This document provides an overview of the history of child health and pediatric nursing. It discusses key terminology like pediatrics and pediatric nursing. It then covers the concept of child health nursing which involves promoting overall development and well-being of children. The goals of child health nursing are also outlined. The document proceeds to discuss the history of child care from pre-historic times through early civilizations and modern periods. It notes improvements in child health as medical knowledge advanced. The qualities of a pediatric nurse and historical development of pediatric hospitals and practices are summarized. Finally, traditional and modern approaches to child care in Nepal are briefly mentioned.
TRENDS IN PEDIATRICS AND PEDIATRIC NURSING
Pediatric regarded as the medical science which enables an anticipated newborn to grow into a healthy adult, useful to the society
Mother & Child is a vulnerable group. But many areas concerned with the health of these groups are preventable. This presentation helps you identify preventive aspects in pediatrics.
History of pediatric nursing from prehistoric time to modern era. Why a pediatric nurse must know about the history of Pediatrics? Father of Pediatrics.
TRENDS IN PEDIATRICS AND PEDIATRIC NURSING
Pediatric regarded as the medical science which enables an anticipated newborn to grow into a healthy adult, useful to the society
Mother & Child is a vulnerable group. But many areas concerned with the health of these groups are preventable. This presentation helps you identify preventive aspects in pediatrics.
History of pediatric nursing from prehistoric time to modern era. Why a pediatric nurse must know about the history of Pediatrics? Father of Pediatrics.
Role of Child Health Nurse in caring of Hospital ChildAlka Singh
Subject : Child Health Nursing. Topic : Role Of Child Health Nurse In Child care at Hospital, Nursing Diagnosis, Various Measures to make hospital Child Friendly, Nurses Role in Care Of Toddlers, Infants, School Children, Adolescent.
Role of Child Health Nurse in caring of Hospital ChildAlka Singh
Subject : Child Health Nursing. Topic : Role Of Child Health Nurse In Child care at Hospital, Nursing Diagnosis, Various Measures to make hospital Child Friendly, Nurses Role in Care Of Toddlers, Infants, School Children, Adolescent.
SEMESTER- V CHILD HEALTH NURSING-I
Modern child care emphasizes a holistic approach, nurturing a child's physical, emotional, social, and cognitive development.
Shifting from a disease-centered model, modern child care prioritizes preventive care and fostering healthy growth in children.
The modern concept of child care recognizes the family as a crucial partner, advocating for family-centered care that addresses individual needs.
Incorporating play, proper nutrition, and a safe environment, modern child care fosters optimal child development in all domains.
Modern child care empowers nurses to act as advocates, educators, and caregivers, ensuring the well-being of children at every stage.
Current principles, practices and trends in pediatricGnana Jyothi
Evolution of pediatrics, Pediatrics in India, Evolution of Pediatric Nursing in relationship to Child health, Historical background on the care of the child, Factors influencing the care of the child.........
Trends and Modern concepts of Pediatric Nursing RAVI RAI DANGI
In India, pediatric nursing was not given due in recognition in syllabi in the earlier periods of nursing training but with the introduction of under graduate degree programme in nursing in madras university CMC vellor,RAK Delhi, pediatric nursing as a course was introduced date back from 1950s.Child health nursing is undergoing tremendous advancement just like pediatric medicine and surgery. The current trends in the practice are based on researches that have taken make place in the field of pediatric nursing
Cost containment is a management technique utilized to reduce the cost of hospitalization. It is reduced in many ways in hospitals either by cutting nursing positions or by improving process of care and tightening non labour resources.
Partnering for Community Health 2013 Hood River OregonTina Castañares
Presentation to regional health policy planning group ("Hood River Busytown") about upstream public health, determinants of health, community health workers, cross-sector collaboration, developmental origins and ACES study elements.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Introduction to Child Health and Child Health Nursing [Autosaved] - Copy.ppt
1. History of Child Health Nursing
Bandana Yadav
M.Sc. Nursing,1st Year (B-2023)
B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan
2. Terminologies
Pediatric: The term “pediatrics” is derived
from the Greek words. “ Pedia ” means child
,“iatrike” means treatment and “ ics” means
branch of science.
Thus, pediatrics means the science of child
care and scientific treatment of childhood
diseases.
2
3. Terminologies(Contd…)
Pediatric Nursing/child Health Nursing:
Pediatric nursing is specialized branch of
nursing that is concerned with the care of
children not only during illness but also during
healthy condition.
It is the art and science of giving nursing care
to children from birth through adolescent with
emphasis on the physical growth, mental,
emotionaland psycho-social development.
3
4. Terminologies(Contd…)
• It is the art and science of giving nursing
care to children from birth through
adolescent with emphasis on the physical
growth, mental, emotional and psycho-
social development.
4
5. Terminologies(Contd…)
• Pediatric Nurse: A pediatric nurse is a nursing
professional who is specialized in pediatric
nursing and primarily works in the field of
pediatrics.
• The pediatric nurse’s responsibility is not only to
provide care to pediatric population, but also to
incorporate parents and other family members
into the child’s care.
5
6. Concept of Child Health and Child
Health Nursing
Concept of child health
Pediatrics can be defined as the branch of medical
science that deals with the care of children from
conception to adolescence in health and illness.
It is concerned with preventive, promotive ,
curative and rehabilitative care of children.
6
7. Concept(Contd…)
A child is unique individual, he or she is not a
miniature adult, not a little man or woman.
The childhood period is vital because of
socialization process by the transmission of
attitude, customs and behavior. Family’s cultural
and religious belief, educational level and ways of
living influence the promotion and maintenance
of child health.
7
8. Concept(Contd…)
8
Children are vulnerable to disease, death
and disability owing to their age, sex, place
of living, socio-economic status and other
variables.
They need appropriate care for survival
and healthy development.
9. Concept of Child Health Nursing
1. Health of the children has been considered as a
vital importance to all societies because children
are the basic resource for the future of human
kind.
2. Nursing care of children is concerned for both the
health of the children and for the illnesses that
affects their growth and development.
9
10. Concept(Contd…)
3. The increasing complexity of medical and
nursing science has created a need for
special area of child care, i.e. child health
nursing.
4. Child health nursing is the specialized area
of nursing practice concerning the care of
children during wellness and illness.
10
11. Concept(Contd…)
5. It includes preventive, promotive, curative
and rehabilitative care of children.
6. It emphasize on all round development of
body, mind and spirit of the growing
individual.
7. Thus, child health nursing involves in giving
assistance, care and support to the growing
and developing children to achieve their
individual potential for functioning with
fullest capacity. 11
12. Goals of Child Health Nursing
To provide skillful, intelligent, need based
comprehensive care to the children in healthy
and sickness.
To interpret the basic needs of the children to
their parents and family members and to guide
them in child care.
12
13. Goal(Conti…)
To promote growth and development of
children towards optimum state of health for
functioning at the peak of their capacity in
future.
To prevent disease and alleviate suffering in
children.
13
14. Qualities of Child Health Nurse
• Be friendly, honest, gentle, diligent and
humorous.
• Be a loving person and have liking for the
children.
• Patience, pleasant appearance and ability to
understand and the child’s behaviour.
• Able to provide safety and security to the
children.
14
15. Qualities(Contd…)
• Have good observation, judgement and
communication ability based on scientific
knowledge and experience.
• Be well informed, skillful, responsible,
truthful and trustworty.
15
16. Historical Overview of Child Health
and Child Health Nursing
The modern child care is part of a great historical
pageantry. Child health nurses can gain a better
understanding of the current and future status of
child health nursing.
16
17. History(Contd…)
• Study of pediatrics began in the last of
1800s under the influence of Prussian born
physician, Abrahan Jacobi(1830-
1919)referred as “the father of pediatrics”.
• Before pediatrics became a speciality,
newborns were delivered by midwives and
cared for in the home
17
18. History(Contd…)
The end of the 19th century is often
regarded as ‘’the dark ages of pediatrics’’.
The first half of the 20th century is regarded
as ‘’the dawn of improved health care for
children’’.
18
19. Child care in Pre-Historic
Period(Before 3000 BC)
There was no written documents to
validate the practice of people regarding
child care.
It is quite natural to assume that individual
of each generation followed the prescribed
pattern of life taught by their parents.
19
20. Pre-Historic Period(Contd…)
• Although every tribe differs from the other
in their customs, children were reared
according to traditions passed down from
the previous generation.
20
21. Pre-Historic Period(Contd…)
• The society ruled that malformed and sick
children would drain the resources of the
group. The sick child was killed or left behind.
• Sometimes infants were killed simply because
they were females, who could not contribute as
much productive labour to the group as males
could. This practice is termed as female
infanticide.
21
22. Pre- Historic Period(Contd…)
• The medical practice was a combination of
indigenous customs, magic,and superstition.
Most of the ancient society believed that
disease was caused by the anger of god and
supernatural power existed in the nature.
• All human activities were governed by that
power, for which they used to worship to get
free from sickness.
22
23. Child Care in Early Civilization
Period (3000 BC to 1350 AD)
The concept of the importance of child to
society graduall improved instead of liability the
child slowly became an asset to society.
Early civilization brought change in the course
of human life. People started re- habiting in the
fertile land. In early civilization brought change
in the course of human life.
23
24. Child Care in Early Civilization
Period (Contd…)
• People started re-habiting in the fertile land.
In early civilization of egypt, China and India
children were reared according to tradition
passed down from previous generation.
• The medical practice was a combination of
indigenous customs, medicine, and
superstition. Local practitioners used to treat
children with diet,rituals and superstition
along with herbs.
24
25. Child Care in Early Modern
World(1350-1800AD)
Due to the emergence of the middle class and
world trade along with the development of
international commerce, there were tremendous
changes seen in the area of child care.
But the incidence of child morbidity and
mortality was still high due to an increment of
child labour and overcrowding, unsanitary
working conditions and poor management of
workplace. 25
26. Child Care in Early Modern World
(Contd…)
Despite this, rousseau wrote his famous book
that included a section about the right of
children and another on hygiene and nutrition
of infants.
He also mentioned that children are not
miniature adults. The first book on pediatric in
Italian was written by bagallarder’s ‘little book
on a disease of children’’ in 1472.
26
27. Child Care in the Early Modern
World (Contd…)
Renaissance brought termendous changes in the course
of human life. In 16th century two great medical books
were published. ‘’The Book of children’’ by Thomas
Phare (father of English pediatrics) and’’The Children’s
Book’’ by felix wurtz in Germany.
They found there were lots of hazardous practices in
feeding, clothing and rearing. Rarely infant were breast
feed, instead infant received different types of soups and
sugar solutions or water.
27
28. Child care in the Modern world
(1800-1900AD)
The industrial revolution brought a remarkable
change in the way of people’s living and a lot of
development happened in the field of science
and technology.
People made great progress with regard to
disease and treatment. Knowledge about human
body and the causes of disase helped to invent
new medical intervention in treating children
during illness.
28
29. Child Care in The Modern
(Contd…)
• Likewise, great attention was given to reduce
unhealthy child care practices such as encouraging
breast feeding instead of sugar water or soups.
29
30. Child Care in The Modern World
(Contd…)
The first pediatric hospital was the Children’s
Hospital of Pennsylvania (United State),
founded in 1855. Abraham pediatric
department in several New York hospital and
was one of the founder of the American
pediatric society in 1888.
Jacobi is best recognized for his
achievements in infant nutrition. He studied
breast feeding and safe breast milk substitutes.
30
31. Child Care in The Modern
(Contd…)
• After the safety of pasteurization (Louis
Pasteur) was proven , he fought to dispel the
old belief that raw milk was beneficial. He
advised parents to boil milk until bubbles
appeared and advocated diluting milk. He
supported that the boiled milk was thought to
have saved more lives than any measure
besides antibiotics.
31
32. Child Care Practice in Nepal
• In almost all ethnic groups of Nepal, the birth
of a child is a welcome event. In every ethnic
group, a male child is valued as future bread
winner and considered necessary for the
continuation of the family lineage.
• People still believe in traditional healers but
also prefer modern treatment.
32
33. Child Care Practice in Nepal
(Contd…)
• The superstitious belief still exists throughout
the country , especially in rural area and illness
is considered to be caused by the evil eyes.
• So, they usually worship god expecting for the
cure when a child falls sick.
• Because of various factors like ignorance,
poverty, lack of transportation and time people
do not go to health centre untill it is too late.
33
34. Child Care Practice in Nepal
(Contd…)
• Provision of effective health service and easy
access to these facilities are essential to
improve child health care and creation of
awareness.
34
35. Child Care Practice (Contd…)
• Nepal Pediatric Society(NEPAS) was
established in 1981 A.D. by a group of
pediatricians working in Nepal, which is the
professional social welfare organization of the
pediatricians of Nepal commited to strive for
the overall development of the children of
nepal.
• At present, child health practitioners engage in
research related to children.
35
36. Child Care Practice(Contd…)
• The official journal of Nepal Pediatric Society
i.e. namely journal of Nepal Pediatric Society
was established by INASP in 2007 A.D.
• It is a pediatric journal which publishes articles
related to all aspects of health care in neonates,
children and adolescents.
36
37. Child Care Practice (Contd…)
• Pediatric Nurses Association (PNAN) was
established in 2018 which is a professional
organization of pediatric nurses with mission
of promoting child health and wellbeing
through the advancement of pediatric nursing
education, research and practice.
37
38. Development of Pediatric Nursing
Care in Nepal
• There were no separate pediatric hospitals
for the care and treatment of children before
1963 AD in Nepal.
• Children were treated in a small unit of Bir
hospital but there were no specialized
pediatrician and pediatric nurses.
• After the establishment of Kanti children
hospital in Maharajgunj, nurses worked in that
hospital.
38
39. Kanti Children Hospital
• Kanti children hospital is one of the
government hospital of Nepal under MoHP.
• In the year 1963 AD, 50 bedded hospital was
established with the support of USSR
Government as a general hospital.
• In 1970 AD, this hospital was upgraded to 100
bedded and was converted to the kanti
children’s Hospital as a referral center. In 2015
AD, it has 320 beds.
39
40. Kanti Children Hospital (Contd…)
• The hospital provides medical, surgical
emergency care, pediatric and neonatal care,
intensive care as well as sub-specialities like
cadiology, nephrology, endocrinology,
respiratory and asthma, neurology as well as
HIV, malnutrition and oncology OPD, child
psychiatric service and under five clinics.
40
41. Kanti Children Hospital (Contd…)
• This is the only tertiary care pediatric hospital
and a clinical learning site for pediatric
medicine, pediatric surgery as well as pediatric
nursing in Nepal.
• Gradually, other private pediatric hospital also
started in child health services.
41
42. Development of Pediatric Nursing
Education in Nepal
• In Nepal, Nursing education has started in
2013 B.S.(1956A.D.) as Proficiency
Certificate Level(PCL)Nursing.
• Since then child health nursing was
incorporated in curriculum as compulsory
subject.
42
43. Development of Pediatric Nursing
Education in Nepal
• In Nepal, Nursing education has started in 2013
B.S.(1956A.D.) as Proficiency Certificate
Level(PCL)Nursing. Since then child health
nursing was incorporated in curriculum as
compulsory subject.
• In 1985 A.D.(2004), TU , Institute of Medicine
initiated Post Basic Bachelor in Nursing (PBBN)
with speciality in Child Health Nursing. It was
continued for next 3 batches then Child Health
Nursing included in Nursing Concept.
43
44. Development of Pediatric Nursing
(Contd…)
• Different Universities like BPKIHS
(1996),KU(2004),TU(2005) are running
• 4 years B.Sc. Nursing program which has
included Child Health Nursing as a
compulsory subject in their curriculum.
44
45. Development of Pediatric
(Contd…)
• By the year 2001 AD, TU IOM and by the year
2015 AD, NAMS, Bir Hospital Nursing Campus
started 2 years Master in Child Health Nursing.
• By the year 2011 AD, BPKIHS started 3 years
M.Sc. Nursing in Pediatric Nursing.
45
46. Development of Pediatric(Contd…)
• By the year 2013 AD, TU IOM, started
speciality in Child Health Nursing in PBBN
course.
• By the year 2021 AD, NAMS, Kanti Children’s
Hospital started 3 years Bachelor in Pediatric
Critical Care Nursing.
46
47. Present Status of Child Health in
Nepal
• Population of Nepal has approximately
29,033,914 ( july 2016). Among tham 30.93%
are under 14 years of age .remarkable
reductions have been seen in child mortality
rates in Nepal over the last decades.
• The burden of child mortality is still high in
Nepal.
47
48. Present Status(Contd…)
• After much prioritization and investment in
child health programs such as nutrition,
immunization , management of childhood
illness, and maternal and newborn survival
programs, still the progress is far from
expectation.
48
49. Present Status (Contd…)
• Biannual distribution of vitamin ‘’A’’ and A
Albendazole , Iodine fortification of salt, Iron
fortification in the wheat flour, routine
immunization.
• Supplementary immunization activities and
many other activities have helped in achieving
improved chils health in Nepal.
49
50. TRENDS IN CHILD HEALTH
CARE
Historically, the concept of pediatrics was
limited to the curative aspects of diseases
peculiar to the children.
Hippocrates (460-370BC) made many
significant observations on disease found in
children and devoted a great part of his
treatize to children. 50
51. Trends(Contd…)
Galen of rome (1200-1300AD)wrote on the
care of Rome (1200-1300 AD) wrote on the
care of infants and children. Rhazes of Arab
(850-923AD) devoted much of his treatize to
the subject of childhood illness.
The first book printed on pediatrics was in
Italian(1472) by Bagallarder’s “Little Book on
disease in Children .‘’ the first English book
on children’s disease was ‘’Book of
Children’’. Written by Thomas Phaer
51
52. Trends (Contd…)
The world’s first padiatrician’s were two
indians, Kashyapa and Jeevaka , of sixth
century BC.
Their pioneering works on child care and
childhood disease are as relevant today as
many of the modern concepts of child health.
Sushruta, also wrote many aspects of child
rearing and charka wrote about care and
management of newborn.
52
53. Trends(Contd…)
Child health care has changed dramatically in
recent years due to advances in medical
knowledge and under-standing of emotional
response of children.
Advancement of different aspect of human
development influences the changing
concept of health.
53
54. Trends (Contd…)
• Modern concept of child health emphasizes
on continuous care of ‘whole child’ .
According to United Nations International
Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF),assistance
for meeting the needs of children should no
longer be restricted to only one aspect like
nutrition, but it should be broad- based and
geared to their long- term personal
development ensuring holistic health care of
children.
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55. Trends (Contd…)
In developed countries child health care extended up
to adolescent , where as in developing countries and
in India , child care is extended up to 10 to 12 years
of age.
Recently special emphasis is given on adolescent
health through reproductive and child health (RCH)
package service in our country.
Special attention is given on the children at –risk like,
orphans, destitute, disastrous, pavement dwellers,
slum, child labours and handicapped children.
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56. Trends (Contd…)
• Movement against gender bias, female
fetocide, child abuse and neglect and
maltreatment are in highlight at present.
• Interest of the political leaders and
undrestanding the importance of child health,
constitution of national health policy for
children and implementation of various health
programs for improvement of child health are
great achievements for children.
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57. Trends (Contd…)
• Population control and family welfare
approach, improvements of educaational status
specially women education and women
empowerment, involevement of government
and non government organizations
• political commitment and special budgetary
allocation for child healthnactivities,
international guodance by World Health
Organizations for improvement of child health
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58. Trends (Contd…)
• Growth of sub specialities for the
superspecialized care of children is recent
trend.
• The subareas are neonatology, perinatology,
pediatric surgery , pediatric cardiology,
pediatric neurology, pediatric hematology,
pediatric nephrology, preventive pediatrics,
child psychology, child psychiatry, pediatric
intensive care unit, neonatal intensive care
unit, etc. 58
59. Trends (Contd….)
Medical science is advancing in every
moment.
So, child health will also progress by varios
movements towards the aims to improve the
survival and well being of all children,.
As per WHO theme of the year 2005 , ‘
healthy mothers and haelthy children’
59
60. REFERENCES
• Shrestha Tumla. Essential child health nursing.
1st edition. Medhavi publication; 2012.
• Sharma Rimpal. Essential of pediatric nursing.
1st edition. Jaypee publication; 2013
• Wong Perry, Hockenberry and Lowdermilk
Wilson. Maternal Child Nursing Care. 3rd
edition. Mosby Elsevier Publications
• Ghai OP. Essential Pediatrics. New Delhi: 7th
edition. CBS Publishers & Distributors; 2009.
60
61. • Kliegman M Robert. Nelsons essentials of
Pediatrics. 5th edition. Elsevier publication;
2007
• Acharya S. Comprehensive Text book of C
hild Health Nuring(pediatric Nursing)
Samiksha Publication.Pvt. LTD.
• Datta, P. Pediatric Nursing.Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publisher’ (p) LTD.
•
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