Research is a systematic attempt to answer questions through primary or secondary sources. Primary research includes case studies, which focus on individuals longitudinally, and statistical studies, such as surveys and experimental research on groups under controlled conditions. Validity in research refers to how well a study measures what it intends to - internal validity means no other variables caused the results, while external validity is how results can be generalized. The research process involves identifying a problem, constructing a hypothesis, reviewing literature, defining and controlling variables, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings.

1. Introduction
(What is and why do research?)
NIKEN N. MUNIFA (2201412010)
RESTI APRILIA(2201412012)

2. WHAT IS RESEARCH?
 Research is a systematic attempt to provide answers to
questions. Such answers may be abstract and general as is often
the case in basic research, or they may be highly concrete and
specific as is oftn the case in demosntration or applied reseacrh.
 Its purpose is to develop a model, or theory that identifies all the
relevant variables in particular environment and hypothesized
about their relationship.

3. There are two types of research : Secondary research and Primary
research.
1. Secondary research is derived from secondary resources.
2. Primary research is derived from primary resource resources.
Primary research falls into two subdivisions : Case studies and
statistical studies.

4. Case Studies
 It centers on one or few individuals
 These studies are ususally longitudinal
 You can find many examples of this approach in the literature, especially in
relation to the acquisition of a second language.
Statistical Studies
 Stastistical studies deal with group phenomena as well as individual
behavior.
 These studies fall into two additional subcategories : Surveys and
Experimental studies.
 Survey studies focus on a group’s attitudes, opinions, and/or characteristics.
 Experimental studies are defined as a whole range of different possible
studies that investigate the language behavior of groups under controlled
condition.

5. Validity in Research
What is validity?
Validity is described as the degree to which a research study
measures what it intends to measure. There are two main types of
validity, internal and external.
1. Internal validity
2. External validity

6. Internal Validity
In research, internal validity is the extent to which you are able to
say that no other variables except the one you're studying
caused the result.
For example, if we are studying the variable of pay and the result
of hard work, we want to be able to say that no other reason (not
personality, not motivation, not competition) causes the hard
work. We want to say that pay and pay alone makes people work
harder.

7. External validity
In research, external validity is the extent to which results of a
study can be generalized to the world at large.

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS
1. Research is systematic
2. Research is logical
3. Research is empirical
4. Research is reductive
5. Research is replicable and transmittable

9. STEPS IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS
1. Identifying a Problem
2. Constructing a Hypothesis
3. Reviewing the Literature
4. Identifying and Labeling Variables
5. Constructing Operational Definitions
6. Manipulating and Controlling Variables
7. Constructing a Research Design
8. Identifying and Constructing Devices for Observation and
Measurement

10. STEPS IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS
9. Constructing Questionnaires and Interview Schedules
10. Carrying out Statistical Analysis
11. Using the Computer for Data analysis
12. Writing a Research Report
13. Conducting Classroom Research
14. Conducting Evaluation Studies