This document discusses methods of distance measurement in surveying, including taping and electronic distance measurement. It provides details on taping procedures, sources of error, and corrections that can be applied for slope, temperature, tension, and other factors. Electronic distance measurement uses time of flight principles to measure distance with a laser or other electronic instrument. Examples are also given demonstrating how to apply corrections to convert slope distances to horizontal distances.
In the preparation for the Geodetic Engineering Licensure Examination, the BSGE students must memorized the fastest possible solution for the TAPING CORRECTION using casio fx-991 es plus calculator technique in order to save time during the said examination. note: lec 2 and above wala akong nilagay na solution para hindi makupya techniques ko. just add me on fb para ituro ko sa inyo solution. Kasi itong solution ko wala sa google, youtube, calc tech books at hindi rin itinuro sa review center.
In the preparation for the Geodetic Engineering Licensure Examination, the BSGE students must memorized the fastest possible solution for the TAPING CORRECTION using casio fx-991 es plus calculator technique in order to save time during the said examination. note: lec 2 and above wala akong nilagay na solution para hindi makupya techniques ko. just add me on fb para ituro ko sa inyo solution. Kasi itong solution ko wala sa google, youtube, calc tech books at hindi rin itinuro sa review center.
In the material testing laboratory, Tensile test was done on a mild steel specimen as figure 4 to identify the young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and percentage elongation. The results were as table 1
Wind turbine foundation stress/strain & bolt measurement using ultrasonicsFrank-Michael Jäger
Each sensor has an own temperature sensor and a sensor ID in the ROM without own electronics for the measurement of the TOF.
The sensor cable is connected to a 16 -channel multiplexer. Each multiplexer includes electronics for measuring the TOF.
Each multiplexer has its own electronics unit in die-cast aluminum housing.
The data output is a digital output RS485.
Sensor ID, channel number, temperature 12 Bit, TOF in ps resolution.
The data is stored in a data logger on SD card.
The data can be read via USB.
On the RS485 bus more arbitrary devices can be connected.
The real-time data can with a computer program in any physical units, such as stress, strain, load or elongation be converted .
In the material testing laboratory, Tensile test was done on a mild steel specimen as figure 4 to identify the young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and percentage elongation. The results were as table 1
Wind turbine foundation stress/strain & bolt measurement using ultrasonicsFrank-Michael Jäger
Each sensor has an own temperature sensor and a sensor ID in the ROM without own electronics for the measurement of the TOF.
The sensor cable is connected to a 16 -channel multiplexer. Each multiplexer includes electronics for measuring the TOF.
Each multiplexer has its own electronics unit in die-cast aluminum housing.
The data output is a digital output RS485.
Sensor ID, channel number, temperature 12 Bit, TOF in ps resolution.
The data is stored in a data logger on SD card.
The data can be read via USB.
On the RS485 bus more arbitrary devices can be connected.
The real-time data can with a computer program in any physical units, such as stress, strain, load or elongation be converted .
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
3. INTRODUCTION
One of the fundamentals of surveying is the need to measure
distance.
Distances are not necessarily linear, especially if they occur on
the spherical earth.
In this course we will deal with distances in geometric space,
which we can consider a straight line from one point or
feature to another.
4. DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS
• Distance between two points can be horizontally, slope or vertically
recorded in feet/meters.
• Horizontal and slope distance can be measured using fibreglass
tape/steel tape/using electronic distance measuring device.
• Vertical distance can be measured using a tape, as in construction
work, with a autolevel and staff. It also can be determine by
trigonometry.
8. ELECTRONIC DISTANCE
MEASUREMENT (EDM)
EDM is very useful in measuring distances that are
difficult to access or long distances.
It measures the time required for a wave to sent to a
target and reflect back.
Laser distance meter is an accurate and handy
measuring device used especially in length, area,
volume of a building.
9. TAPING
Taping is applied to measurement with a steel tape or synthetic tape
(plastic or fiberglass).
All standard in lengths
100 m, 50m, 30 m, 20 m.
It is fairly quick, easy and cheap, and hence is the most common form
of distance measurement.
10. TAPING
Unfortunately, taping is prone to errors and mistakes.
For high accuracy, steel tape should be used which is graduated
in mm and calibrated under standard temp (20 degree) and
tension (5kg). Be careful, easily break.
Synthetic tape is more flexible graduated in 10mm
12. TAPING ON SMOOTH
LEVEL/SLOPING GROUND
Tape must always be straight
Tape must not be twisted
Use chaining arrows for intermediate points
Tape horizontally if possible
Tape on the ground if possible
Slope taping needs to be reduced
Catenary taping requires correction
Step taping suits some applications
13. TAPE MUST BE STRAIGHT…
obstruction
measured distance required distance
19. SOURCES OF ERROR IN
TAPING
Instrumental errors
actual length can be different from nominal length because of a
defect in manufacture or repair on as a result of kinks.
Natural errors
the horizontal distance of a tape varies because of effects of
temperature, wind and weight of tape itself.
Personal errors
Tape persons may be careless in setting pins, reading tape or
manupulating equipment.
20. TAPING ERRORS
Systematic Taping
Errors
Random Taping Error
1. Slope 1. Slope
2. Standardization length 2. Temperature
3. Temperature 3. Tension and Sag
4. Tension & Sag 4. Alignment
5. Marking & Plumbing
Typical taping errors:
•Incorrect length of tape
•Temperature other than standard
21. TAPING CORRECTIONS
For synthetic tapes, only Standardized Tape Length correction and
Slope corrections will be applied
The best accuracy that can be achieved is the order of 1:1000
When using steel tapes, if only Standardized Tape Length and slope
corrections are considered, the best possible accuracy that can be
obtained in the range 1:5000.
If tension and temperature are added into consideration, accuracy
can be increased to better than 1:10000 ~ 1: 20000
Sag only applies if tape is supported only at ends
22. STANDARD LENGTH CORRECTION
Example: A distance of 220.450 m was measured with a steel band of nominal length
30 m. On standardization the tape was found to be 30.003 m. Calculate the correct
measured distance, assuming the error is evenly distributed throughout the tape.
Error per 30 m, C = 3 mm
Correction for total length =
= 220.45(0.003)/30 =0.022 m
Correct length is 220.450 + 0.022 = 220.472 m
l
LC
Ca
Where
Ca = correction of absolute length
C = correction to be applied to the tape= l’-l
L= measured length
l’= standardized length of field tape
l = nominal length of the tape
l
LC
Ca
23. SLOPE CORRECTION
Consider a 50-m tape measuring on a slope with a difference in
height of 5 m. The correction for slope is
= –25/100 = –0.250 m
L
h
Csl
2
2
L
h
Csl
2
2
OR L(1- cosθ)
24. TENSION CORRECTION
E is modulus of elasticity of tape in N/mm2
= 2.0 x 105 N/mm2 for steel
A is cross-sectional area of the tape in mm2
L is measured length in m; and
TS is the standard pull
TF is pull applied during field measurement
As the tape is stretched under the extra tension, the correction is positive.
If less than standard, the correction is negative.
F S
T
L T T
C
AE
25. TENSION CORRECTION
Consider a 50-m tape with a cross-sectional area of 4 mm2, a standard
tension of 50 N and a value for the modulus of elasticity of E = 200
kN/mm2. Under a pull of 90 N the tape would stretch by
3
50000(90 50)
2.5 mm
4(200x10 )
F S
T
L T T
C
AE
26. TEMPERATURE CORRECTION
Where Tf = mean field temperature during measurement
Ts = temperature of standardization
Coefficient of expansion of steel α = 0.0000112 per °C for steel
If L = 50 m and the different of temperature and standard temperature (20oC) in
temperature is 2°C then
Ct = 0.0000112 x50 (± 2-20) = -0.0010 m
t f s
C L T T
28. SUMMARY
For converting slope distances L to horizontal distances D:
D = L – slope± standardization ± tension ± temperature – sag
Eq. (4.8)
For vertical measurements V:
V = VM ± standardization ± tension ± temperature
Eq. (4.9)
where
VM = measured vertical distance
29. EXAMPLE 1:
Question: The downhill end of 30 m
tape is held 90 cm too low. What is the
horizontal distance measured?
Answer:
Correction for slope = h2/2L
= (0.9)2/(2x30) = 0.0135 m
Hence, the horizontal distance
= 30 – 0.0135 = 29.987 m
30. EXAMPLE 2:
Question: A 100 m tape is suspended between
the end under a pull of 200 N. The weight of the
tape is 30 N. Find the correct distance between
the tape end.
Answer:
Correction for sag = W2L/24P2
= 302 x 100 / 24x2002 = 0.0938 m
Hence, the horizontal distance
= 100 – 0.0938 = 99.906 m
31. EXAMPLE 3:
Question: A line was measured with a steel tape which exactly 30 m at
a temperature of 20 degrees and a pull of 10 kg. The measured
length was 1650 m. The temperature during measurement was 30
degrees and a pull apply was 15 kg. Find the true length of the line if
the cross sectional area of the tape was 0.025 cm2. The coefficient of
expansion of the material of the tape per degrees is 3.5 x 10-6 and
modulus of elasticity of the materials of tape is 2.1 x 106 kg/cm2.
• Answer: Correction for temperature and correction for tension
1) Correction for temperature:
= 3.5 x 10-6 x 1650 x (30-20) = 0.0578 m (+ve)
2) Correction for tension:
= 1650 (15-10)/(0.025 x 2.1 x 106 )
= 0.157 (+ve)
The true length of the line = 1650 + 0.0578+ 0.157 = 1650.215 m
t f s
C L T T
F S
T
L T T
C
AE
32. EXAMPLE 4: MEASURING A HORIZONTAL
DISTANCE WITH A STEEL TAPE
Question: A steel tape of nominal length 30 m was used to measure the distance
between two points A and B on a structure. The following measurements were
recorded with the tape suspended between A and B:
Line Length measured Slope angle Mean temperature Tension apply
AB 29.872 m 3°40’ 5 °C 120 N
The standardized length of the tape against a reference tape is 30.014 m at 20 °C
and 50 N tension. The tape weighs 0.17 N m–1 and has a cross-sectional area of 2
mm2.
Calculate the horizontal length of AB.
33. ANSWER
From equation (4.1):
slope correction = L (1-cosθ) = –29.872 (1 – cos 3°40') = –0.0611 m
From equation (4.3):
standardization correction , =29.872 (30.014-30)/30 = +0.0139 m
From equation (4.5):
tension correction, = 29.872 (120-50)/(2mm2x200000N/mm2) = +0.0052m
From equation (4.6):
température correction = 0.0000112 x 29.872 (5-20) = –0.0050 m
From equation (4.7):
sag correction =
= –0.0022 m
Horizontal length AB = 29.872 -0.0611 +0.0139+0.0052-0.0050-0.0022
= 29.823 m (to the nearest mm)
l
LC
Ca
t f s
C L T T
F S
T
L T T
C
AE