This document provides an introduction to microeconomics and the basic economic problem of scarcity. It discusses how economics studies decision-making under scarcity and uncertainty. Microeconomics examines individual consumers, firms, and markets. The document also outlines key microeconomic concepts like opportunity cost, factors of production, and different types of economies. It explains how free markets can allocate resources efficiently but also the role of the state in mixed market economies.
Put simply, economic models are simplified versions of reality. The situation in any given economy is very complex because there are several variables having great interdependence among them. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Economic Models:- www.transtutors.com/homework-help/economics/economic-models.aspx
Supply Demand and Equilibrium..
Market Exchange..
Law of Supply...
Law of Demand...
Laws of supply and demand versus the “theory of supply and demand”
Laws vs. Theory of Supply and Demand..
Different types of demand..
Market Supply ..
Demand Curve..
Supply Curve..
Market Equilibrium..
Elasticity..
Own price elasticity of demand..
Put simply, economic models are simplified versions of reality. The situation in any given economy is very complex because there are several variables having great interdependence among them. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Economic Models:- www.transtutors.com/homework-help/economics/economic-models.aspx
Supply Demand and Equilibrium..
Market Exchange..
Law of Supply...
Law of Demand...
Laws of supply and demand versus the “theory of supply and demand”
Laws vs. Theory of Supply and Demand..
Different types of demand..
Market Supply ..
Demand Curve..
Supply Curve..
Market Equilibrium..
Elasticity..
Own price elasticity of demand..
The activity of seeking wealth is as old as Human
Civilization. Human beings either as individuals or as groups
or as large kingdoms and empires have always been engaged
in acquiring and increasing the material wealth.
However, a discipline study of the wealth producing
activities was commenced about 230 years back when Adam
Smith, the father of Economics, published “The Nature and
Causes of Wealth of Nations”. Economics, as a discipline,
constitute the most important subject to analyze activities
related to wealth creation and distribution. The dimensions of
the subject of Economics are truly vast and encompasses all
aspects of our lives.
Economics comes from the Greek word oikonomia which means household chores. Economics is considered a field of social science. Economics is relevant because it is part of everybody’s life. As a science, Economics is related to other sciences.
Concept of Elasticity
Types of Elasticity
Price Elasticity of Demand
Classification of price elasticity of demand
Determinants of price elasticity of demand
Price Elasticity of Supply
Classification of Price elasticity of supply
Determinants of Price elasticity of supply
Income Elasticity of Demand
Cross Elasticity of Demand
Alfred Marshall
A firm is a Business unit which owns,controls and manages a plant.Such a Business unit may be a sole Proprietor,a partnership,a company or a cooperative enterprise.The Firm is the owner of the plant and it controls the operation of plants.
The activity of seeking wealth is as old as Human
Civilization. Human beings either as individuals or as groups
or as large kingdoms and empires have always been engaged
in acquiring and increasing the material wealth.
However, a discipline study of the wealth producing
activities was commenced about 230 years back when Adam
Smith, the father of Economics, published “The Nature and
Causes of Wealth of Nations”. Economics, as a discipline,
constitute the most important subject to analyze activities
related to wealth creation and distribution. The dimensions of
the subject of Economics are truly vast and encompasses all
aspects of our lives.
Economics comes from the Greek word oikonomia which means household chores. Economics is considered a field of social science. Economics is relevant because it is part of everybody’s life. As a science, Economics is related to other sciences.
Concept of Elasticity
Types of Elasticity
Price Elasticity of Demand
Classification of price elasticity of demand
Determinants of price elasticity of demand
Price Elasticity of Supply
Classification of Price elasticity of supply
Determinants of Price elasticity of supply
Income Elasticity of Demand
Cross Elasticity of Demand
Alfred Marshall
A firm is a Business unit which owns,controls and manages a plant.Such a Business unit may be a sole Proprietor,a partnership,a company or a cooperative enterprise.The Firm is the owner of the plant and it controls the operation of plants.
Microeconomics: Introduction and basic conceptsPie GS
1.1 Meaning and definition of microeconomics
1.2 Basic microeconomic issues: scarcity, efficiency and
alternative uses of resources
1.3 Differences between microeconomics and macroeconomics
1.4 Opportunity cost, normative economics and positive
economics
1.5 Importance of microeconomics in business decision making
1.6 Economic models: meaning and use of economic models
Tutor2u - Scarce Resources, Choices and Economic Systemstutor2u
This introductory chapter looks at the basic economic problem. Students need to understand the problem of unlimited wants and finite resources that gives rise to scarcity and inevitable choices. The fundamental economic problem is faced by consumers, producers and the government. Ensure you can distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources and be able to explain the concept of sustainability. Value judgements influence economic decision making and policy in all countries so make sure you are clear on the difference between positive and normative statements.
Learn Free Flow Of Market Economy
A market economy is the free flow of products and services based on supply and demand in the market.
Adam Smith famously coined the concept of the "invisible hand." The invisible hand is the power to allocate resources to production based on supply and demand automatically. Under a market economy, we answer the following questions:
Wajid khan asks What do you produce? We need to have the goods that are in the highest demand. How should it be made? Companies can maximize their profits by improving the quality of their products. Improving quality allows companies to charge higher prices.
Who should you produce for? Businesses must have customers willing to pay for their goods and services. Environmental sustainability is only sometimes included in these conversations. Read how economic power and investment are helping create a more sustainable planet.
What Is A Market Economy?
A market economy is an open economy that allows the free flow of goods and services between producers and consumers based on supply and demand. Wajid khan Mp discusses In a market economy, economic decisions are regulated by the market itself, which constantly finds ways to restore equilibrium.
What do you mean? As industry prices rise due to increased consumer demand, the labor required to produce more output increases proportionately. In this way, producers supply products that meet consumer demand. On the other hand, competitiveness keeps prices at a moderate level, which increases consumption in the long run—an economic system based on supply and demand. The quantity of product produced is determined by supply and demand.
Type Of Economy
There are four types of economies: a traditional economy, a command economy, a market economy, and a mixed economy. A market economy is a system in which economic decisions are made based on supply and demand in the market. The market determines what goods and services are produced, how much is created, and the price of the goods.
In a free market economy, resources are owned by individuals, and individuals rather than governments determine the allocation of resources. No political economy in the world has been recognized as a 100% free market.
Market Theory
A market economy uses the forces of supply and demand to determine the price and quantity of goods and services needed in the market. Entrepreneurs produce products or provide services that they sell to other consumers. Buyers and sellers must agree on terms of trade based on consumer preferences for the price of goods and services.
Profit determines the allocation of resources to various business and production processes the entrepreneur wants to make by producing a product or service that is more valuable than others for the customer. Successful entrepreneurs are given income that can be reinvested in their future businesses.
Modern Market Economy
Most modern world economies are between a pure market economy and a thoroughly planne
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. Economics as a Social Science
• Economics studies the choices people
take under the conditions of scarcity and
uncertainty
• Because Economics is a social science we
can never be sure of the way in which
people and businesses will respond to
the changing circumstances around them
• Traditional economic theory has
assumed that consumers seek to
maximise their own satisfaction and that
businesses aim to maximise profit
• But new theories including Behavioural
Economics suggest alternatives and
focus on the social aspect of our
behaviour in day to day life
Consumer Behaviour
Business behaviour
3. Introduction to Microeconomics
• Microeconomics is the study of
economics at the level of the
individual firm, industry or
consumer/household.
• We study how prices and wages are
determined in markets; how
consumers decide what to buy; how
businesses determine what is
produced and how it is supplied.
• Microeconomics also involves
analysing the effects of government
regulations, subsidies, taxes and
maximum and minimum prices on the
prices and quantities of goods and
services.
Consumer Behaviour
Business behaviour
4. Real World: The Economics of Food Banks in Britain
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200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
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2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14
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Number of people receiving three days' worth of
emergency food by Trussell Trust food banks in UKFood bank use in Britain has grown
rapidly. Several factors may explain this:
1. Higher global food prices have
made food less affordable for low-
income households
2. High levels of long term
unemployment since the recession
have hit family budgets
3. Declining real incomes for many
people on lower wages
4. Welfare reforms including a
maximum welfare cap and tighter
rules for claiming benefits
5. More food banks have been set up
in the UK – perhaps this is a
question of supply responding to
rising demand?
In the UK, food banks are run
by a range of volunteer-based
organisations, redistributing
food donated by consumers,
retailers and the food industry
5. Positive and Normative Statements
• Positive statements:
– Positive statements are objective statements that can be tested,
amended or rejected by referring to to available evidence.
– Positive economics deals with objective explanation and the testing and
rejection of theories.
– A false statement is also a positive one!
– For example: The falling price of crude oil on world markets will lead to a
fall in demand for fuel efficient cars
• Normative statements:
– Normative statements are subjective statements – i.e. they carry value
judgments about what ought to be
– For example: A high level of unemployment is more harmful to the
economy than a high rate of inflation
Most economic decisions and policy are influenced by value judgements, which
vary from person to person, resulting in fierce debate between political parties
6. Assumptions about the Objectives of Agents
• For most of the AS microeconomics
course we assume that
1. Rational consumers wish to maximize
their satisfaction or utility from
consumption by correctly choosing how
to spend their limited income.
2. Producers/firms wish to maximize
profits, by producing at lowest cost the
goods and services that are desired by
consumers. Profit = total revenue –
total costs.
3. Government wishes to improve the
economic and social welfare of citizens.
Do we always
engage in rational
behaviour?
Are all businesses
looking to maximise
their profits?
Behavioural economics theories challenge the
assumption of rationality in our decisions
7. Opportunity Cost
• Opportunity cost measures the cost of a choice made in terms of
the next best alternative foregone or sacrificed.
1. Work-leisure choices: The opportunity cost of deciding not to
work an extra ten hours a week is the lost wages given up.
2. Government spending priorities: The opportunity cost of the
government spending an extra £10 billion on investment in
National Health Service might be that £10 billion less is
available for spending on education or defence equipment.
3. Investing today for consumption tomorrow: The opportunity
cost of an economy investing resources in new capital goods is
the production of consumer goods given up for today.
4. Use of scarce farming land: The opportunity cost of using
farmland to grow wheat for bio-fuel means that there is less
wheat available for food production, causing food prices to rise.
8. Factors of Production (Factor Inputs)
Factors of production are the inputs available to supply goods and
services in an economy.
Land Labour
Enterprise Capital
Natural resources
available for
production
The human input
into the production
process
Goods used in the
supply of other
products e.g. tech
Entrepreneurs
organise factors of
production and
take risks
9. Factor Inputs and Factor Rewards
Factor rewards describe the incomes that flow to each of the main
factors of production when there are brought into productive use.
Land Labour
Enterprise Capital
Rental income to
owners of land
Wages and salaries
from employment
Profits
Interest from
savings + dividends
from shares
10. Different Ways of Rationing Scarce Resources
By Market Price By Consumer
Income
By Assessment of
Need
By Household
Postcode
By Education Level By Age By Gender By Nationality
Rationing is a way of allocating scarce goods and services when
market demand out-weighs the available supply.
11. Capital and Consumer Goods
• Capital goods
– Goods that are used to make consumer goods and services
– Capital inputs include fixed plant and machinery, hardware,
software, new factories and other buildings
• Consumer goods and services
– Goods and services which satisfy our needs and wants directly
– There is a sub-division between:
– i) Consumer durables: Products that provide a steady flow of
satisfaction / utility over their working life (e.g. a washing machine
or using a smartphone).
– ii) Consumer non-durables: Products that are used up in the act of
consumption e.g. drinking a coffee or turning on the heating)
– iii) Consumer services: E.g. a hair cut or ticket to a show
12. Non-Renewable Resources
• Non-renewable resources:
– Non-renewable resources are
finite in supply
– With plastics, crude oil, coal,
natural gas and other fossil fuels,
no mechanisms exist at present to
replenish them.
– The rate of extraction of finite
resources depends in part on the
current market price – for
example, businesses with rights to
extract will have a greater
incentive to do so when prices are
high because of the profit motive
Deforestation is an
example of the Tragedy
of the Commons
Have we reached peak
oil? If so, why are global
oil prices falling?
13. Renewable Resources and Free Goods
• Renewable resources:
– Renewable resources (in theory) are
replaceable over time providing that
the rate of extraction of the resource is
less than the natural rate at which the
resource renews itself
– Examples of renewable resources are
solar energy, oxygen, biomass, fish
stocks and forestry
• Free Goods
– Free goods do not use up any factor
inputs when supplied
– Free goods have a zero opportunity
cost i.e. the marginal cost of supplying
an extra unit of a free good is zero
Renewable resources
Free goods
14. Free Market, Mixed and Command Economies
An economic system is a network of organisations used to resolve
the problem of what, how much, how and for whom to produce
Freemarket
• Markets
allocate
resources
• Driven by the
profit motive
• Limited role
for state
• Private sector
dominates
Mixedeconomy
• Mix of state
and private
ownership
• Government
intervention
in markets
• Mix will vary
from country
to country
Commandeconomy
• Most
resources are
state owned
• Planning
allocates
resources
• Little role for
market prices
15. Advantages of Free Market Competition
Free markets operate without government intervention
• Competitive markets help to bring about
1. An efficient allocation of scarce resources – resources tend to go
where the market return is highest
2. Competitive prices for consumers and suppliers look to increase and
protect their market share
3. Competition drives innovation and invention in markets which can
bring higher profits for businesses and better products for
consumers
4. The profit motive stimulates capital investment which encourages
economies of scale and lower prices in the long run
5. Competition in the form of international trade in goods and services
helps to reduce domestic monopoly power and increases choice
16. The Role of the State in a Mixed Economy
A mixed economy has a mix of private and public (Govt) sectors
• Businesses wholly or part state-
owned – for example: Royal Bank of
Scotland, Network Rail
State-Owned
Industries
• Broad range of welfare benefits
• Universal e.g. state pension
• Means-tested e.g. housing benefit
Welfare State
• Spending on education & health
• Capital spending on infrastructure
Government spending
on public services