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- 2. Objectives To acquaint the studentswith the world of journalism Learning Outcomes To understand area of journalism in general and political journalism in particular To articulate political news and views To compare and create differentiated content for print and electronic media
- 3. One India OnePeople Foundation
- 4. Knowledge gained :Journalism What is Journalism ? Journalism is a process of collection, preparation and distribution of news and related commentary and feature materials through print and electronic media NEWS : North + East + West + South Journalism is about news and views Satisfying human curiosity Creation and dissemination of reports about current affairs, human iterests Print and electronic media : Newspapers, magazines, books, blogs, webcasts, podcasts, social networking and social media sites, and e-mail as well as through radio, motion pictures, and television Periodicity of a journal : daily, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, bimonthly, quarterly, half yearly, annual
- 5. Introduction The wordjournalism was originally applied to the reportage of current events in printed form, specifically newspapers With the advent of radio, television, and the Internet in the 20th century the use of the term broadened to include all printed and electronic communication dealing with current affairs Purpose of journalism : to research and report events that impact people’s lives and society at a large in different ways Occupation for those having inquisitive mind like to converse, communicate and interview influential personalities and leaders Attend and cover events Are fond of writing, editing, reporting Doing photography And like to broadcast, disseminate, make it public, communicate
- 6. Role of Journalism The role of journalism is to provide people with up-to-date information on politics Journalism is a powerful tool for informing the public about politicians’ actions Political journalism constitutes one of the most prominent domains of journalism Generates awareness and formulate public opinion It can help make politicians accountable and show voters who they should vote for in elections As an instrument of the state, journalism must be impartial and objective Essential for the functioning of democracy Political journalism should function as an information provider, watchdog, and forum for political discussions, thereby helping citizens understand political matters and help prevent abuse of power
- 7. Nature of Journalism Journalism as a profession and as a mission Shares a close, interdependent, contentious relationship with political actors, shaping both the processes and the content of political journalism Journalism has as its main activity the reporting of events stating who, what, where, why and how Journalism is the timely reporting of events at the local, provincial, national and international levels. Reporting involves the gathering of information and publishing/broadcasting a fair and balanced story Journalism is not just fact-finding media analysis opinion writing or commentary although all of those aspects can play a part at times but is concerned with the dissemination of news and views about the society Journalism has become the media of mass education by educating general masses Journalism has widened and it has transcended the limits of mere reporting Journalism is broadly categorized into media based and content based journalism
- 8. Media-based journalism Printjournalism : includes writing and publishing for newspapers, magazines, newsletters, private publications, online news pages and others Electronic / Broadcast journalism : includes broadcasting for both radio and television. Television journalists rely on visual information to illustrate and characterize their reporting, including on-camera interviews with people involved in the story On-line journalism : Fast and vast growth of internet and World Wide Web has spawned the newest medium for journalism, on-line journalism Blogs Podcast Live and real time
- 9. Content based Featurejournalism: Newspapers and periodicals often contain features written by journalists, Deep journalism Area-specific : Political, Social, Economic, Cultural Sports journalism: covers many aspects of human athletic competition, and is an integral part of most journalism products, including newspapers, magazines, and radio and television news broadcasts. Science journalism: Science journalism is a relatively new branch of journalism, in which journalists reporting conveys information on science topics to the public. Investigative journalism: Investigative journalism, in which journalists investigative and expose unethical, immoral and illegal behavior by individual, business and government agencies, can be complicated, time- consuming and expensive-requiring teams of journalists, months of research, interviews (sometimes repeated interviews) with numerous people, long-distance travel, computers to analyze public-record databases, or use of the company’s legal staff to secure documents under freedom of information laws. People journalism or celebrity: Celebrity journalism differs from feature writing in that it focuses on people who are either already famous or are especially attractive. Journalists who follow celebrities constantly to obtain potentially embarrassing photographs, have come to characterize celebrity journalism Paparazzi : often covers celebrities obsessively unethically in order to provide coverage
- 10. Scope of journalism Vertical : News from International, National, State level and local level Horizontal : Press Conferences of Governments, Opposition Parties, Leaders, Whistle blowers Policy decisions Movements and agitations Interests of common man, disadvantageous and underprivileged groups Collective /Public goods : Health, Education Law-making, reporting from Parliament, State legislatures Electoral Politics, Elections, Rallies, Exit Polls International Relations Judicial verdicts, court hearings
- 11. Types of Journalism Political Journalism Opinion Journalism Investigative Journalism Watchdog Journalism Business and Trade Journalism (Pink Papers : Economic Times/ Financial Express) Entertainment / Infotainment Journalism Online Journalism / Web Journalism Broadcast Journalism
- 12. What is PoliticalJournalism ? Meaning Political journalism is the branch of professional journalism that deals with coverage and analysis of political events, issues, campaigns, etc. Political journalism is a media occupation that gathers, reports and analyzes information about government and politics Political journalism is the practice of gathering, assessing, and disseminating information about current events in politics news about government and politics covers political decisions, campaigns, and news often focuses on political figures, parties, candidates, elections, and policies. The term also refers to an editorial or opinion column that expresses a political view It is also called as ‘political reporting’ and is a part of ‘political communication’
- 13. Political Journalism :Definition Britannica : Journalism, the collection, preparation, and distribution of news and related commentary and feature materials through such print and electronic media as newspapers, magazines, books, blogs, webcasts, podcasts, social networking and social media sites, and e-mail as well as through radio, motion pictures, and television. Political journalism is the systematic collection, evaluation, and presentation of news about government and politics Political journalism is a type of journalism that includes covering of different elements of politics, political practices, political processes and political values Political journalism offers the citizenry opportunities to be informed of current political issues, provides a link between the rulers and the ruled, government and the electorate
- 14. Principles for Journalismwriting : Knowledge Journalism's first obligation is to the truth Its first loyalty is to citizens Its essence is a discipline of verification Its practitioners must maintain an independence from those they cover It must serve as an independent monitor of power It must provide a forum for public criticism and compromise It must strive to make the significant interesting and relevant It must keep the news comprehensive and proportional Its practitioners must be allowed to exercise their personal conscience Protecting confidentiality of the source is important Practicing ethics and following a code of conduct Beware of fake news, don’t indulge into paid news
- 15. History of PoliticalJournalism (Self Study) Role of mass media especially news papers in pre-independence era National Media Regional / Vernacular Media Mass awareness and awakening through news papers Self Study Case of Study of Bal Shastri Jambhekar, Jotirao Phule, Lokmanya Tilak and Agarkar, Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. Ambedkar and their efforts
- 16. Title Lorem IpsumDolor 1 Pre Independence : by other than Indian 2 Pre Independence : by Indians themselves 3 Post Independence 4 Contemporary after advent of Information Technology 5 Citizen Journalism Evolution / Development of Political Journalism
- 17. Agencies : PrintMedia It is a form of mass media in which it shares the news or concerning pieces of information via the printed form of publications Print media is the oldest means by which people still share information across an entire group of audiences It only publishes info in a printed form (hard copy) and then releases it to its users to make it more reader-friendly than the electronic media. Some very popular types of print media include books, magazines, newspapers, etc. No live reporting, live discussion, or live show is possible with the print media. It follows the methodology of an interval update.
- 18. Agencies : Print Traditional media to reach to target audience a vehicle for carrying advertisements (National, local and classifieds) Newspapers Types : Broadsheet, Tabloid Wide Coverage, low cost, more credibility, authenticity, restricted to a particular region/geography Magazines Business Magazines, House Magazines, Special Interest and Consumer Research Journals Periodicals depending on frequency
- 19. Electronic Media Itis a form of mass media that shares news or any other pieces of information via an electronic medium to all of the viewers and audiences. Electronic media serves as a very advanced means of sharing data and info/ news. In this type of media, the publisher needs to upload the information (or broadcast it)- after which any user can easily view it through their electronic mediums (devices). It acts more user-friendly than print media. Some of the most popular types of electronic media include mobile app news, television news, desktop streams, and many more. Electronic media makes it possible for its users to hold live discussions, live updates, live reporting, etc. It is because this media makes use of a method of an immediate update.
- 20. Agencies : Electronic Radio Television Film / Documentaries Audio-visual media Most persuasive media having strong impact Can enable demonstration of the event Can provide wide coverage attractive and appealing messages
- 21. Agencies : WebJournalism Features of web journalism Hypertext : interconnected through links and hyperlinks, a software system allowing extensive cross- referencing between related sections of text and associated graphic material. Hyperlink Multimedia : integrating text, graphics, sound, voice, images (Still and moving) into a common digital form Interactive : two parties working and influencing together, ability to respond to user’s inputs Immediate : Real time Internet : email, Web, Search Engines E-papers : News paper websites E-forum : bulletin boards where people start threads on different topics E-books Blogging Podcast : mass medium includes short videos, live interviews Social Media
- 22. Print • Loyal customerbase • Establishes trust • Reaches multiple reader-base • Less costly, comparatively affordable • News become stale so can’t be reused • Needs more time for editing and updating it on the print media. • Need literate users who can read and write • Does not allow live content • Reader-friendly • Censorship is possible Electronic • Strong impact as compared to print media • Wide coverage • Attractive and appealing messaged due to audio-visual content • Speedy transmission • Retains news value • Can handle more volume of data • may require huge cost for operations • Anyone can follow electronic media • Available 24x7 • Live content • Viewer-friendly • Censorship is possible Web • Cost effective medium • Fast and convenient way of communication • Quick feedback is possible • Supply may get affected due to server issues, bandwidth issues as the user end • Digital divide is the obstacle • More democratic which has democratized the content
- 23. News Room Placeof work : on the field / Out of the Office / society at large Job : News gathering Job of a reporter is to gather news and write it for his organization Reporters can become senior reporters, correspondents, senior correspondents, chief reporters, special correspondents and foreign corresponds Place of work : News Room Job : Copy making Job of a Sub-editor makes it fit to print Sub –editor’s work at the ‘News desk’ where news are selected, edited, each news story is given a suitable headline and its placed in the newspaper Sub editors can get promoted to chief sub editor, deputy news editor, assistant editor and news editor
- 25. Qualities required tobe a journalist Curiosity Common sense News sense: to have news sense or nose for news to distinguish news from non-news. One should be able to compare various news values and decide where to being his story and should not miss important details Imagination: helps to retain readers interest, headlines attract the reader and improve readership (Breaking News-TRP) Alertness: Many major news breaks in the past were possible because of alertness of reporter. Scoops don’t walk in to newspaper offices- alert reporters catch them in air and pursue Patience: voluntary self control or patience helps one to endure waiting, provocation, injustice, suffering or any of the unpleasant incidence Farsightedness: An intelligent envisioning of the future helps news men in general. The quality helps them identify processes and people who will be important in future. Reporters can watch such processes and cultivate people who may become important news sources in the future Skepticism: necessary quality to cultivate. Not to accept anything at its face value
- 26. Behavioural Self Discipline:Self discipline suggests dedication and firm commitment Punctuality: It is a good habit so that the journalist does not miss something. Reaching late makes you depend on secondary sources and ask others, competitor may hide some important information Integrity: It is a virtue in itself and implies undeviating honesty and strict adherence to a strong code of ethics. It is more important for a reporter for they are more exposed to temptations Fearlessness and Frankness: Helps in taking risks to find out truths. Nobody gives a story on a platter. To probe, question and exercise power of dedication to get a good story is essential Tactfulness: A reporter should be tactful, should have the ability to handle sensitive people without creating unpleasant situations. One should be careful, not to upset or offend anyone Calmness: Reporter and sub editors often work in trying circumstances. They have to remain calm and composed in most exciting and tragic circumstances. Should pply appropriate mental and physical effort to write or edit a story Diligence: Reporter and sub-editors should be diligent. Their jobs require painstaking exertion of intense care and effort, alertness and dedication to the task and very watchfulness
- 27. Skills gained :News Paper reading Why News Papers ? News papers are Window to the wider world History Politics / Current Affairs Geography Culture Literature Reflection of Society Medium of enlightenment Fourth Pillar of Democracy Increases General Awareness Helps in keeping oneself updated Personal Grooming
- 28. News Paper Reading News First Page Headlines National Politics International News National News State City Business & Economy Sports Supplements Cartoons Views Editorials Middles Opposite Edits Articles / Features Columns Advertisements Lifestyle Entertainment
- 29. News Paper Reading: a Habit Cultivate the habit of reading one news paper a day Be bilingual : English and Marathi Special Supplements Scrap Book/ Diary / Clipping Book
- 30. Journalistic Writing Structure: inverted pyramid : The accepted method of telling the story falls in what is called the ‘Inverted Pyramid’ pattern. Newspaper structure can be broken down into four key sections : headline, byline, the lead, the body and the tail Newspaper report, article use active voice It starts off with the most important information first, with each section containing less important information as the pyramid progresses. in the opening paragraph Opening paragraph with short 2-3 sentences has all the most important facts in it : 5 Ws and 1H Body of the text is important, but it could not exist without a lead, headline, or byline Make sure that the least important facts are at the bottom, so that any information that needs to be cut during layout due to lack of space will not cause too much damage Headline Lead Body Tail Inverted Pyramid
- 31. Writing skills :5 Ws & 1H : Importance 5 Ws : 1. Who 2. What 3. When 4. Where 5. Why and 1 H: How News story isn’t complete until the answers for all six questions are found At least majority of them if not all six
- 32. Headline Any newsstory that appears in a news paper consists on a superficial look of three parts: the headline, the first paragraph usually set in bold and the remainder of the story The headline is the first to attract the reader Giving an appropriate headline is an art itself Choosing the length and size of the headline is to make the first choice as to its importance and relevance The headline’s message is terse, abrupt and often startling The whole idea is to make the reader stop and look. Headline seeks to hold attention and compel the reader to read the story.
- 33. Lead Lead isan introduction, it is called lead because it leads the rest of the story. It is also called the intro because it introduces rest to the reader A lead of not more than 30 words News services style book instructs to write the lead in three lines or less But what exactly is expected of a good lead or intro? The intro should be appropriate for the story / news/ article The intro should make the reader want to read the rest of the story. The intro should be kept short The intro should normally be based on the key point of the story (5Ws and 1 H) If the lead or intro is not sufficiently arresting, interest will lag and the reader’s eye may wander on to another headline and another story Tail Tail includes the least important information from the news report to sum-up Key features of the tail: Add any extra or surrounding information about the event or related topics Includes links for where to find extra information about the topic or other news reports You could also feature a quote from an expert to sum up the story or imply what may unfold next
- 34. Journalistic Writing Skills Command over language Clarity : clarity of mind and expression. A person who is confused cannot tell a story to others Objectivity : Reporter and sub- editor should aim at objectivity while dealing with a story. They should not allow their personal bias or ideas to creep in to a story. They should not take side but try covering all the different viewpoints to achieve balance in the story. Accuracy: check and recheck the facts, should not take any chance as accuracy is directly proportional to the credibility of a reporter and the newspaper / channel Speed: In today’s world speed matters everywhere. A person who cannot work fast cannot be a good reporter. While maintaining all other desirable qualities a reporter should strive to work faster. She/He should think fast, write fast and write or type fast for he has to meet deadlines or may have to go to another assignment.
- 35. Political Reporting Elections :Festival of Democracy (Print) BBC coverage of Indian Elections (Electronic) Pre poll coverage, during the Campaign coverage : voter registration, duplication of voters, malpractices, appeal by government, voter awareness, candidate nomination, show of strength rallies, explaining manifesto of political parties, media briefs, press conferences, interviews of candidates, party leaders Election days : photo opportunity, coverage of voting, new voters, malpractices if any, Post poll coverage, exit poll debates and discussions, opinion polls, counting and result Blogs on elections, political analysis by expert analysts ▪ Explaining events, issues, concerns, developments, debates, policy decisions ▪ Explanation is more important, showing cause and effect relations, impact of decisions
- 36. Need to knowthe Laws : Indian Press Laws Press Council Act 1978 Official Secret Act Defamation/ Libel/Slander Contempt of Court Censorship Infringement of IPR Copyright Creative Commons and Open Data Data Protection Hate speech/ Harassment / Stalking Freedom of Speech/ Expression Criticism of the government
- 37. Good guide tonews reporting Use short simple words Use more one-syllable words Use familiar words Use personal words Use concrete words Make every word work Avoid technical words Use full forms, don’t use acronyms Get rid of cliched phrases Use active voice Put sparkle and freshness into simple phrases Use short sentences as an aid to clear thinking Makes sentences active Use short, simple paragraphs Use one idea paragraphs Write for a specific purpose Work with one basic idea The stress as will be quickly noted is on simplicity, the short word, the short sentence and the short paragraph.
- 38. Journalistic Writing achecklist 1. A catchy and snappy headline. 2. Byline (name, specialism, social media contact). 3. Newspaper Name. 4. The lead paragraph containing the 5 Ws (and H). 5. The body of the text containing 3-4 paragraphs. 6. Details of the event. 7. Details about who the event affected. 8. Quotes from people involved and from experts. 9. Correct use of punctuation when introducing and closing quotes. 10. The use of third person. 11. The tail including extra information about the topic.
- 39. Readings 1. BorhadeShekhar,2019, India & USA’s Strategic Dilemma in a Fractured World Order, Ahmednagar, Suvarnshilp Publications 2. Carey Jams W & Cates A., 2004, Journalism, West Port, London, Laibraries Unlimited 3. Hacker, K and Van Djik J, 2000, Digital Democracy: Issues of Theory and Practice, Thousand Oaks, Sage 4. Sardesai Rajdeep, 2020,How Modi Won India, Noida, Harper Collins India 5. R. Ramkrishnan, 1994, Press & Politics in an Indian State, Hyderabad, Delta Publishing House 6. Reese, S.D., Gandy, O.H. Grant, A.E., 2001, Framing Public Life – Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World, LEA, Mahwah. 7. Roy Barun, 2001, Beginners Guide to Journalism, Mumbai, PustakMahal 8. Trent, J.S. &Friedenburg R. V., 1995, Political Campaign Communication, Westport, Praeger
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