The document provides an introduction to key economic concepts including:
- Adam Smith is considered the father of modern economics and advocated for free markets with minimal government interference.
- Economics studies how scarce resources are allocated to meet infinite wants. It examines rationing systems like planned and free market economies.
- Countries face an economic problem of unlimited wants and scarce resources, which requires choices between alternatives.
- Microeconomics focuses on individual consumers and firms, while macroeconomics looks at aggregate markets, growth, inflation, unemployment, and trade.
Used in Economics with TAR.
includes discussion on mixed economy, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of mixed economy, types of mixed economy, features of mixed economy, best and worst practices in mixed economy and model countries.
This short revision video provides an overview of three forms of imperfect competition, namely monopoly, oligopoly and imperfect competition. It considers too the likely impact of each market structure on allocative, productive and dynamic efficiency.
Used in Economics with TAR.
includes discussion on mixed economy, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of mixed economy, types of mixed economy, features of mixed economy, best and worst practices in mixed economy and model countries.
This short revision video provides an overview of three forms of imperfect competition, namely monopoly, oligopoly and imperfect competition. It considers too the likely impact of each market structure on allocative, productive and dynamic efficiency.
This presentation discusses the following topics
Adam Smith
What is Economics
Need and Want
Economic Problem
Scarcity
Factors of Problem
Opportunity cost
Choice
Types of Products
Externalities are spill-over effects from production and consumption for which no appropriate compensation is paid
Externalities lie outside the initial market transaction / price
Externalities cause market failure if the price mechanism does not take account of the social costs and benefits of production and consumption
Economics assignment help guide service in macro economics and micro economicsMaria Jones
Economics is the study of various aspects that impact the market at micro level or macro level like production of goods and services along with their distribution and consumption.
This presentation discusses the following topics
Adam Smith
What is Economics
Need and Want
Economic Problem
Scarcity
Factors of Problem
Opportunity cost
Choice
Types of Products
Externalities are spill-over effects from production and consumption for which no appropriate compensation is paid
Externalities lie outside the initial market transaction / price
Externalities cause market failure if the price mechanism does not take account of the social costs and benefits of production and consumption
Economics assignment help guide service in macro economics and micro economicsMaria Jones
Economics is the study of various aspects that impact the market at micro level or macro level like production of goods and services along with their distribution and consumption.
Economics is the branch of knowledge concerned with the production, consumption, and transfer of wealth.
It is the study of how scarce resources are allocated to fulfill the infinite wants of consumers.
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
3. Adam Smith (1723 – 1790)
O Known as father of modern economics
O Wrote the first and most important books on the subject of
economics, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the
Wealth of Nations (1776)
O Smith believed in “free market”
(free market is one where consumers may buy what they like
and producers may produce what they like, with no
government interference)
Smith suggested that a laissez-faire (don’t interfere) approach should be
followed, leaving customers and producers to make their own
decisions
4. What is Economics?
Economics is a study of rationing systems
- Planned Economies
- Free Market Economies
It is the study of how scarce resources are allocated to fulfill the
infinite wants of consumers
5. NEEDS: are the basic necessities that a person must have in order to
survive
e.g. food, water, warmth, shelter and clothing
WANTS: are the desire that people have
e.g. things that people would like to have, such as bigger homes,
iphones, etc.
6. The Economic Problem
Unlimited Wants
Scarce Resources –
Land, Labour, Capital
Resource Use
Choices
A wind farm. Copyright: iStock.com
7. The Economic Problem
O What goods and services should an economy produce? –
should the emphasis be on agriculture, manufacturing or
services, should it be on sport and leisure or housing?
O How should goods and services be produced? – labour
intensive, land intensive, capital intensive? Efficiency?
O Who should get the goods and services produced? –
even distribution? more for the rich? for those who work
hard?
8. SCARCITY
The excess of wants resulting from having limited
resources (land, labor, capital and entrepreneurs)
in satisfying the endless wants of people.
It is a universal problem for societies – it is not
limited to poor countries.
To the economist, all goods and services that have
a price are relatively scarce. This means that they
are scarce relative to people’s demand for them.
9. Factors of Production
Land
- natural resources available for production
- renewable resources: those that replenish
- non-renewable resources: cannot be replaced
Labor
- physical and mental effort of people used in production
Capital
- all non-natural (manufactured) resources that are used in the
creation and production of other products
Enterprise (Entrepreneurship)
- refers to the management, organization and planning of the other
three factors of production
10. Factors of Production
Land Labor Capital Enterprise
Rent Profit
Interest
Wages
INCOME
Payments
to factors
of
Productio
n
11. Opportunity Cost
Definition – the cost expressed in terms of the
next best alternative sacrificed
Helps us view the true cost of decision making
Implies valuing different choices
12. CHOICE
Since people do not have infinite income, they
need to make choices whenever they purchase
goods and services.
They have to decide how to allocate their limited
financial resources and so always need to choose
between alternatives.
People wants are infinite; resources are finite,
therefore, choices must be made.
13. Free and Economic Goods
Does not incur any opportunity
costs in its production or when
consumed
Not relatively scarce (not limited in
supply)
Will not have a price
Has an opportunity cost (goods that
use resources which could have
been put to use producing
something else)
Uses scarce resources
Will have a price
14. Types of Products
Consumer goods – products sold to general
public
- consumer durable goods:
products that last a long time and
can be used repeatedly
- non-durable goods:
products that need to be consumed
very shortly after purchase
15. Capital goods or Producer goods – products purchased
by other businesses to produce other goods and services
e.g. computers, machinery, tools
Services – intangible products provided by businesses
e.g. teachers (education),
doctors (health care)
16. Production Possibility Curves (Frontier) also
known as PPF
Production – output of goods and services
Possibility – maximum attainable amount
Frontier – border or boundary
PPF shows the boundary of what is possible and is
used as an illustration in economics to show the
choices facing all countries in producing goods
which use limited factors of production.
17. Production Possibility Frontiers
O Show the different combinations of goods and services
that can be produced with a given amount of resources
O No ‘ideal’ point on the curve
O Any point inside the curve – suggests resources are not
being utilised efficiently
O Any point outside the curve – not attainable with the
current level of resources
O Useful to demonstrate economic growth and opportunity
cost
18. Production Possibility Frontiers
Capital Goods
Consumer Goods
Yo
Xo
A
B
Y1
X1
Assume a country
can produce two
types of goods
with its resources
– capital goods
and consumer
goods
If it devotes all
resources to capital
goods it could
produce a maximum
of Ym.
If it devotes all its
resources to
consumer goods it
could produce a
maximum of Xm
Ym
Xm
If the country is
at point A on the
PPF It can
produce the
combination of Yo
capital goods and
Xo consumer
goods
If it reallocates its
resources (moving round
the PPF from A to B) it can
produce more consumer
goods but only at the
expense of fewer capital
goods. The opportunity
cost of producing an extra
Xo – X1 consumer goods
is Yo – Y1 capital goods.
19. Rationing Systems
The basic economic questions:
(1) WHAT to produce
(2) HOW to produce it
(3) WHO shall receive it
21. Planned Economies
Sometimes called
= a centrally planned economy or
= a command economy
Decisions as what to produce, how to produce, and
who to produce for, are made by a central body, the
government.
All resources all collectively owned.
The quantity of decisions to be made, data to be
analyzed, and factors of production to be allocated
are immense. This makes central planning very
difficult.
22. Free Market Economies
Sometimes called:
= a private enterprise economy or
= capitalism
All production is in private hands
Few cases of surpluses and shortages
{If there are changes in the pattern of demand,
then there will be changes in the pattern of supply
in order to meet the new demand pattern}
Is a self-righting system
23. Mixed Economies
In reality, all economies are mixed economies
Some countries have high levels of planning and
government involvement in the economy (eg.
China)
Government involvement is deemed essential,
since there are some dangers that will exist if the
free market is left to operate without interference.
24. Disadvantages of a
Free Market Economy
Demerit goods (things that are bad for people,
such as drugs or cigarettes) will be over-provided,
driven by high prices and thus a high profit motive.
Merit goods (things that are good for people, such
as education or healthcare) will be underprovided,
since they will only be produced for those who can
afford them and not for all.
25. Disadvantages of a
Free Market Economy
Resources may be used up too quickly and the
environment may be damaged by pollution, as
firms seek to make high profits and to minimize
costs.
Some members of society will not be able to look
after themselves, such as orphans, the sick, and
the long-term unemployed, and will not survive.
Large firms may grow and dominate industries,
leading to high prices, a loss of efficiency, and
excessive power.
26. Disadvantages of a
Planned Economy
Total production, investment, trade, and
consumption, even in a small economy, are too
complicated to plan efficiently and there will be
misallocation of resources, shortages, and
surpluses.
Because there is no price system in operation,
resources will not be used efficiently. Arbitrary
decisions will not be able to make the best use of
resources.
27. Disadvantages of a
Planned Economy
Incentives tend to be distorted. Workers with guaranteed employment
and managers who gain no share of profits are difficult to motivate.
Output and/or quality will suffer.
The dominance of the government may lead to a loss of personal liberty
and freedom of choice.
Governments may not share the same aims as the majority of the
population and yet, by power, may implement plans that are not
popular, or are even corrupt.
28. Microeconomics
Centers on the forces working at the individual
level (e.g. individual firms and consumers)
Focuses on the needs, desires and buying habits of
the individual consumer
An example: studying how firms react to
increasing costs of production by raising the price
and subsequently how consumer/household
spending is adjusted when the price rises
Name of the game: Supply, Demand and Markets
29. Macroeconomics
The sum total of all micro parts
Looks at the aggregate (sum or total) of individual markets
The four main areas of study
(1) Growth (increase in total output)
(2) Price level (inflation)
(3) Labor Markets (unemployment)
(4) The balance in the foreign sector (exports/imports, exchange rates)
30. MICRO
Firm’s reaction to increased
demand for its product
MACRO
Studying the effects on all firms in
the economy due to a general
increase in demand
31. MICRO
Decision of a worker to work less
due to lower wages
MACRO
Total hours of labor (and
unemployment)
32. Definition of Growth
Growth is the increase in national output within an economy
(country or region) during a time period – usually 12 months.
(National output is the sum of all goods and services produced
in a country during a given period of time = GDP or GNP)
This is put in percentage terms to show the annual percentage
increase in output.
It is measured in money terms and usually adjusted for inflation
to show real growth.
33. Definition of Development
The concept of development is a qualitative
variable and thus far broader than any of
the variables aimed at describing it.
It is about having choices: economic and
political choices; choice of schools,
healthcare; choice of government.
It is about having opportunities: for
education, work, public office, private
ownership, leisure.
It is about freedom: freedom of opinion,
speech etc.
34. Definition of Sustainable
Development
Development that meets the
needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own
needs.
Growth that lasts
NOTE: There’s an on-going debate
about the precise meaning of this
term.
35. Growth in relation to Environment
Debates:
Environmental damage is caused by
Growth
- due to increase in income and
consumption
Environmental damage is quite often the
result of a lack of growth
- increasing wealth means that there are
sufficient resources to improve the method
of production and lower pollution levels, use
less material and overall make more goods