Photography has evolved from early pinhole cameras to modern digital devices. Key developments included the daguerreotype and talbotype processes in the 1800s, the introduction of film and various camera formats through the 1900s, and the transition to digital technology beginning in the 1980s. The document outlines the scientific principles behind photography and highlights innovators like Daguerre, Talbot, Muybridge and Eastman who advanced the technology through new photographic and film processes, camera designs, and making photography accessible to the masses.

1. History Of Photography
Pinhole Camera to Digital Photography

2. History
Lesson Objectives
 • Define “photography”
 • Learn scientific principles behind
photography
 • Learn about numerous innovators and
their processes and ideas


3. Photography Morphology
• Comes from 2 ancient Greek words:
 – Photo = “light”
 – Graph = “draw or write”
 • Photography = light writing


4. Scientific Principles
– Camera obscura = “darkroom”
– Leonardo da Vinci drawing;1519
– Not permanent
• Chemicals
– Silver chloride turns
-dark under exposure

5. Daguerreotype
• Daguerre
 – Partners with Niepce
 – photographic plates
 • Processing
30 minutes
 One photograph


6. Talbotype
William Henry Fox
Talbot
 -Patented type of
photography
 Reproducible
 Quicker than a
Daguerreotype
 Blurry/fuzzy image

1st “Art” photograph

7. Which is better?
Though both have their pros and cons, the
Talbotype was a patented process which
meant there were a select few people who
were able to use it.
 Because of that the Daguerreotype was
more commonly used.


8. Stereoscopic Photography
• 3D image
 • Special camera with two lenses
 • 2 simultaneous photographs
 • 2 different views


9. Birth of “motion” pictures
Leland Stanford unwittingly
started a chain of events
that contributed to the
development of motion
pictures. To settle a wager
regarding the position of a
trotting horse's legs, he
sent for Eadweard
Muybridge, a British
photographer who had
recently been acclaimed for
his photographs of
Yosemite.

10. Although Muybridge made history when he arranged 12 cameras alongside a race
track. Each was fitted with a shutter working at a speed he claimed to be "less than the
two-thousandth part of a second." Strings attached to electric switches were stretched
across the track; the horse, rushing past, breasted the strings and broke them, one
after the other; and a series of negatives were made.

11. Though the photographs were hardly more than silhouettes, they
clearly showed that the feet of the horse were all off the ground at
one phase of the gallop. Moreover, to the surprise of the world, the
feet were bunched together under the belly.

12. The Scientific American printed eighteen drawings from Muybridge's photographs on
the first page of its October 19, 1878 issue. Readers were invited to paste the
pictures on strips and to view them in the popular toy known as the zoetrope,
A precursor of motion pictures. It was an open drum with slits in its side,
mounted horizontally on a spindle so it could be twirled. Drawings showing
successive phases of action placed inside the drum and viewed through the
slits were seen one after the other, so quickly that the images merged in the
mind to produce the illusion of motion.

13. Film Medium



slide (positive) or
print (negative)
film speed (ISOInternational
Standards
Organization) or
ASA(American
Standards
Association) or DIN
(German Institute for
Standardization)
Film brand (Kodak,
Fuji, Agfa, and
Polariod)

14. Film Processing



Dektol (developer)
Stop bath (prevents
contamination of fixer)
Fixer (removes active silver to
make image permanent)

15. Film Cameras
Box Cameras
 Folding
Cameras
 Large Format
View Cameras
 Twin Lens
Reflex (TLR)
 Rangefinder
 Single Lens
Reflex (SLR)


16. Mr. George Eastman started the Kodak Camera Company. He worked
hard to develop a camera that everybody could afford to buy. He did it in
1900. It was the Kodak Brownie box roll-film camera. It cost $1.00. Now
everyone could take photographs, not just professional photographers.

17. Folding Cameras




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The early folding cameras were
compact amateur view cameras, At
the end of the 19th century the first
renowned strut folding cameras were
designed, for No. 3A Autographic
Kodak Junior.
Its lens assembly needs to be pulled
out along the rails on its opened
hinged front door.
The leaf shutter has a small lever for
firing and maybe another for cocking
Film is advanced with a key or knob;
one stops winding when the new
number appears in a red window on
the back.
viewfinder is a swivelling brilliant
finder attached to the front of the
lens.

18. Large Format Cameras


The press camera is still in
wide use in and among
fine art photographers
Advances in film
technology, notably finer
film grain, have obviated
the need for large-format
cameras for most press
assignments, however. In
news photography, the
press camera has been
largely supplanted by the
smaller formats of 120 film
and 35mm film, and more
recently by digital cameras.

19. 35 mm Rangefinder Cameras




Rugged reliability: made
back in the days when
cameras had more metal
than plastic
Rangefinder focusing still
can't be beat for speed
and accuracy
Mechanical Copal and
Compur shutters on these
classics (works with a
dead battery!)
Fast, extremely sharp
lenses (works in low
lighting conditions)

20. 35 mm Single Lens Reflex



Single-lens reflex
(SLR) camera is a
camera that typically
uses a semi-automatic
moving mirror system
Photographer see exactly
what will be captured by
the film
As opposed to pre-SLR
cameras where the view
through the viewfinder
could be significantly
different from what was
captured on film.

21. Digital Cameras: Early Samples



Since the mid-1970s, Kodak has
invented several solid-state
image sensors
In 1986, Kodak scientists
invented the world's first
megapixel sensor, capable of
recording 1.4 million pixels that
could produce a 5x7-inch digital
photo-quality print.
Mavica was a brand of Sony
cameras which used removable
disks as the main recording
media. In August, 1981, Sony
released the Sony Mavica
(Magnetic Video Camera)
electronic still camera, the first
commercial electronic camera.

22. Digital Cameras

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Digital technology –
the wave of the future.
Most people these
days have a digital cell
phones.
Many people have
digital cameras.
The new cell phones
that take digital
pictures.
Digital Computer
technology

23. Digital Image Processing
Solid State Memory
 Adobe Photoshop
 PowerPoint
 Fastone Viewer
(free!)


24. Summary History Of Photography
Capturing Images through Film and Solid
state devices
 Film Chemical Processing
 Digital image Processing through Computer
Software
 Cameras from the Pinhole Camera to
Today’s Modern SLR Digital Devices
 Future?
