to business and technology challenges. Utilizes highly attuned analytical skills to develop IT and business strategies employing leading/cutting-edge technologies to increase productivity & efficiency and organised with a strong capacity to prioritize workload, delegation, and steer project completion with established deadlines. Experience in building and leading small to a large specialist team on critical project deliveries. Passionate about Technology, Automation, UI/UX and Design.
To know more about #SeleniumSummit21 please check : https://seleniumsummit21.agiletestingalliance.org/
Selenium is a powerful tool that manages web browsers by programs and automates browsers. It runs on all popular Operating System browsers, and its scripts are written in different languages, such as Python, Java, C#, Java etc.
In this Selenium presentation, we will learn about Selenium and a have a hands-on demo on the working of Selenium IDE and WebDriver. Selenium is an automated testing tool that tests web applications across various platforms and browsers. Selenium IDE, RC, WebDriver, and Grid constitute the Selenium suite. The tutorial video touches upon all the topics related to these components.
Selenium training has been designed to help developers and manual testers learn how to automate web applications with a robust framework, and integrate it within the DevOps processes of an organization. The course contains a lot of real-life examples and situations to demonstrate how to use Selenium WebDriver effectively.
The following are the key concepts of Selenium included in the presentation:
1. Manual testing and its limitations
2. What is Selenium
3. Selenium suite of tools
⦁ Selenium IDE with demo
⦁ Selenium RC
⦁ Selenium WebDriver with demo
⦁ Selenium Grid
4. Advantages of Selenium testing
5.Limitations of Selenium testing
What are the objectives of this Selenium training course?
This course will enable you to:
1. Revise the core Java concepts which are essential for learning Selenium WebDriver
2. Understand the scope of Test Automation in DevOps and fundamentals of Test Automation
3. Create Test Cases using Selenium IDE – Record and Playback tool
4. Understand Selenium WebDriver architecture and various layers of interaction
5. Set up WebDriver project in Eclipse and write test cases using TestNG
6. Locate elements using various locating techniques
7. Work with various WebDriver commands to drive web browser and various WebElement commands to deal with various web components
8. Learn to deal with various possible scenarios in terms of pop-ups, multiple Windows, frames, taking screenshots
9. Implement Page Object Design Pattern and Data-Driven Testing
10. Understand how to use Maven, ANT, AutoIT, Sikuli, log4j, and listeners
11. Learn to use Selenium Grid with TestNG for parallel execution
12. Execute a project from scratch by building automation framework and automating a few test scenarios
Who should take this Selenium training course?
The course is ideal for :
1. Test Managers
2. Test Engineers
3. Test Lead
4. Test Analyst
5. QA Engineers
6. Software Developers
7. Engineers who want to learn Automation testing
Learn more about https://www.simplilearn.com/selenium-certification-training?utm_campaign=Selenium-Tutorial-For-Beginners-cobEbkTwbwY
This presentation about Selenium WebDriver will help you understand what is Selenium, why Selenium WebDriver was developed, what exactly is Selenium WebDriver, the architecture of Selenium WebDriver and the limitations of Selenium WebDriver. In the end, we'll be looking at a demo showing the working of WebDriver using java. Selenium is an automated testing tool that tests web applications across various platforms and browsers. WebDriver happens to be one of the Selenium tools with a simple yet robust architecture. It controls the browser based on the user program. WebDriver revolutionized automation testing and continues to do so. Let's move further and understand the selenium web driver in detail.
Below are the topics we will be discussing in the presentation:
1. What is Selenium?
2. Why Selenium WebDriver?
3. What is Selenium WebDriver?
4. The architecture of Selenium WebDriver
5. Limitations of Selenium WebDriver
6. Demo: Automation testing with WebDriver
Selenium training has been designed to help developers and manual testers learn how to automate web applications with a robust framework, and integrate it within the DevOps processes of an organization. The course includes basic as well as advanced concepts of WebDriver and other tools/frameworks like TestNG, Maven, AutoIT, Sikuli, log4j. Special focus is given on building a robust framework with Page Object Design Pattern, Data-Driven Approach, and creating reusable components to improve productivity. The course also covers the Selenium Grid, which along with TestNG helps achieve parallel execution to improve coverage and reduce execution time for faster feedback. Appium is an open source test automation framework for use with native, hybrid, and mobile web applications. The course includes a project where you have to create the test automation for an eCommerce application with a framework and reporting.
What are the objectives of this Selenium training course?
This course will enable you to:
1. Revise the core Java concepts which are essential for learning Selenium WebDriver
2. Understand the scope of Test Automation in DevOps and fundamentals of Test Automation
3. Create Test Cases using Selenium IDE – Record and Playback tool
4. Understand Selenium WebDriver architecture and various layers of interaction
5. Set up WebDriver project in Eclipse and write test cases using TestNG
6. Locate elements using various locating techniques
7. Work with various WebDriver commands to drive web browser and various WebElement commands to deal with various web components
8. Learn to deal with various possible scenarios in terms of pop-ups, multiple Windows, frames, taking screenshots
9. Implement Page Object Design Pattern and Data Driven Testing
10. Understand how to use Maven, ANT, AutoIT, Sikuli, log4j, and listeners
11. Learn to use Selenium Grid with TestNG for parallel execution
Learn more at https://www.simplilearn.com/selenium-certification-training
Selenium is an automated testing framework, open-source and widely used by developers to automate mundane and repetitive tests of web applications. It is a collection of tools, each catering to a specific automation testing need. One of the main reasons behind Selenium’s popularity is that it saves a great deal of time and effort for developers.
Greens Technology is a leading Training and Placement company in Chennai. We are
known for our practical approach towards trainings that enable students to gain real-
time exposure on competitive technologies. Trainings are offered by employees from
MNCs to give a real corporate exposure.
Basics of Selenium IDE,Core, Remote Controlusha kannappan
Selenium is one of the open source tool available for web application testing.Open source test automation tool for executing scenarios against web applications to validate browser compatibility and system functionality
What Is Selenium? | Selenium Basics For Beginners | Introduction To Selenium ...Simplilearn
In this Selenium tutorial, we will be learning about Selenium, its advent, components, advantages and limitations and lastly, its job roles and salaries. Selenium is an automated testing tool that tests web applications across various platforms and browsers. Selenium is a powerful automation tool and comprises of a suite of components viz. Selenium IDE, RC, WebDriver and Grid. The video has brushed upon the topics in brief and explains the following concepts:
⦁ Manual testing and its challenges
⦁ Advent of Selenium
⦁ What is Selenium?
⦁ Selenium suite of tools
⦁ Advantages of Selenium testing
⦁ Limitations of Selenium testing
⦁ Selenium jobs and salary
Selenium training has been designed to help developers and manual testers learn how to automate web applications with a robust framework, and integrate it within the DevOps processes of an organization. The course contains a lot of real-life examples and situations to demonstrate how to use Selenium WebDriver effectively. The training starts with a refresher course on core Java concepts and covers the basics of Test Automation and its importance in the industry. The course includes basic as well as advanced concepts of WebDriver and other tools/frameworks like TestNG, Maven, AutoIT, Sikuli, log4j. Special focus is given on building a robust framework with Page Object Design Pattern, Data-Driven Approach, and creating reusable components to improve productivity.
What are the objectives of this Selenium training course?
This course will enable you to:
1. Revise the core Java concepts which are essential for learning Selenium WebDriver
2. Understand the scope of Test Automation in DevOps and fundamentals of Test Automation
3. Create Test Cases using Selenium IDE – Record and Playback tool
4. Understand Selenium WebDriver architecture and various layers of interaction
5. Set up WebDriver project in Eclipse and write test cases using TestNG
6. Locate elements using various locating techniques
7. Work with various WebDriver commands to drive web browser and various WebElement commands to deal with various web components
8. Learn to deal with various possible scenarios in terms of pop-ups, multiple Windows, frames, taking screenshots
9. Implement Page Object Design Pattern and Data Driven Testing
10. Understand how to use Maven, ANT, AutoIT, Sikuli, log4j, and listeners
11. Learn to use Selenium Grid with TestNG for parallel execution
12. Execute a project from scratch by building automation framework and automating a few test scenarios
Who should take this Selenium training course?
The course is ideal for :
1. Test Managers
2. Test Engineers
3. Test Lead
4. Test Analyst
5. QA Engineers
6. Software Developers
7. Engineers who want to learn Automation testing
Learn more at https://www.simplilearn.com/selenium-certification-training?utm_campaign=What-Is-Selenium-PXeBv-AGa6o
Selenium Web Driver Tutorial for Cross Browser TestingSarah Elson
Selenium is a popular automation testing framework that is primarily used for the cross browser testing. It is open source and is ideal for automating testing of web applications across different browsers like Firefox, Chrome, Internet Explorer, Microsoft Edge, etc. Selenium has become a renowned framework and is giving stiff competition to other test frameworks like HP QTP (Quick Test Professional) and AKA HP UFT (Unified Functional Testing). This tutorial for selenium WebDriver will help you develop the basic understanding of the components of Selenium suite, Selenium WebDriver architecture & will show you how to run automation to test a website for cross browser compatibility using selenium webdriver for Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer.
Step by step instructions to execute selenium automation testingAlisha Henderson
Automation Testing enables pre-scripted tests to run executable codes of web applications to verify that it matches the required specifications. This blog explains in a step by step way how to perform Selenium Automation Testing. https://bit.ly/2lBwMMc
Introduction to Selenium e Scrapy by Arcangelo Saracino
Web UI testing with Selenium, check actions, text and submit form.
Scrapy to crawl info from a website combined with selenium.
Growth hacking tips and tricks that you can trySpringPeople
The term growth hacking has been gaining popularity in the tech space.In these slides, we will talk about tips and tricks that help a skilled growth hacker to grow their company.
Top Big data Analytics tools: Emerging trends and Best practicesSpringPeople
For many IT experts, big data analytics tools and technologies are now a top priority. Let's find out the top big data analytics tools in this slide to initialize and advance the process of big data analysis.
Every day we roughly create 2.5 Quintillion bytes of data; 90% of the worlds collected data has been generated only in the last 2 years. In this slide, learn the all about big data
in a simple and easiest way.
In this slide, learn how selenium WebDriver tool supply a well-designed object-oriented API that provides improved support for modern, advanced web-app testing problems.
Introduction to Open stack - An Overview SpringPeople
OpenStack is a free & open-source software platform for cloud computing, mostly deployed as an IaaS. In this Slide, we will cover:
- Evolution of Openstack
- Cloud, its types and advantages
- Importance and overview of Openstack
- Openstack course syllabus
Mastering Test Automation: How To Use Selenium SuccessfullySpringPeople
In this slide, identify what to test and choose the best language for automation. Learn to write maintainable and reusable Selenium tests and add UI layout test as part of automation using Galen framework. This slide will also guide you in reporting structure by using external plugin's, an illustration covering cross browser testing (Running selenium grid with Docker) and explain Code repository (Git) and Jenkins CI tool.
An Introduction of Big data; Big data for beginners; Overview of Big Data; Bi...SpringPeople
Technologies such as Hadoop and Apache Spark have brought a dynamic change in the ways of analyzing big data. It is increasingly used by companies across the globe. Data Scientist has been regarded as the hottest job of 2016. In this Slide, you will be taken through the basics of Big data and its future. You will also be exposed to Hadoop and Apache Spark.
SpringPeople - Introduction to Cloud ComputingSpringPeople
Cloud computing is no longer a fad that is going around. It is for real and is perhaps the most talked about subject. Various players in the cloud eco-system have provided a definition that is closely aligned to their sweet spot –let it be infrastructure, platforms or applications.
This presentation will provide an exposure of a variety of cloud computing techniques, architecture, technology options to the participants and in general will familiarize cloud fundamentals in a holistic manner spanning all dimensions such as cost, operations, technology etc
SpringPeople - Devops skills - Do you have what it takes?SpringPeople
Whether you are a Developer, QA or a IT Operations personnel, with organizations adapting devops practices you need to skill up with the latest and the greatest of the devops tools, relevant to you. And its not the same basket of tools that dev and ops both opt for. This webinar is about the essential devops skills required to transform yourself to be a next gen devops professional. And this is based on real data, a devops skills report by Initcron.
ELK Stack workshop covers real-world use cases and works with the participants to - implement them. This includes Elastic overview, Logstash configuration, creation of dashboards in Kibana, guidelines and tips on processing custom log formats, designing a system to scale, choosing hardware, and managing the lifecycle of your logs.
To transform your organization and unlock the value of your data, you need a way to ingest, store and analyze every type of data in your organization.
This presentation covers the Data Access Layer of the Hadoop Ecosystem which enables you to achieve this.
We will use the HDP (Hortonworks Data Platform) reference architecture to walk through the Hadoop core and its ecosystem with focus on the data access layer.
We will cover some of the prominent tools of the ecosystem such as Pig, Hive, Sqoop, Flume and Oozie and how they are used for ingesting data into Hadoop from structured, unstructured and streaming sources.
Talk to us at +91 80 6567 9700 or send an email to training@springpeople.com for more information.
Introduction To Hadoop Administration - SpringPeopleSpringPeople
The Hadoop framework is used by major players including Google, Yahoo and IBM, largely for applications involving search engines and advertising. The popularity of Hadoop is juts increasing exponentially.
Introduction To Cloud Foundry - SpringPeopleSpringPeople
Cloud Foundry - Streamline application development, deployment and operations on a centrally-managed Platform as a Service for public and private cloud.
Introduction To Spring Enterprise Integration - SpringPeopleSpringPeople
Spring Integration's primary goal is to provide a simple model for building enterprise integration solutions while maintaining the separation of concerns that is essential for producing maintainable, testable code.
Introduction To Groovy And Grails - SpringPeopleSpringPeople
Groovy and Grails Tool Suite supports application targeting to local, virtual and cloud-based servers. It is freely available for development and internal business operations use with no time limits.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.