The document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in psychology, including definitions of psychology and behavior. It then discusses several major approaches in psychology - behaviorism, psychodynamic/psychoanalytic, cognitive, humanistic, and biological. For each approach, it outlines the basic assumptions, perspectives, and contributors. The behaviorist approach section provides details on classical and operant conditioning. The psychodynamic approach outlines Freud's concepts of the id, ego, superego and psychosexual stages of development. The humanistic approach emphasizes free will and fulfillment through self-actualization.
The document discusses the major perspectives in modern psychology. It outlines seven perspectives: psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, biological, cross-cultural, evolutionary, and humanistic. For each perspective, it provides a brief overview of the focus and key concepts, such as the psychodynamic perspective emphasizing the unconscious mind and early experiences, the behavioral perspective focusing on observable behaviors, and the cognitive perspective studying mental processes like thinking and problem solving.
This document discusses several important ethical issues in psychological research including: informed consent, where participants must be informed of the study details and risks; debriefing, where participants are explained the study after participation; deception, which should be avoided unless necessary; confidentiality, where participants' information must be kept private; and withdrawal, allowing participants to leave the study at any time. It provides guidelines on these issues to ensure the ethical treatment and protection of research participants.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in psychology including definitions of psychology, classifications of behavior, goals of psychology, and the historical background of psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of human behavior and the mind. Behavior is classified as overt vs covert, conscious vs unconscious, simple vs complex, rational vs irrational, and voluntary vs involuntary. The goals of psychology are to explain, predict, and control behavior. The historical background discusses early theories from figures like Plato, Aristotle, Galen, and Descartes and how scientific psychology emerged through the experimental research of Wilhelm Wundt.
The document provides an overview of several key approaches in psychology: behaviourism, psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive. It defines behaviourism as studying observable behaviour and learning through conditioning principles. Psychodynamic psychology, founded by Freud, focuses on unconscious mental processes and childhood experiences. The humanistic approach emphasizes studying the whole person and sees them as inherently good with free will. Each approach provides a different perspective in understanding human behaviour and psychology.
This document summarizes several areas of applied psychology, including abnormal, biological, cognitive, comparative, developmental, personality, quantitative, and social psychology. It also outlines several applied psychology fields like clinical, counseling, educational, psychology and law, health, human factors, industrial/organizational, and school psychology. For each area, it provides a brief 1-2 sentence description of the focus and goals. The document serves as a high-level overview of the different domains within applied psychology.
Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology. Some key points of his theory include:
1) He proposed the collective unconscious - a reservoir of experiences shared by humanity that influences our behaviors and emotions. It contains archetypes - innate tendencies to experience things in certain ways.
2) Major archetypes include the mother, representing nurturing relationships, and the shadow, representing repressed desires and the "dark side" of humanity.
3) Dreams, myths, and spiritual experiences across cultures provide evidence of the collective unconscious and archetypes. Near-death experiences in particular suggest we are "built" to experience death in similar ways.
4) Jung diverged from Freud by arguing archetypes
Ethics, a very important part of psychological research which play major role in the conduction of psychological research it's about the moral values and social norms which applies to all Researchers and there are a comprehensive guidelines about ethics given by American Psychological Association 2013 listed in this presentation.
The document outlines five major perspectives in psychology: humanistic psychology focuses on studying the whole person and their uniqueness; behavioral psychology examines behavior as influenced by genetics and environment; cognitive psychology investigates how people think, perceive, remember and learn; biological psychology studies the brain and the relationship between neuroscience and behavior; and psychodynamic psychology explores unconscious mental processes that influence behavior.
The document discusses the major perspectives in modern psychology. It outlines seven perspectives: psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, biological, cross-cultural, evolutionary, and humanistic. For each perspective, it provides a brief overview of the focus and key concepts, such as the psychodynamic perspective emphasizing the unconscious mind and early experiences, the behavioral perspective focusing on observable behaviors, and the cognitive perspective studying mental processes like thinking and problem solving.
This document discusses several important ethical issues in psychological research including: informed consent, where participants must be informed of the study details and risks; debriefing, where participants are explained the study after participation; deception, which should be avoided unless necessary; confidentiality, where participants' information must be kept private; and withdrawal, allowing participants to leave the study at any time. It provides guidelines on these issues to ensure the ethical treatment and protection of research participants.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in psychology including definitions of psychology, classifications of behavior, goals of psychology, and the historical background of psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of human behavior and the mind. Behavior is classified as overt vs covert, conscious vs unconscious, simple vs complex, rational vs irrational, and voluntary vs involuntary. The goals of psychology are to explain, predict, and control behavior. The historical background discusses early theories from figures like Plato, Aristotle, Galen, and Descartes and how scientific psychology emerged through the experimental research of Wilhelm Wundt.
The document provides an overview of several key approaches in psychology: behaviourism, psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive. It defines behaviourism as studying observable behaviour and learning through conditioning principles. Psychodynamic psychology, founded by Freud, focuses on unconscious mental processes and childhood experiences. The humanistic approach emphasizes studying the whole person and sees them as inherently good with free will. Each approach provides a different perspective in understanding human behaviour and psychology.
This document summarizes several areas of applied psychology, including abnormal, biological, cognitive, comparative, developmental, personality, quantitative, and social psychology. It also outlines several applied psychology fields like clinical, counseling, educational, psychology and law, health, human factors, industrial/organizational, and school psychology. For each area, it provides a brief 1-2 sentence description of the focus and goals. The document serves as a high-level overview of the different domains within applied psychology.
Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology. Some key points of his theory include:
1) He proposed the collective unconscious - a reservoir of experiences shared by humanity that influences our behaviors and emotions. It contains archetypes - innate tendencies to experience things in certain ways.
2) Major archetypes include the mother, representing nurturing relationships, and the shadow, representing repressed desires and the "dark side" of humanity.
3) Dreams, myths, and spiritual experiences across cultures provide evidence of the collective unconscious and archetypes. Near-death experiences in particular suggest we are "built" to experience death in similar ways.
4) Jung diverged from Freud by arguing archetypes
Ethics, a very important part of psychological research which play major role in the conduction of psychological research it's about the moral values and social norms which applies to all Researchers and there are a comprehensive guidelines about ethics given by American Psychological Association 2013 listed in this presentation.
The document outlines five major perspectives in psychology: humanistic psychology focuses on studying the whole person and their uniqueness; behavioral psychology examines behavior as influenced by genetics and environment; cognitive psychology investigates how people think, perceive, remember and learn; biological psychology studies the brain and the relationship between neuroscience and behavior; and psychodynamic psychology explores unconscious mental processes that influence behavior.
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. It has evolved from the study of the soul to focusing on observable behaviour. As a science, it uses scientific methods like systematic observation and experimentation. Psychology can be classified as a positive science that studies facts objectively. As a behavioural science, it is not as exact as natural sciences due to the complex nature of human behaviour. The scope of psychology includes studying all aspects of behaviour across species through various branches like developmental, social, abnormal and applied psychology in fields like education, health and industry.
The document provides an overview of several projective tests used in psychology, including the Rorschach Inkblot Test, Thematic Apperception Test, Draw a Person Test, and Sentence Completion Test. It discusses the theoretical basis of projective tests in psychoanalytic theory, describing how they are designed to reveal hidden emotions and conflicts through ambiguous stimuli. The document then examines specific aspects of several tests, such as their history, materials, administration procedures, scoring, interpretation, and importance in psychological assessment.
The document provides a biography and overview of the existential psychotherapy theories and philosophy of Rollo May. It discusses May's life experiences and influences, including his education and work as a therapist. May's approach was influenced by existentialism and phenomenology and focused on individuals' subjective experiences and responsibility for their own freedom and existence. He saw anxiety and meaning as important concepts and believed therapy should help people engage with their freedom.
1. Structuralism was a theory developed by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener that attempted to analyze the structure of the mind by breaking down consciousness into its fundamental elements using introspection.
2. Titchener believed consciousness could be broken down into sensations, images, and affections, which had properties like quality, intensity, duration, etc.
3. Structuralism was the first school of psychology but eventually lost favor because introspection was difficult to validate scientifically and could not be measured objectively like other mental processes.
- Hypnotherapy is a state of heightened awareness that allows access to the subconscious mind where negative beliefs, fears, and coping methods can be released.
- Research and clinical outcomes do not always match as hypnosis can instantly release cravings where research shows a longer time is needed.
- Success depends on counseling and hypnotherapy skills, peripheral knowledge, intuition, and the relationship between the therapist and patient. However, research shows rapport is most important.
This document provides an overview of the major schools of thought in psychology, including their key ideas and contributors. It discusses early schools like structuralism and functionalism, as well as behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, cognitive psychology, and Gestalt psychology. Each school made important contributions to the field of psychology and influenced approaches to education. While some schools have declined, elements of different approaches remain relevant today as psychologists often take an eclectic approach.
This document discusses theories of attention from both historical and modern cognitive perspectives. It defines attention as the selection of certain stimuli for further processing while ignoring others. Early theories proposed filters that occurred early or late in processing to explain selective attention effects. Later, capacity theories viewed attention as a limited mental resource. Divided attention experiments found that tasks drawing from different resources could be performed concurrently better than those using the same resources. Visual attention research identified neurons responding selectively to features and the role of the thalamus in controlling receptive fields. Executive attention involves inhibiting inappropriate responses under demanding conditions. Feature integration theory proposed that attention is needed to bind distributed features into whole object perceptions.
The biopsychosocial model considers biological, psychological, and social factors and their interactions in understanding health and illness. It has three components: 1) the biological component includes genes, nature, and physical health, 2) the psychological component refers to individual perceptions like coping skills and self-esteem, and 3) the socio-cultural component comprises environmental influences such as family, peers, and social relationships that shape health.
This document provides an overview of the history of psychology. It discusses how psychology originated in Germany in 1879 with Wilhelm Wundt establishing the first psychology laboratory. It then contrasts the two early schools of thought in psychology, structuralism and functionalism. Structuralism, founded by Wundt, focused on breaking down mental processes, while functionalism, championed by William James, emphasized the purpose of behavior and consciousness. The document also briefly outlines some of the major figures and theories in the development of psychology, including behaviorism, reinforcement, Gestalt psychology, psychoanalysis, and Freudian concepts. It concludes with three ongoing debates in psychology around nature vs nurture, stability vs change, and continuity vs discontinuity.
This document provides an overview of psychology, including its history, goals, classifications of behavior, early schools of thought, research methods, and fields. It discusses how psychology evolved from philosophy to an experimental science. Key events include Wundt establishing psychology as a discipline in the 19th century and Freud developing psychoanalysis. The main goals of psychology are to understand, explain, describe, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective personality test developed in 1935 using cards with ambiguous images. Participants are asked to tell stories about each image to reveal their attitudes, wishes, and view of the world. Examiners analyze the content, tone, and structure of the stories to understand the test taker's personality. While criticized for being unscientific, the TAT is still used for research and assessing individuals for employment, forensic, and consumer behavior studies. Accurate interpretation requires considering the subject's background characteristics.
This document discusses six major theories of anxiety: psychoanalytic, biological, trait, humanistic, behavioral/social learning, and cognitive. It provides a brief overview of each theory, including key contributors and common treatment approaches. The conclusion states that anxiety is normal in some situations but treatment should be sought when it affects daily life. Finding an effective therapist and treatment method tailored to the individual is important.
The document provides an overview of psychological research methods. It defines research as systematic inquiry aimed at understanding human behavior and mental processes. Various research methods are described, including experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental designs. Key aspects of the research process like developing hypotheses, collecting both qualitative and quantitative data, ensuring reliability and validity, and addressing ethical considerations are summarized.
The document provides an overview of the major perspectives in modern psychology, including behavioral, cognitive, psychodynamic, humanistic, and biological perspectives. It summarizes some of the key concepts and theorists associated with each perspective. The behavioral perspective is concerned with environmental influences on observable behavior, as studied through classical and operant conditioning. The cognitive perspective examines mental processes like memory, perception, and attention and views the mind like a computer. The psychodynamic perspective, founded by Freud, focuses on unconscious drives and how early experiences influence personality. The humanistic perspective emphasizes holism and people's capacity for self-actualization. The biological perspective examines genetic, neurological and evolutionary influences on behavior.
Introduction, Aim, Objectives and Scope of Cross Cultural PsychologyBilal Anwaar
This document provides an introduction to cross-cultural psychology, including its aim, objectives, and scope. Cross-cultural psychology compares human psychology across cultural groups and examines both differences and universals. It aims to study cultural differences and similarities using research methods, and applies findings in fields like clinical and organizational psychology. Key objectives include testing theories across cultures, understanding cultural variations, integrating results into a universal psychology, and exploring phenomena in cultural contexts. The scope of cross-cultural psychology broadly covers topics related to development, cognition, gender, emotion, language, personality, psychopathology, self and identity, social behavior, and its applications.
The document discusses various psychological and sociological theories that attempt to explain terrorism and extremism. It covers psychopathological theories that examine the relationship between terrorism and mental illness. It also discusses rational choice theory, which views terrorist actions as rational decisions to achieve political goals. Several sociological theories are outlined, including social learning theory, frustration-aggression theory, relative deprivation theory, oppression theory, and national cultural theory. Finally, it analyzes psychoanalytic psychological theories of terrorism, including those focused on identity, narcissism, and paranoia.
The document provides definitions of psychology and behavior, and discusses several major approaches in psychology including behaviorism, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, and biological approaches. It summarizes key aspects of each approach such as their assumptions about human nature and preferred research methods. The behaviorist approach, founded by Pavlov and Skinner, views behavior as determined by environmental factors and learning processes. The psychodynamic approach of Freud focuses on unconscious mental processes and childhood experiences. The humanistic approach emphasizes free will and studying the whole person.
Ethics relates to many other fields of study and aspects of human life. The document discusses 10 specific relationships:
1. Ethics and logic - Ethics studies correct action while logic studies correct thinking, and doing follows thinking.
2. Ethics and psychology - Psychology studies how people behave while ethics studies how they ought to behave from a moral perspective.
3. Ethics and other fields like sociology, economics, law, and religion are also interconnected as they all relate to human conduct and relationships.
4. Professional codes of ethics provide guidelines for appropriate conduct within a profession to maintain standards.
5. Etiquette and ethics both guide behavior but etiquette focuses more on politeness while ethics on moral
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. It has evolved from the study of the soul to focusing on observable behaviour. As a science, it uses scientific methods like systematic observation and experimentation. Psychology can be classified as a positive science that studies facts objectively. As a behavioural science, it is not as exact as natural sciences due to the complex nature of human behaviour. The scope of psychology includes studying all aspects of behaviour across species through various branches like developmental, social, abnormal and applied psychology in fields like education, health and industry.
The document provides an overview of several projective tests used in psychology, including the Rorschach Inkblot Test, Thematic Apperception Test, Draw a Person Test, and Sentence Completion Test. It discusses the theoretical basis of projective tests in psychoanalytic theory, describing how they are designed to reveal hidden emotions and conflicts through ambiguous stimuli. The document then examines specific aspects of several tests, such as their history, materials, administration procedures, scoring, interpretation, and importance in psychological assessment.
The document provides a biography and overview of the existential psychotherapy theories and philosophy of Rollo May. It discusses May's life experiences and influences, including his education and work as a therapist. May's approach was influenced by existentialism and phenomenology and focused on individuals' subjective experiences and responsibility for their own freedom and existence. He saw anxiety and meaning as important concepts and believed therapy should help people engage with their freedom.
1. Structuralism was a theory developed by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener that attempted to analyze the structure of the mind by breaking down consciousness into its fundamental elements using introspection.
2. Titchener believed consciousness could be broken down into sensations, images, and affections, which had properties like quality, intensity, duration, etc.
3. Structuralism was the first school of psychology but eventually lost favor because introspection was difficult to validate scientifically and could not be measured objectively like other mental processes.
- Hypnotherapy is a state of heightened awareness that allows access to the subconscious mind where negative beliefs, fears, and coping methods can be released.
- Research and clinical outcomes do not always match as hypnosis can instantly release cravings where research shows a longer time is needed.
- Success depends on counseling and hypnotherapy skills, peripheral knowledge, intuition, and the relationship between the therapist and patient. However, research shows rapport is most important.
This document provides an overview of the major schools of thought in psychology, including their key ideas and contributors. It discusses early schools like structuralism and functionalism, as well as behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, cognitive psychology, and Gestalt psychology. Each school made important contributions to the field of psychology and influenced approaches to education. While some schools have declined, elements of different approaches remain relevant today as psychologists often take an eclectic approach.
This document discusses theories of attention from both historical and modern cognitive perspectives. It defines attention as the selection of certain stimuli for further processing while ignoring others. Early theories proposed filters that occurred early or late in processing to explain selective attention effects. Later, capacity theories viewed attention as a limited mental resource. Divided attention experiments found that tasks drawing from different resources could be performed concurrently better than those using the same resources. Visual attention research identified neurons responding selectively to features and the role of the thalamus in controlling receptive fields. Executive attention involves inhibiting inappropriate responses under demanding conditions. Feature integration theory proposed that attention is needed to bind distributed features into whole object perceptions.
The biopsychosocial model considers biological, psychological, and social factors and their interactions in understanding health and illness. It has three components: 1) the biological component includes genes, nature, and physical health, 2) the psychological component refers to individual perceptions like coping skills and self-esteem, and 3) the socio-cultural component comprises environmental influences such as family, peers, and social relationships that shape health.
This document provides an overview of the history of psychology. It discusses how psychology originated in Germany in 1879 with Wilhelm Wundt establishing the first psychology laboratory. It then contrasts the two early schools of thought in psychology, structuralism and functionalism. Structuralism, founded by Wundt, focused on breaking down mental processes, while functionalism, championed by William James, emphasized the purpose of behavior and consciousness. The document also briefly outlines some of the major figures and theories in the development of psychology, including behaviorism, reinforcement, Gestalt psychology, psychoanalysis, and Freudian concepts. It concludes with three ongoing debates in psychology around nature vs nurture, stability vs change, and continuity vs discontinuity.
This document provides an overview of psychology, including its history, goals, classifications of behavior, early schools of thought, research methods, and fields. It discusses how psychology evolved from philosophy to an experimental science. Key events include Wundt establishing psychology as a discipline in the 19th century and Freud developing psychoanalysis. The main goals of psychology are to understand, explain, describe, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective personality test developed in 1935 using cards with ambiguous images. Participants are asked to tell stories about each image to reveal their attitudes, wishes, and view of the world. Examiners analyze the content, tone, and structure of the stories to understand the test taker's personality. While criticized for being unscientific, the TAT is still used for research and assessing individuals for employment, forensic, and consumer behavior studies. Accurate interpretation requires considering the subject's background characteristics.
This document discusses six major theories of anxiety: psychoanalytic, biological, trait, humanistic, behavioral/social learning, and cognitive. It provides a brief overview of each theory, including key contributors and common treatment approaches. The conclusion states that anxiety is normal in some situations but treatment should be sought when it affects daily life. Finding an effective therapist and treatment method tailored to the individual is important.
The document provides an overview of psychological research methods. It defines research as systematic inquiry aimed at understanding human behavior and mental processes. Various research methods are described, including experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental designs. Key aspects of the research process like developing hypotheses, collecting both qualitative and quantitative data, ensuring reliability and validity, and addressing ethical considerations are summarized.
The document provides an overview of the major perspectives in modern psychology, including behavioral, cognitive, psychodynamic, humanistic, and biological perspectives. It summarizes some of the key concepts and theorists associated with each perspective. The behavioral perspective is concerned with environmental influences on observable behavior, as studied through classical and operant conditioning. The cognitive perspective examines mental processes like memory, perception, and attention and views the mind like a computer. The psychodynamic perspective, founded by Freud, focuses on unconscious drives and how early experiences influence personality. The humanistic perspective emphasizes holism and people's capacity for self-actualization. The biological perspective examines genetic, neurological and evolutionary influences on behavior.
Introduction, Aim, Objectives and Scope of Cross Cultural PsychologyBilal Anwaar
This document provides an introduction to cross-cultural psychology, including its aim, objectives, and scope. Cross-cultural psychology compares human psychology across cultural groups and examines both differences and universals. It aims to study cultural differences and similarities using research methods, and applies findings in fields like clinical and organizational psychology. Key objectives include testing theories across cultures, understanding cultural variations, integrating results into a universal psychology, and exploring phenomena in cultural contexts. The scope of cross-cultural psychology broadly covers topics related to development, cognition, gender, emotion, language, personality, psychopathology, self and identity, social behavior, and its applications.
The document discusses various psychological and sociological theories that attempt to explain terrorism and extremism. It covers psychopathological theories that examine the relationship between terrorism and mental illness. It also discusses rational choice theory, which views terrorist actions as rational decisions to achieve political goals. Several sociological theories are outlined, including social learning theory, frustration-aggression theory, relative deprivation theory, oppression theory, and national cultural theory. Finally, it analyzes psychoanalytic psychological theories of terrorism, including those focused on identity, narcissism, and paranoia.
The document provides definitions of psychology and behavior, and discusses several major approaches in psychology including behaviorism, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, and biological approaches. It summarizes key aspects of each approach such as their assumptions about human nature and preferred research methods. The behaviorist approach, founded by Pavlov and Skinner, views behavior as determined by environmental factors and learning processes. The psychodynamic approach of Freud focuses on unconscious mental processes and childhood experiences. The humanistic approach emphasizes free will and studying the whole person.
Ethics relates to many other fields of study and aspects of human life. The document discusses 10 specific relationships:
1. Ethics and logic - Ethics studies correct action while logic studies correct thinking, and doing follows thinking.
2. Ethics and psychology - Psychology studies how people behave while ethics studies how they ought to behave from a moral perspective.
3. Ethics and other fields like sociology, economics, law, and religion are also interconnected as they all relate to human conduct and relationships.
4. Professional codes of ethics provide guidelines for appropriate conduct within a profession to maintain standards.
5. Etiquette and ethics both guide behavior but etiquette focuses more on politeness while ethics on moral
The document discusses several key concepts in psychology including definitions of psychology and behavior. It also provides an overview of several major approaches in psychology, including:
- Behaviorism, which views human behavior as influenced by environmental factors and learning processes like classical and operant conditioning.
- Psychodynamic approach, developed by Freud, which sees unconscious drives and childhood experiences as influencing behavior. It involves concepts like the id, ego, superego.
- Humanistic approach, which sees individuals as whole persons and emphasizes inner feelings and self-image in influencing behavior. It rejected deterministic views of earlier approaches.
Behavioral sciences in public health dentistryNidhi Singhal
This document provides an overview of behavioral sciences in dentistry. It discusses various topics related to behavior including psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics and theories of child development. Key concepts covered include the psychoanalytic, psychosocial and cognitive theories of child psychology. Factors influencing patient behavior like culture, environment and past experiences are also examined. The document concludes that understanding behavior through these sciences helps dentists promote healthy lifestyles and optimal oral health.
Organizational behavior is the study of human behavior in organizational settings. It examines how individuals, groups, and structures affect behavior within organizations for the purpose of improving organizational effectiveness. The scope of organizational behavior includes studying individuals, their attitudes, values, and motivation. It also includes studying groups, including dynamics, communication, leadership, and conflicts between groups. The goal is to understand and predict human behavior in organizations so managers can create environments that optimize performance.
Health,concepts,dimensions and maslows hierarchy of needs.vighneshwarang7619
This document discusses concepts of health, definitions of health by WHO, dimensions of health, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It provides definitions of health from WHO, Nightingale, and Parsons. It explores dimensions of health including biological, psychological, cognitive, and discusses Maslow's hierarchy which proposes that people aim to meet basic needs before seeking higher needs.
This document discusses the role of behavioral sciences in dentistry. It defines key concepts like behavior, behavioral science, sociology, social psychology, and cultural anthropology. It also examines how sociological, psychological, and cultural factors can influence dental health and behaviors. Various theories of child psychology are outlined. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological methods of managing patient behavior in the dental office are also summarized.
1. Sociology is the systematic study of human societies using scientific principles and procedures. It examines patterns of social behavior and how groups influence individuals and vice versa.
2. The sociological perspective allows people to understand how their personal lives are shaped by broader social forces and comprehend the relationship between individual biography and history.
3. Family planning aims to improve health and welfare by allowing couples to plan their family size according to their beliefs and circumstances through legally and medically acceptable methods. It is based on principles of responsible parenthood and informed choice.
The document discusses several theories of aging, including biological and psychosocial theories. The biological theories attempt to explain aging at a physical level, including changes in organs and cells. Examples provided are the genetic, wear-and-tear, environmental, and immunity theories. The psychosocial theories examine social and psychological factors, such as personality, developmental tasks, disengagement from society, remaining active, and continuity of lifestyle into old age. Both categories of theories seek to understand the aging process at different levels.
01. Introduction to Behavior Sciences Lecture First.pptxrehanullah48
The document discusses the biopsychosocial model, which considers biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding human behavior and health. It notes that behavioral science analyzes human and animal behavior through observation and experimentation. The biopsychosocial model also considers the interactions between biology, psychology, and socio-environmental factors in topics like health and development. The model implies that fully addressing health issues requires considering all of these influences on patients.
The document provides an overview of different approaches in psychology, including behaviourism, psychodynamic, humanistic, and biological approaches. It discusses key aspects of each approach such as their views on human behaviour and mental processes. Behaviourism focuses on observable behaviour and learning through conditioning. The psychodynamic approach developed by Freud emphasizes unconscious mental processes and childhood experiences. Humanism examines the whole person and how inner feelings influence behaviour.
It’s based on my five decades of experience in hypnosis and metaphysics, and on fairly recent concepts, such as Brief Therapy and Narrative Psychology.
This goes beyond everything I’ve ever done before – beyond The Fourth Dimension, Ho’oponopono, and even beyond my famous Awakening Course.
My investigating has been for the secrets of the Universe. After half a lifetime of “experimental investigating”, I’ve found the process, insights, and methods that work ALL the time. This new package gives you the tools to attract anything – including “The Big 3.”
This document provides an introduction to behavioral science, including definitions, importance, goals, foundations, categories of human behavior, and types of behavioral communication. It defines behavioral science as the study of observable human actions that can be supported by empirical evidence. The importance of behavioral science includes understanding and predicting behavior, as well as improving quality of life. The goals of behavioral science are to describe, explain, predict, and change behavior. The document also outlines various perspectives and factors that influence human behavior, such as culture, emotions, and genetics. Finally, it discusses four basic styles of behavioral communication: aggressive, assertive, passive, and passive-aggressive.
How to analyse consumer markets by nalini bhattar.Nalini Bhattar
This is the presentation based on how to analyze consumer markets by Nalini Bhattar, Dyal Singh College, D.U., during marketing internship by Prof. Sameer Mathur, IIM Lucknow.
This is the presentation based on how to analyze consumer markets with audio by Nalini Bhattar, Dyal Singh College, D.U., during marketing internship by Prof. Sameer Mathur, IIM Lucknow.
Ageing ppt Final.ppt for nursing ,Happy ageingParamitaBhunia
1. Aging is a complex process involving biological, physiological, psychological, social, and environmental changes over time.
2. Theories of aging can be categorized as biological theories, which examine physical changes at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels, and psychosocial theories, which focus on social and psychological changes.
3. Key biological theories include the wear and tear theory of cellular damage accumulation over time and the immunological theory of age-related immune system decline. Key psychosocial theories include disengagement theory of social withdrawal and activity theory emphasizing continued social engagement.
Theories & perspectives on sociology of health & medicineMeesum Kazmi
This document provides an overview of several major theoretical perspectives in the sociology of health and medicine: functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, feminism, and post-structuralism/post-modernism. It summarizes each perspective's view of the relationship between society and health/illness, including their theories about the causes of disease and the role of the medical profession. The perspectives range from focusing on the macro-level roles of social institutions (functionalism) to the micro-level social processes of meaning-making (symbolic interactionism) to the influence of power structures like capitalism and patriarchy.
GENETIC, NEUROLOGICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL FACTORS.pptxWendyLynLabatete
How does genetics influence human Behaviour?
Genes do not specify behavior directly, but rather encode molecular products that build and govern the functioning of the brain through which behavior is expressed.
This chapter discusses biological and psychological approaches to explaining delinquency. Early biological theories focused on physical traits, but studies found few consistent differences between criminals and non-criminals. Modern biological theories consider both biological and environmental influences, known as biosocial approaches. Genetic studies find some heritability in behaviors. Psychological theories examine early life experiences and unconscious desires. Psychoanalytic theory analyzes conflicts between the id, ego and superego. Developmental approaches link delinquency to arrested development through maturity stages. Overall, no single theory adequately explains all delinquent behavior.
The document discusses the role of social and behavioral sciences in public health. It begins by defining key terms like psychology, sociology, anthropology, and explaining how they relate to public health. Next, it provides examples of how each discipline studies and addresses factors like social inequalities, environmental impacts, and health behaviors. It emphasizes that social and behavioral sciences help public health by identifying social determinants of health and designing interventions. Finally, the document lists some career paths where knowledge of these sciences can be applied, such as health education, counseling, and social work.
This document outlines the Nurses and Midwives Act of 2019 in Zambia. It continues the existence of the General Nursing Council and renames it the Nursing and Midwifery Council of Zambia. The Act regulates the education, training, registration, practice and professional conduct of nurses and midwives. It also provides for the licensing of nursing and midwifery facilities. Key aspects include continuing the Nursing Council, setting its functions, regulating nurse and midwife registration, education/training, scope of practice, disciplinary matters, and licensing facilities.
This document provides 20 examples of different defense mechanisms people may use to cope with anxiety or uncomfortable feelings, such as repression, rationalization, projection, and fantasy. Repression involves being unable to remember unpleasant events, while rationalization means providing logical excuses to justify irrational behavior. Projection refers to attributing one's own undesirable feelings or behaviors to others. Fantasy involves imagining scenarios that are not real to fulfill wishes or deal with problems.
This document discusses fluid therapy and fluid balance. It begins with definitions of key terms like electrolyte, osmolarity, and body fluid compartments. It then explains the regulation and assessment of fluid balance, types of intravenous fluids, and how to calculate infusion rates. Fluid balance charts are described as an essential tool to monitor intake, output, and a patient's hydration status. The document provides examples of completing a fluid balance chart and emphasizes the importance of careful recording and monitoring of fluid therapy.
This document discusses urinary and fecal elimination. It provides details on:
1) The normal urinary elimination process involving the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Urine is normally produced and stored in the bladder until voiding occurs.
2) Common alterations in urinary elimination including increased or decreased urine output, painful urination, incontinence, and retention.
3) Factors that can affect bowel elimination such as age, diet, fluid intake, medications, and physical or psychological conditions.
4) Common bowel problems include constipation, impaction, diarrhea, and incontinence. Nursing interventions are aimed at promoting normal elimination habits.
The document discusses the assessment and management of unconscious patients. It defines unconsciousness as a state of reduced awareness and responsiveness. Causes can include head injuries, tumors, overdoses, infections, and more. Levels of consciousness are assessed using scales like the Glasgow Coma Scale. Nursing priorities for unconscious patients include airway maintenance, skin care, range of motion exercises to prevent contractures, and careful monitoring for any changes in condition.
This document outlines the process and techniques for conducting a physical examination. It defines a physical exam as collecting observable data using inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. The key techniques are explained in detail, including inspection using the senses of vision, hearing and smell; palpation to feel for pulses, temperature, and consistency; percussion to elicit sounds that vary with tissue density; and auscultation using a stethoscope to listen to internal sounds. Proper equipment, patient positioning, and exam sequencing are also reviewed to thoroughly assess the skin, head, neck, chest, abdomen, extremities, and other body systems.
The document discusses the importance of communication and interaction between nurses and patients. It states that the nurse is always interacting with patients and healthcare team members. Effective communication helps the nurse build relationships and collaborate to achieve health goals. The document outlines different types of communication including intrapersonal, interpersonal, small group, and public. It emphasizes that both verbal and nonverbal communication are important and discusses elements like appearance, eye contact, and body language. Throughout the nursing process, open communication between the nurse and patient allows ongoing identification of health problems.
This document discusses pain from a nursing perspective. It defines pain, explains the physiology of pain including pain receptors and signal transmission, and outlines the types of pain such as acute, chronic, idiopathic, and psychogenic pain. The document also discusses pain assessment and management in nursing, including using pain scales, relieving pain through measures like rest, relaxation, analgesia, and diversional therapy.
The document discusses vital signs, which are important measurements that reflect essential body processes for life. They include temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. Vital signs provide information about the body's response to stress and can reveal sudden or gradual changes in a patient's condition. They are routinely taken for baseline data and to monitor a patient before, during, and after procedures or changes in their condition. The four components of vital signs are described in detail, including how they are assessed, normal ranges, and factors that can influence them.
Vital signs, including temperature, pulse, respiration and blood pressure, reflect essential body processes and can indicate changes in a patient's condition. They are important baseline measurements that are taken routinely during assessments and when a patient's status may be affected. Temperature, pulse and respiration are regulated by the hypothalamus, heart and respiratory functions, respectively, and can be impacted by environmental and psychological stressors. Abnormal vital signs may reveal sudden or gradual deterioration and should be reported promptly.
The document discusses various ways of classifying families and groups. It describes how families can be classified based on marriage structure (monogamous, polygamous, etc.), residence (matrilocal, patrilocal), ancestry (matrilineal, patrilineal) and size (nuclear, extended). Groups are characterized by interaction, structure, size and cohesiveness. Groups typically progress through forming, storming, norming, performing and terminating stages. Ethnic groups are defined by shared language, culture, history and self-identity.
The document discusses vital signs, which are temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. These reflect essential body processes and are important indicators of a patient's condition. Temperature, pulse, respiration are measured routinely for baseline data and to monitor for changes. Normal ranges are provided for each vital sign. Factors that influence the vital signs and techniques for accurately measuring them are described.
The document discusses the importance of communication and interaction between nurses and patients. It states that nurse-patient interaction is a professional relationship where meaningful exchange of ideas and problem-solving can occur. Through open communication, nurses can work with patients to continuously identify health problems and achieve health-related goals. The core elements of trust, respect, confidentiality, empathy and appropriate use of power are essential to ensuring a therapeutic relationship.
Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances must be maintained for health. Imbalances can occur from factors like dehydration or diarrhea. Fluids are distributed intracellularly and extracellularly, and electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and chloride are regulated between these compartments. Fluid intake, output, and hormones like ADH work to maintain balance. Intravenous fluids include crystalloids like saline that distribute between compartments, and colloids that remain intravascular.
The document describes the process of conducting a physical examination. It defines physical examination and outlines the basic techniques used, including inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. It provides examples of common equipment used and examines different body systems. The document also discusses ensuring patient privacy and comfort during the examination.
This document discusses fundamentals of nursing and the nurse's role in the healthcare system. It defines key nursing terms and describes nursing practice. It also outlines the healthcare delivery system in Zambia, including different provider levels and factors that influence healthcare delivery such as policies, economics, disease burden and technology. Challenges in providing care are noted as well as the organization and functions of various hospital levels.
The document discusses fundamentals of nursing palliative care. Nursing and palliative care are natural partners, as all nurses should have palliative care skills. Palliative care aims to improve quality of life for terminally ill patients and their families by preventing and relieving suffering. It involves an interdisciplinary team approach to address physical, psychosocial and spiritual needs. The role of nurses in palliative care focuses on symptom management, especially pain management, and providing 24-hour support.
This document discusses pain from a nursing perspective. It defines pain, explains the physiology of pain including pain receptors and signal transmission, and outlines the types of pain such as acute, chronic, idiopathic, and psychogenic pain. The document also discusses pain assessment and management in nursing, including using pain scales, relieving pain through measures like rest, relaxation, analgesia, and diversional therapy.
The document discusses the importance and purposes of documentation in nursing. Effective documentation allows nurses to communicate about patient care, promotes good nursing practices, and supports meeting legal and professional standards. It should provide an accurate account of assessments, interventions, and patient outcomes. The SOAP format is commonly used to document patient encounters and ensure comprehensive yet concise notes.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
1. DEFINITION
PSYCHOLOGY: IT IS A SCIENCE THAT STUDIES BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL
PROCESSES. (HILGARD ET AL) OR
• IT IS A SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL PROCESSES
• THIS DEFINITION RECOGNIZES THAT PSYCHOLOGY IS AN OVERT
(OBSERVABLE) STUDY OF ACTIVITIES SUCH AS WITHDRAWAL FROM PAIN.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 2
2. DEFINITION CONT
• IT ALSO VALUES THE IMPORTANCE OF COVERT (UNOBSERVABLE) UNDERLYING
MENTAL PROCESSES THAT MUST BE INFERRED FROM BEHAVIOURAL AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA SUCH AS EMOTIONS, THOUGHTS AND DREAMS.
BEHAVIOUR: IS ANY ACTIVITY OF A PERSON INCLUDING PHYSICAL ACTIONS
THAT MAY BE OBSERVED DIRECTLY, AND MENTAL ACTIVITY WHICH IS
INFERRED AND INTERPRETED.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 3
3. APPROACHES INTRODUCTION
• THERE ARE VARIOUS DIFFERENT APPROACHES IN CONTEMPORARY
PSYCHOLOGY.
• AN APPROACH IS A PERSPECTIVE (I.E. VIEW) THAT INVOLVES CERTAIN
ASSUMPTIONS (I.E. BELIEFS) ABOUT HUMAN BEHAVIOUR: THE WAY THEY
FUNCTION, WHICH ASPECTS OF THEM ARE WORTHY OF STUDY AND WHAT
RESEARCH METHODS ARE APPROPRIATE FOR UNDERTAKING THIS STUDY.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 4
4. APPROACHES INTRODUCTION
•YOU MAY WONDER WHY THERE ARE SO MANY DIFFERENT
PSYCHOLOGY APPROACHES AND WHETHER ONE APPROACH IS
CORRECT AND OTHERS WRONG.
•MOST PSYCHOLOGISTS WOULD AGREE THAT NO ONE APPROACH
IS CORRECT, ALTHOUGH IN THE PAST, IN THE EARLY DAYS OF
PSYCHOLOGY, THE BEHAVIOURIST WOULD HAVE SAID THEIR
APPROACH WAS THE ONLY TRULY SCIENTIFIC ONE.
•EACH APPROACH HAS ITS STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES, AND
BRINGS SOMETHING DIFFERENT TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF
HUMAN BEHAVIOUR.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 5
5. APPROACHES INTRODUCTION CONT
• FOR THIS REASONS, IT IS IMPORTANT THAT PSYCHOLOGY DOES HAVE
DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO THE UNDERSTANDING AND STUDY OF HUMAN
AND ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR.
• BELOW IS A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE 5 MAIN PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES
(SOMETIMES CALLED PERSPECTIVES) IN PSYCHOLOGY
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 6
7. BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH
• BEHAVIOURISM IS DIFFERENT FROM MOST OTHER APPROACHES BECAUSE
THEY VIEW PEOPLE (AND ANIMALS) AS CONTROLLED BY THEIR ENVIRONMENT
AND SPECIFICALLY THAT WE ARE THE RESULT OF WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED
FROM OUR ENVIRONMENT.
• BEHAVIOURISM IS CONCERNED WITH HOW ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
(CALLED STIMULI) AFFECT OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOUR (CALLED THE RESPONSE).
• THE BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH PROPOSES TWO MAIN PROCESSES WHEREBY
PEOPLE LEARN FROM THEIR ENVIRONMENT: NAMELY CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING AND OPERANT CONDITIONING.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 8
8. BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH CONT
• CLASSICAL CONDITIONING INVOLVES LEARNING BY ASSOCIATION, AND
OPERANT CONDITIONING INVOLVES LEARNING FROM THE CONSEQUENCES OF
BEHAVIOUR.
• BEHAVIOURISM ALSO BELIEVES IN SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY (E.G.
CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS), AND THAT ONLY OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOUR
SHOULD BE STUDIES BECAUSE THIS CAN BE OBJECTIVELY MEASURED.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 9
9. BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH CONT
• BEHAVIOURISM REJECTS THE IDEA THAT PEOPLE HAVE FREE WILL, AND
BELIEVES THAT THE ENVIRONMENT DETERMINES ALL BEHAVIOUR.
• BEHAVIOURISM IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOUR
WORKING ON THE BASIS THAT BEHAVIOUR CAN BE REDUCED TO LEARNED S-R
(STIMULUS-RESPONSE) UNITS.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 10
10. BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH CONT
• CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (CC) WAS STUDIED BY THE RUSSIAN
PSYCHOLOGIST IVAN PAVLOV.
• THROUGH LOOKING INTO NATURAL REFLEXES AND NEUTRAL STIMULI
HE MANAGED TO CONDITION DOGS TO SALIVATE TO THE SOUND OF A
BELL THROUGH REPEATED ASSOCIATED OF THE SOUND OF THE BELL
AND FOOD.
• THE PRINCIPLES OF CC HAVE BEEN APPLIED IN MANY THERAPIES.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 11
11. BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH CONT
•THESE INCLUDE SYSTEMATIC DESENSITISATION FOR PHOBIAS
(STEP-BY-STEP EXPOSED TO FEARED STIMULUS AT ONCE) AND
AVERSION THERAPY FOR SOCIALLY UNDESIRABLE BEHAVIOURS
AND BAD HABITS (INDIVIDUAL ASSOCIATES A DISLIKED
RESPONSE TO THE HABIT THROUGH REPEATED PAIRING).
•HOWEVER CC ONLY DEALS WITH INVOLUNTARY BEHAVIOUR,
OPERANT CONDITIONING TACKLES VOLUNTARY BEHAVIOUR.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 12
12. BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH CONT
• B.F. SKINNER INVESTIGATED OPERANT CONDITIONING OF VOLUNTARY
AND INVOLUNTARY BEHAVIOUR.
• SKINNER FELT THAT SOME BEHAVIOUR COULD BE EXPLAINED BY THE
PERSON'S MOTIVE.
• THEREFORE BEHAVIOUR OCCURS FOR A REASON, AND THE THREE MAIN
BEHAVIOUR SHAPING TECHNIQUES ARE POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT,
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 13
13. BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH CONT
• BEHAVIOURISM HAS BEEN CRITICISED IN THE WAY IT UNDER-ESTIMATES THE
COMPLEXITY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOUR.
• MANY STUDIES USED ANIMALS WHICH ARE HARD TO GENERALISE TO
HUMANS AND IT CANNOT EXPLAIN FOR EXAMPLE THE SPEED IN WHICH WE
PICK UP LANGUAGE.
• THERE MUST BE BIOLOGICAL FACTORS INVOLVED.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 14
16. • IF YOU KNOW VERY LITTLE ABOUT PSYCHOLOGY, AND YOU HAVE HEARD OF
JUST ONE PSYCHOLOGIST, THE CHANCES ARE THAT THIS IS SIGMUND FREUD,
THE FOUNDER OF THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH TO PSYCHOLOGY, OR
PSYCHOANALYSIS.
• IF FREUD REPRESENTS YOUR LAYPERSON'S IDEA OF PSYCHOLOGY THEN YOU
PROBABLY HAVE AN IMAGE OF A PATIENT LYING ON A COUCH TALKING ABOUT
THEIR DEEPEST AND DARKEST SECRETS
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 17
17. PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
• SIGMUND FREUD BELIEVES THAT EVENTS IN OUR CHILDHOOD CAN
HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON OUR BEHAVIOUR AS ADULTS.
• HE ALSO BELIEVED THAT PEOPLE HAVE LITTLE FREE WILL TO MAKE
CHOICES IN LIFE.
• INSTEAD OUR BEHAVIOUR IS DETERMINED BY THE UNCONSCIOUS
MIND AND CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 18
18. PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH CONT
• FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYSIS IS BOTH A THEORY AND A THERAPY.
• IT IS THE ORIGINAL PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY AND INSPIRED
PSYCHOLOGISTS SUCH AS JUNG AND ERIKSONN TO DEVELOP THEIR
OWN PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES.
• FREUD’S WORK IS VAST AND HE HAS CONTRIBUTED GREATLY TO
PSYCHOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 19
19. PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH CONT
• FREUD, THE FOUNDER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS, EXPLAINED THE HUMAN MIND AS
LIKE AN ICEBERG, WITH ONLY A SMALL AMOUNT OF IT BEING VISIBLE, THAT IS
OUR OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOUR, BUT IT IS THE UNCONSCIOUS, SUBMERGED
MIND THAT HAS THE MOST, UNDERLYING INFLUENCE ON OUR BEHAVIOUR.
• FREUD USED THREE MAIN METHODS OF ACCESSING THE UNCONSCIOUS
MIND: FREEASSOCIATION, DREAM ANALYSIS AND SLIPS OF THE TONGUE.
• HE BELIEVED THAT THE UNCONSCIOUS MIND CONSISTED OF THREE
COMPONENTS: THE 'ID' THE 'EGO' AND THE 'SUPEREGO'.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 20
20. PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH CONT
• THE 'ID' CONTAINS TWO MAIN INSTINCTS: 'EROS', WHICH IS THE LIFE
INSTINCT, WHICH INVOLVES SELF-PRESERVATION AND SEX WHICH IS
FUELLED BY THE 'LIBIDO' ENERGY FORCE. ‘
• THANATOS' IS THE DEATH INSTINCT, WHOSE ENERGIES, BECAUSE THEY
ARE LESS POWERFUL THAN THOSE OF 'EROS' ARE CHANNELED AWAY
FROM OURSELVES AND INTO AGGRESSION TOWARDS OTHERS.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 21
21. PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH CONT
• THE 'ID' AND THE 'SUPEREGO' ARE CONSTANTLY IN CONFLICT WITH
EACH OTHER, AND THE 'EGO' TRIES TO RESOLVE THE DISCORD.
• IF THIS CONFLICT IS NOT RESOLVED, WE TEND TO USE DEFENSE
MECHANISMS TO REDUCE OUR ANXIETIES.
• PSYCHOANALYSIS ATTEMPTS TO HELP PATIENTS RESOLVE THEIR INNER
CONFLICTS.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 22
22. PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH CONT
• AN ASPECT OF PSYCHOANALYSIS IS FREUD'S THEORY OF
PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT.
• IT SHOWS HOW EARLY EXPERIENCES AFFECT ADULT PERSONALITY.
• STIMULATION OF DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE BODY IS IMPORTANT AS
THE CHILD PROGRESSES THROUGH THE IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTAL
STAGES.
• TOO MUCH OR TOO LITTLE CAN HAVE BAD CONSEQUENCES LATER.
• THE MOST IMPORTANT STAGE IS THE PHALLIC STAGE WHERE THE
FOCUS OF THE LIBIDO IS ON THE GENITALS.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 23
23. PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH CONT
• DURING THIS STAGE LITTLE BOYS EXPERIENCE THE 'OEDIPUS COMPLEX', AND
LITTLE GIRLS EXPERIENCE THE 'ELECTRA COMPLEX'.
• THESE COMPLEXES RESULT IN CHILDREN IDENTIFYING WITH THEIR SAME-SEX
PARENT, WHICH ENABLES THEM TO LEARN SEX-APPROPRIATE BEHAVIOUR AND
A MORALE CODE OF CONDUCT.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 24
24. PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH CONT
• HOWEVER IT HAS BEEN CRITICISED IN THE WAY THAT IT OVER EMPHASISES
OF IMPORTANCE OF SEXUALITY AND UNDER EMPHASISES OF ROLE OF SOCIAL
RELATIONSHIPS.
• THE THEORY IS NOT SCIENTIFIC, AND CAN'T BE PROVED AS IT IS CIRCULAR.
• THE SAMPLE WAS BIASED, CONSISTING OF MIDDLE-CLASS, MIDDLE-AGED
NEUROTIC WOMEN.
• NEVER THE LESS PSYCHOANALYSIS HAS BEEN GREATLY CONTRIBUTORY TO
PSYCHOLOGY IN THAT IT HAS ENCOURAGED MANY MODERN THEORISTS TO
MODIFY IT FOR THE BETTER, USING ITS BASIC PRINCIPLES, BUT ELIMINATING
ITS MAJOR FLAWS.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 25
25. HUMANISTIC APPROACH
• HUMANISM IS A PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH THAT EMPHASISES THE
STUDY OF THE WHOLE PERSON.
• HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGISTS LOOK AT HUMAN BEHAVIOUR NOT ONLY
THROUGH THE EYES OF THE OBSERVER, BUT THROUGH THE EYES OF
THE PERSON DOING THE BEHAVING.
• HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGISTS BELIEVE THAT AN INDIVIDUAL'S
BEHAVIOUR IS CONNECTED TO HIS INNER FEELINGS AND SELF-IMAGE.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 26
26. HUMANISTIC APPROACH CONT
• THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH IN PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOPED AS A REBELLION
AGAINST WHAT SOME PSYCHOLOGISTS SAW AS LIMITATIONS OF THE
BEHAVIOURIST AND PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOLOGY.
• THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH IS THUS OFTEN CALLED THE “THIRD FORCE” IN
PSYCHOLOGY AFTER PSYCHOANALYSIS AND BEHAVIOURISM.
• HUMANISM REJECTED THE ASSUMPTION OF THE BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH
WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED AS DETERMINISTIC, FOCUSED ON
REINFORCEMENT OF STIMULUS-RESPONSE BEHAVIOUR AND HEAVILY
DEPENDENT ON ANIMAL RESEARCH.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 27
27. HUMANISTIC APPROACH CONT
• HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY ALSO REJECTED THE PSYCHODYNAMIC
APPROACH BECAUSE IT ALSO IS DETERMINISTIC, WITH UNCONSCIOUS
IRRATIONAL AND INSTINCTIVE FORCES DETERMINING HUMAN THOUGHT AND
BEHAVIOUR.
• BOTH BEHAVIOURISM AND PSYCHOANALYSIS ARE REGARDED AS
DEHUMANIZING BY HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGISTS.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 28
28. HUMANISTIC APPROACH CONT
• HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY ASSUMPTIONS
• HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY BEGINS WITH THE EXISTENTIAL
ASSUMPTIONS THAT PHENOMENOLOGY IS CENTRAL AND THAT PEOPLE
HAVE FREE WILL.
• PERSONAL AGENCY IS THE HUMANISTIC TERM FOR THE EXERCISE OF
FREE WILL.
• PERSONAL AGENCY REFERS TO THE CHOICES WE MAKE IN LIFE, THE
PATHS WE GO DOWN AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 29
29. HUMANISTIC APPROACH CONT
• A FURTHER ASSUMPTION IS THEN ADDED - PEOPLE ARE BASICALLY GOOD, AND
HAVE AN INNATE NEED TO MAKE THEMSELVES AND THE WORLD BETTER.
• THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH EMPHASISES THE PERSONAL WORTH OF THE
INDIVIDUAL, THE CENTRALITY OF HUMAN VALUES, AND THE CREATIVE, ACTIVE
NATURE OF HUMAN BEINGS.
• THE APPROACH IS OPTIMISTIC AND FOCUSES ON NOBLE HUMAN CAPACITY
TO OVERCOME HARDSHIP, PAIN AND DESPAIR.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 30
30. HUMANISTIC APPROACH CONT
• BOTH ROGERS AND MASLOW REGARDED PERSONAL GROWTH AND
FULFILLMENT IN LIFE AS A BASIC HUMAN MOTIVE.
• THIS MEANS THAT EACH PERSON, IN DIFFERENT WAYS, SEEKS TO GROW
PSYCHOLOGICALLY AND CONTINUOUSLY ENHANCE THEMSELVES.
• THIS HAS BEEN CAPTURED BY THE TERM SELF-ACTUALISATION WHICH IS
ABOUT PSYCHOLOGICAL GROWTH, FULFILLMENT AND SATISFACTION IN LIFE.
• HOWEVER, ROGERS AND MASLOW BOTH DESCRIBE DIFFERENT WAYS OF HOW
SELF-ACTUALIZATION CAN BE ACHIEVED.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 31
31. HUMANISTIC APPROACH CONT
• CENTRAL TO THE HUMANIST THEORIES OF CARL ROGERS AND ABRAHAM
MASLOW ARE THE SUBJECTIVE, CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCES OF THE
INDIVIDUAL.
• THE HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGISTS ARGUED THAT OBJECTIVE REALITY IS LESS
IMPORTANT THAN A PERSON'S SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTION AND SUBJECTIVE
UNDERSTANDING OF THE WORLD.
• BECAUSE OF THIS, ROGERS AND MASLOW PLACED LITTLE VALUE ON
SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY ESPECIALLY THE USE OF THE PSYCHOLOGY
LABORATORY TO INVESTIGATE BOTH HUMAN AND OTHER ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 32
32. HUMANISTIC APPROACH CONT
• THE HUMANIST'S VIEW HUMAN BEINGS AS FUNDAMENTALLY
DIFFERENT FROM OTHER ANIMALS MAINLY BECAUSE HUMANS ARE
CONSCIOUS BEINGS CAPABLE OF THOUGHT, REASON AND LANGUAGE.
• FOR HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGISTS’ RESEARCH ON ANIMALS, SUCH AS
RATS, PIGEONS, OR MONKEYS HELD LITTLE VALUE.
• RESEARCH ON SUCH ANIMALS CAN TELL US, SO THEY ARGUED, VERY
LITTLE ABOUT HUMAN THOUGHT, BEHAVIOUR AND EXPERIENCE.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 33
33. HUMANISTIC APPROACH CONT
• HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGISTS REJECTED A RIGOROUS SCIENTIFIC
APPROACH TO PSYCHOLOGY BECAUSE THEY SAW IT AS
DEHUMANISING AND UNABLE TO CAPTURE THE RICHNESS OF
CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE.
• IN MANY WAYS THE REJECTION OF SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY IN THE
1950S, 1960S AND 1970S WAS A BACKLASH TO THE DOMINANCE OF
THE BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH IN NORTH AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 34
34. HUMANISTIC APPROACH CONT
• BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
• HUMANS HAVE FREE WILL; NOT ALL BEHAVIOUR IS DETERMINED.
• ALL INDIVIDUALS ARE UNIQUE AND HAVE AN INNATE (INBORN) DRIVE
TO ACHIEVE THEIR MAXIMUM POTENTIAL
• A PROPER UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN BEHAVIOUR CAN ONLY BE
ACHIEVED BY STUDYING HUMANS - NOT ANIMALS.
• PSYCHOLOGY SHOULD STUDY THE INDIVIDUAL CASE (IDIOGRAPHIC)
RATHER THAN THE AVERAGE PERFORMANCE OF GROUPS
(NOMOTHETIC).
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 35
35. HUMANISTIC APPROACH CONT
• AREAS OF APPLICATION
PERSON CENTERED THERAPY
QUALITATIVE METHODS
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR (INCONGRUENT, LOW SELF-WORTH)
EDUCATION
GENDER ROLE DEVELOPMENT
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 36
36. HUMANISTIC APPROACH CONT
• STRENGTHS
• SHIFTED THE FOCUS OF BEHAVIOUR TO THE INDIVIDUAL / WHOLE
PERSON RATHER THAN THE UNCONSCIOUS MIND, GENES, OBSERVABLE
BEHAVIOUR ETC.
• HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY SATISFIES MOST PEOPLE'S IDEA OF WHAT
BEING HUMAN MEANS BECAUSE IT VALUES PERSONAL IDEALS AND
SELF-FULFILLMENT.
• QUALITATIVE DATA GIVES GENUINE INSIGHT )AND MORE HOLISTIC
INFORMATION) INTO BEHAVIOUR.
• HIGHLIGHTS THE VALUE OF MORE INDIVIDUALISTIC AND IDIOGRAPHIC
METHODS OF STUDY
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 37
37. HUMANISTIC APPROACH CONT
• WEAKNESSES
• UNSCIENTIFIC – SUBJECTIVE CONCEPTS
E.G. CANNOT OBJECTIVELY MEASURE SELF-ACTUALIZATION
• HUMANISM IGNORES THE UNCONSCIOUS MIND
• BEHAVIOURISM – HUMAN AND ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR CAN BE
COMPARED
• QUALITATIVE DATA IS DIFFICULT TO COMPARE
• ETHNOCENTRIC (BIASED TOWARDS WESTERN CULTURE)
• THEIR BELIEF IN FREE WILL IS IN OPPOSITION TO THE DETERMINISTIC
LAWS OF SCIENCE.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 38
38. COGNITIVE APPROACH
• THE WHOLE MOVEMENT HAD EVOLVED FROM THE EARLY PHILOSOPHERS, SUCH
AS ARISTOTLE AND PLATO.
• TODAY THIS APPROACH IS KNOWN AS COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 39
39. COGNITIVE APPROACH
• COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY REVOLVES AROUND THE NOTION THAT IF WE WANT
TO KNOW WHAT MAKES PEOPLE TICK THEN THE WAY TO DO IT IS TO FIGURE
OUT WHAT PROCESSES ARE ACTUALLY GOING ON IN THEIR MINDS.
• IN OTHER WORDS, PSYCHOLOGISTS FROM THIS PERSPECTIVE STUDY
COGNITION WHICH IS ‘THE MENTAL ACT OR PROCESS BY WHICH KNOWLEDGE
IS ACQUIRED.’
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 40
40. COGNITIVE APPROACH
• THE COGNITIVE APPROACH IS CONCERNED WITH “MENTAL” FUNCTIONS SUCH
AS MEMORY, PERCEPTION, ATTENTION ETC.
• IT VIEWS PEOPLE AS BEING SIMILAR TO COMPUTERS IN THE WAY WE
PROCESS INFORMATION (E.G. INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT).
• FOR EXAMPLE, BOTH HUMAN BRAINS AND COMPUTERS PROCESS
INFORMATION, STORE DATA AND HAVE INPUT AN OUTPUT PROCEDURES.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 41
41. COGNITIVE APPROACH
• THIS HAD LED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGISTS TO EXPLAIN THAT MEMORY
COMPRISES OF THREE STAGES:
ENCODING (WHERE INFORMATION IS RECEIVED AND ATTENDED TO),
STORAGE (WHERE THE INFORMATION IS RETAINED)
AND RETRIEVAL (WHERE THE INFORMATION IS RECALLED).
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 42
42. COGNITIVE APPROACH
• IT IS AN EXTREMELY SCIENTIFIC APPROACH AND TYPICALLY USES LAB
EXPERIMENTS TO STUDY HUMAN BEHAVIOUR.
• THE COGNITIVE APPROACH HAS MANY APPLICATIONS INCLUDING COGNITIVE
THERAPY AND EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 43
43. COGNITIVE APPROACH
•THE TERM COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY CAME INTO USE WITH THE
PUBLICATION OF THE BOOK COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY BY ULRIC
NEISSER IN 1967.
•COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY REVOLVES AROUND THE NOTION THAT
IF WE WANT TO KNOW WHAT MAKES PEOPLE TICK THEN THE
WAY TO DO IT IS TO FIGURE OUT WHAT PROCESSES ARE
ACTUALLY GOING ON IN THEIR MINDS.
•COGNITION LITERALLY MEANS “KNOWING”. IN OTHER WORDS,
PSYCHOLOGISTS FROM THIS APPROACH STUDY COGNITION
WHICH IS ‘THE MENTAL ACT OR PROCESS BY WHICH
KNOWLEDGE IS ACQUIRED.’
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 44
44. COGNITIVE APPROACH
• THEY FOCUS ON THE WAY HUMANS PROCESS INFORMATION, LOOKING AT
HOW WE TREAT INFORMATION THAT COMES IN TO THE PERSON (WHAT
BEHAVIOURIST WOULD CALL STIMULI) AND HOW THIS TREATMENT LEADS TO
RESPONSES.
• IN OTHER WORDS, THEY ARE INTERESTED IN THE VARIABLES THAT MEDIATE
BETWEEN STIMULUS/INPUT AND RESPONSE/OUTPUT.
• THE MAIN AREAS OF STUDY IN COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY ARE: PERCEPTION,
ATTENTION, MEMORY AND LANGUAGE.
• THE COGNITIVE APPROACH APPLIES A HOMOTHETIC APPROACH TO DISCOVER
HUMAN COGNITIVE PROCESSES, BUT HAVE ALSO ADOPTED IDIOGRAPHIC
TECHNIQUES THROUGH USING CASE STUDIES (E.G. KF, HM).
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 45
45. COGNITIVE APPROACH
• TYPICALLY COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGISTS USE THE LABORATORY EXPERIMENT
TO STUDY BEHAVIOUR.
• THIS IS BECAUSE THE COGNITIVE APPROACH IS A SCIENTIFIC ONE.
• FOR EXAMPLE, PARTICIPANTS WILL TAKE PART IN MEMORY TESTS IN
STRICTLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS.
• HOWEVER, THE WIDELY USED LAB EXPERIMENT CAN BE CRITICISED FOR
LACKING ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY (A MAJOR CRITICISM OF COGNITIVE
PSYCHOLOGY).
• COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY BECAME OF GREAT IMPORTANCE IN THE MID-1950S.
• SEVERAL FACTORS WERE IMPORTANT IN THIS: -
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 46
46. COGNITIVE APPROACH
• DISSATISFACTION WITH THE BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH IN ITS
SIMPLE EMPHASIS ON EXTERNAL BEHAVIOUR RATHER THAN INTERNAL
PROCESSES
• THE DEVELOPMENT OF BETTER EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
• THE START OF THE USE OF COMPUTERS ALLOWED PSYCHOLOGISTS TO
TRY TO UNDERSTAND THE COMPLEXITIES OF HUMAN COGNITION BY
COMPARING IT WITH SOMETHING SIMPLER AND BETTER UNDERSTOOD
I.E. AN ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM SUCH AS A COMPUTER.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 47
47. COGNITIVE APPROACH
• THE COGNITIVE APPROACH BEGAN TO REVOLUTIONISE PSYCHOLOGY
IN THE LATE 1950’S AND EARLY 1960’S, TO BECOME THE DOMINANT
APPROACH (I.E. PERSPECTIVE) IN PSYCHOLOGY BY THE LATE 1970S.
• INTEREST IN MENTAL PROCESSES HAD BEEN GRADUALLY RESTORED
THROUGH THE WORK OF PIAGET AND TOLMAN.
• OTHER FACTORS WERE IMPORTANT IN THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF
THE COGNITIVE APPROACH.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 48
48. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY SUMMARY
• KEY CONCEPTS
MEDIATIONAL PROCESSES (PROCESS BETWEEN STIMULUS AND RESPONSE)
INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH
COMPUTER ANALOGY
INTROSPECTION (WUNDT)
NOMOTHETIC (STUDIES THE GROUP)
SCHEMA
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 49
49. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY SUMMARY
• BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
• COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY IS A PURE SCIENCE, BASED MAINLY ON
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS.
• BEHAVIOUR CAN BE LARGELY EXPLAINED IN TERMS OF HOW THE MIND
OPERATES, I.E. THE INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH.
• THE MIND WORKS IN A WAY SIMILAR TO A COMPUTER: INPUTTING,
STORING AND RETRIEVING DATA.
• MEDIATIONAL PROCESSES OCCUR BETWEEN STIMULUS AND
RESPONSE.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 50
50. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY SUMMARY
• AREAS OF APPLICATION
• GENDER ROLE DEVELOPMENT
• EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY / COGNITIVE INTERVIEW
• MEMORY, ATTENTION, PERCEPTION ETC.
• CHILD DEVELOPMENT (PIAGET)
• COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
• LEARNING STYLES (KOLB)
• MORAL DEVELOPMENT (PIAGET)
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 51
51. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY SUMMARY
• STRENGTHS
• SCIENTIFIC
• HIGHLY APPLICABLE (E.G. THERAPY,)
• COMBINES EASILY WITH APPROACHES: BEHAVIOURISM + COG = SOCIAL
LEARNING BIOLOGY + COG = EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY
• MANY EMPIRICAL STUDIES TO SUPPORT THEORIES
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 52
53. COGNITIVE APPROACH EVALUATION
• THE INFORMATION PROCESSING PARADIGM OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
VIEWS THAT MINDS IN TERMS OF A COMPUTER WHEN PROCESSING
INFORMATION.
• HOWEVER, THEIR ARE IMPORTANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HUMANS AND
COMPUTERS.
• THE MIND DOES NOT PROCESS INFORMATION LIKE A COMPUTER AS
COMPUTERS DON’T HAVE EMOTIONS OR GET TIRED LIKE HUMANS.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 54
54. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY INTRODUCTION
•BIOLOGY IS DEFINED AS THE STUDY OF LIFE (FROM THE GREEK
BIOS MEANING ‘LIFE’ AND LOGOS MEANING ‘STUDY’). A
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE IS RELEVANT TO THE STUDY OF
PSYCHOLOGY IN THREE WAYS:
1. COMPARATIVE METHOD: DIFFERENT SPECIES OF ANIMAL CAN
BE STUDIED AND COMPARED. THIS CAN HELP IN THE SEARCH TO
UNDERSTAND HUMAN BEHAVIOUR.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 55
55. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY INTRODUCTION
• 2. PHYSIOLOGY: HOW THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND HORMONES WORK, HOW
THE BRAIN FUNCTIONS, HOW CHANGES IN STRUCTURE AND/OR FUNCTION
CAN AFFECT BEHAVIOUR. FOR EXAMPLE, WE COULD ASK HOW PRESCRIBED
DRUGS TO TREAT DEPRESSION AFFECT BEHAVIOUR THROUGH THEIR
INTERACTION WITH THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
• 3. INVESTIGATION OF INHERITANCE: WHAT AN ANIMAL INHERITS FROM ITS
PARENTS, MECHANISMS OF INHERITANCE (GENETICS). FOR EXAMPLE, WE
MIGHT WANT TO KNOW WHETHER HIGH INTELLIGENCE IS INHERITED FROM
ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
EACH OF THESE BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS, THE COMPARATIVE, THE
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND THE GENETIC, CAN HELP EXPLAIN HUMAN BEHAVIOUR.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 56
57. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY CONT
• METHODOLOGY
• LAB EXPERIMENTS
• CORRELATION STUDIES
• TWIN RESEARCH
• NATURALISTIC OBSERVATIONS (KETTLEWELL)
• ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
• RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF RESEARCH
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 58
58. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY CONT
• BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
• PSYCHOLOGY SHOULD BE SEEN AS A SCIENCE, TO BE STUDIED IN A
SCIENTIFIC MANNER (USUALLY IN A LABORATORY).
• BEHAVIOUR CAN BE LARGELY EXPLAINED IN TERMS OF BIOLOGY (E.G.
GENES/HORMONES)
• HUMAN GENES HAVE EVOLVED OVER MILLIONS OF YEARS TO ADAPT
BEHAVIOUR TO THE ENVIRONMENT.
• THEREFORE, MOST BEHAVIOUR WILL HAVE AN ADAPTIVE /
EVOLUTIONARY PURPOSE.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 59
59. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY CONT
• AREAS OF APPLICATION
• GENDER ROLE DEVELOPMENT
• ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
• IQ
• RELATIONSHIPS
• THERAPY
• STRESS
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 60
60. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY CONT
• STRENGTHS
• VERY SCIENTIFIC
• HIGHLY APPLICATION TO OTHER AREAS: BIOLOGY + COG = EVOLUTIONARY
PSYCHOLOGY
• HELPED DEVELOP COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
• STRONG COUNTER ARGUMENT TO THE NURTURE SIDE OF THE DEBATE
• MANY EMPIRICAL STUDIES TO SUPPORT THEORIES
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 61
61. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY CONT
• WEAKNESSES
• EXPERIMENTS – LOW ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY
• HUMANISM: TOO DETERMINISTIC – LITTLE ROOM FOR FREE-WILL
• DOESN’T RECOGNIZE COGNITIVE PROCESSES
• BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OFTEN OVER-SIMPLIFY THE HUGE
COMPLEXITY OF PHYSICAL SYSTEMS AND THEIR INTERACTION WITH THE
ENVIRONMENT.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 62
63. BIOLOGICAL APPROACH
• WE CAN THANK CHARLES DARWIN (1859) FOR DEMONSTRATING IN THE IDEA
THAT GENETICS AND EVOLUTION PLAY A ROLE IN INFLUENCING HUMAN
BEHAVIOUR.
• THEORISTS IN THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE WHO STUDY BEHAVIOURAL
GENOMICS CONSIDER HOW GENES AFFECT BEHAVIOUR.
• NOW THAT THE HUMAN GENOME IS MAPPED, PERHAPS, WE WILL SOMEDAY
UNDERSTAND MORE PRECISELY HOW BEHAVIOUR IS AFFECTED BY THE DNA
WE INHERIT.
• BIOLOGICAL FACTORS SUCH AS CHROMOSOMES, HORMONES AND THE BRAIN
ALL HAVE A SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE ON HUMAN BEHAVIOUR, FOR EXAMPLE
GENDER.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 64
64. BIOLOGICAL APPROACH
• THE BIOLOGICAL APPROACH BELIEVES THAT MOST BEHAVIOUR IS
INHERITED AND HAS AN ADAPTIVE (OR EVOLUTIONARY) FUNCTION.
• FOR EXAMPLE, IN THE WEEKS IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE BIRTH OF A
CHILD, LEVELS OF TESTOSTERONE IN FATHERS DROP BY MORE THAN 30
PER CENT.
• THIS HAS AN EVOLUTIONARY FUNCTION.
• TESTOSTERONE-DEPRIVED MEN ARE LESS LIKELY TO WANDER OFF IN
SEARCH OF NEW MATES TO INSEMINATE.
• THEY ARE ALSO LESS AGGRESSIVE, WHICH IS USEFUL WHEN THERE IS
A BABY AROUND.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 65
65. BIOLOGICAL APPROACH
• BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS EXPLAIN BEHAVIOURS IN
NEUROLOGICAL TERMS, I.E. THE PHYSIOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF THE
BRAIN AND HOW THIS INFLUENCES BEHAVIOUR.
• MANY BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS HAVE CONCENTRATED ON
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR AND HAVE TRIED TO EXPLAIN IT.
• FOR EXAMPLE BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS BELIEVE THAT
SCHIZOPHRENIA IS AFFECTED BY LEVELS OF DOPAMINE (A
NEUROTRANSMITTER).
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 66
66. BIOLOGICAL APPROACH
• THESE FINDINGS HAVE HELPED PSYCHIATRY TAKE OFF AND HELP
RELIEVE HE SYMPTOMS OF THE MENTAL ILLNESS THROUGH DRUGS.
• HOWEVER FREUD AND OTHER DISCIPLINES WOULD ARGUE THAT THIS
JUST TREATS THE SYMPTOMS AND NOT THE CAUSE.
• THIS IS WHERE HEALTH PSYCHOLOGISTS TAKE THE FINDING THAT
BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS PRODUCE AND LOOK AT THE
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT ARE INVOLVED TO GET A BETTER
PICTURE.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 67
67. APPROACHES CONCLUSION
• THEREFORE, IN CONCLUSION, THERE ARE SO MANY DIFFERENT APPROACHES
TO PSYCHOLOGY TO EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BEHAVIOUR AND GIVE
DIFFERENT ANGLES.
• NO ONE APPROACH HAS EXPLANATORY POWERS OVER THE REST.
• ONLY WITH ALL THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGY WHICH SOMETIMES
CONTRADICT ONE ANOTHER (NATURE-NURTURE DEBATE), OVERLAP WITH
EACH OTHER (E.G. PSYCHOANALYSIS AND CHILD PSYCHOLOGY) OR BUILD
UPON ONE ANOTHER (BIOLOGICAL AND HEALTH PSYCHOLOGIST) CAN WE
UNDERSTAND AND CREATE EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS WHEN PROBLEMS ARISE SO
WE HAVE A HEALTHY BODY AND HEALTHY MIND.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 68
68. APPROACHES CONCLUSION CONT
•THE FACT THAT THERE ARE DIFFERENT APPROACHES
REPRESENTS THE COMPLEXITY AND RICHNESS OF HUMAN (AND
ANIMAL) BEHAVIOUR.
•A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH, SUCH AS BEHAVIORISM OR
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, TENDS TO IGNORE THE SUBJECTIVE
(I.E. PERSONAL) EXPERIENCES THAT PEOPLE HAVE.
•THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH DOES RECOGNIZE HUMAN
EXPERIENCE, BUT LARGELY AT THE EXPENSE OF BEING NON-
SCIENTIFIC IN ITS METHODS AND ABILITY TO PROVIDE
EVIDENCE.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 69
69. APPROACHES CONCLUSION CONT
• THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH CONCENTRATES TOO MUCH ON THE
UNCONSCIOUS MIND AND CHILDHOOD.
• AS SUCH IT TENDS TO LOSE SIGHT OF THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATION
(WHICH IS DIFFERENT IN EACH COUNTRY) AND THE POSSIBILITY OF
FREE WILL.
• THE BIOLOGICAL APPROACH REDUCES HUMANS TO A SET OF
MECHANISMS AND PHYSICAL STRUCTURES THAT ARE CLEARLY
ESSENTIAL AND IMPORTANT (E.G. GENES).
• HOWEVER, IT FAILS TO ACCOUNT FOR CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE
INFLUENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON BEHAVIOUR.
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 70
70. IMPORTANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY IN NURSING
• IT EQUIPS THE NURSE WITH NECESSARY SKILLS TO INTERACT WELL WITH
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE HEALTH CARE TEAM
• IT ENABLES THE NURSE TO WORK WELL WITH FELLOW NURSES
• IT ENABLES THE NURSE TO UNDERSTAND HER OR HIS CLIENTS AND TREAT
THEM AS UNIQUE BEINGS
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 71
71. IMPORTANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY IN NURSING CONT
• IT HELPS THE NURSE TO UNDERSTAND THE LEARNING PROCESS
• IT HELPS THE NURSE TO ANTICIPATE BEHAVIOUR FROM HER OR HIS CLIENTS
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 72
72. • THE END
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
8/26/2019JONES H.M -MBA 73