The document outlines various aspects of computer science, including the data-processing cycle, programming languages, and software types. It discusses the evolution of programming languages from low-level to high-level languages and their differences, emphasizing the user-friendliness of high-level languages. Additionally, it covers tools like assemblers, compilers, and interpreters that translate high-level languages into machine code, along with a brief mention of the BASIC programming language.

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Samina khan
Fazaia Degree College Risalpur

2. • Chapter 1 Data –Processing Cycle
• Chapter 2 Binary Computing
• Chapter 3 System Software
• Chapter 4 Application Software
• Chapter 5 More on Word
• Chapter 6 More on Spreadsheets
• Chapter 7 Algorithms and Flow charts
• Chapter 8 Introduction to Programming Languages
• Chapter 9 Computer Networks
• Chapter 10 The Internet
• Chapter 11 Communicating through Email11/23/2019
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3. CHAPTER 8

4. Step-by-step instructions
• Breaking down an activity into a sequence of
steps.
• By listing tasks in steps make it easier for
computer to follow them.
• Easier for user to read and understand.
• Step by step instructions are important to
create programs.
• Computers are not intelligent as human; they
simply do as they are instructed.

5. Programs
• Programs are written to instruct computers.
• These instructions are written in steps so the
computer can follow them quickly and
accurately.
• The same program run on different computers
will give the same result.
• When a program is run or followed by
computer, it is said to be executed.
• Programs are also stored in microcontrollers
that are used to run various electronic
machines.

6. Follow the steps in sequence for cooking porridge

7. Programming Languages
• Computer understands instructions in binary
language or machine code.
• Machine code consists of instructions using
only two digits 0 & 1.
• It is difficult for human beings to understand
binary code.
• Programmers find it easy to write program in
machine code but they want to use
programming languages that are easy for
ordinary people to understand.

8. Programming Languages
• Earliest form of programming languages was a
sequence of holes punched onto a piece of card.
• These punched card were used to control
Jacquard’s loom.
• When computers came to be used,
programming languages were developed for
giving instructions to computers.
• In the beginning these languages were based on
machine code . These languages are called low-
level languages.

9. Jacquard’s looms

10. Programming languages
• With the passage of time, low level languages
were replaced by high level language.
• High level languages are user-friendly languages.
• User-friendly languages use words from English
language. User can easily understand these
instructions.
• They know what their computer is doing.

11. Low-level languages
• Low-level languages are used to write
instructions in machine code.
• These instructions are very easily understood by
the computers.
• They are called low-level languages because they
are used to write instructions in very basic
terms.
• Because of their simplicity, these instructions
control the working of the computer directly.

12. First-generation languages
• Based on machine code.
• Machine code is directly processed by the a
microprocessor.
• Programmer don’t use this language because it
requires a lot of attention to detail.

13. Second-generation languages
• Second generation languages are based on
assembly languages. It is easier than machine
code.
• It is easier form programmer to write instructions
in assembly languages.
• They are programmer-friendly languages but the
computer doesn’t understand instructions in
assembly language.
• It has to translate instructions into machine code.
• A program written in assembly language can only
run on a specific type of program.

14. High-level languages
• High level languages are user-friendly as well as
programmer-friendly language.
• Low-level languages have given way to high-level
languages. Further progress has been made with
the growth of artificial intelligence.
• High level languages can be divided into three
groups.
• Third-generation languages
• Fourth- generation languages
• Fifth- generation languages

15. Third-generation languages
• Third-generation languages were created during
the 1950s.
• They were user-friendly languages because they
used English words.
• Easy for programmers to write programs.
• Fortran stands for FORmula TRANslation. It was
developed for writing programs to be used for
scientific work an calculations.
• Use by engineers, weather forecasters and
scientists.

16. Third-generation languages
• Cobol stands for Common Business Oriented
Language.
• Used to write programs to be used by
businesses like in large companies
• Other third-generation languages are C & BASIC.

17. Fourth-generation languages
• Fourth-generation languages were developed
from the 1960s to the 1990s.
• More programmer-friendly as compared to
third-generation languages.
• Used o create programs for businesses.
• Visual Basic, SQL, FoxPro, Oracle and ABAP(
Advanced Business Application Programming).

18. Fifth-generation languages
• They are most recent programming languages
• Used to create programs based on artificial
intelligence.
• LISP & Prolog are the two earliest fifth-
generation languages.

19. Assembler, Compiler & Interpreters
• Programs are written in high-level language but
computer understand machine code so we need
some way of translating instructions form high
level into machine code.
• Assembler, interpreter and compiler are used to
translate a program into machine code to be
easily understand by the computer.
• Assembler converts assembly language
commands into machine code.
• Compiler converts high-level language into
machine code.

20. Assembler, Compiler & Interpreters
• Interpreter is used to execute a program.
• Used by programmer while writing a program to
check whether he is doing it right.
• Compiler can translate a completed program
whereas an interpreter can translate an
incomplete program too.
• Interpreter do line by line execution.
• High level languages first have to be translated
into machine code so they slow down the
computer’s processing.

21. BASIC: A simple programming language
• BASIC stands for Beginner’s All-purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code.
• It was developed during 1960s.
• BASIC is easy to learn by new users because it
used common English words and has simple
syntax.
• It is user-friendly and simple so widely used in
education.
• There are several versions of BASIC but GW-
BASICS is the most popular one