Cardiovascular diseases are a class of diseases involving the heart or blood vessels. They are caused mainly by lipid metabolism abnormalities and are the leading global cause of death. Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory response in the artery walls causing plaque buildup and narrowing, is a major precursor of cardiovascular disease. Risk factors include high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and lack of exercise. Treatment depends on the specific disease but may include medications, angioplasty, or bypass surgery, while prevention focuses on modifying risk factors like diet, exercise, and avoiding smoking.

1. INTRODUCTION TO
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES -
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
NUR FARRA NAJWA
BINTI ABDUL AZIM
082015100035

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVE
• Students should be able to understand and
define cardiovascular diseases (CVD).
• Students should be able to understand and
describe the atherosclerosis as a whole and
completely.

3. INTRODUCTION
(CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES)
• A class of diseases that involve the heart or
blood vessel.
• Cardiovascular diseases are the leading
cause of death globally.
• Mainly due to lipid metabolism abnormality

4. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
(CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES)
• Population-based studies show that
atherosclerosis, the major precursor of
cardiovascular disease
• Obesity and diabetes mellitus are often linked to
cardiovascular disease
• Cardiovascular disease is the most life-
threatening of the diabetic complications and
diabetics are two- to four-fold more likely to die
of cardiovascular-related causes than non-
diabetics.

5. SERUM CHOLESTEROL INCREASED
• DIABETES MELLITUS
– Acetyl CoA pool high
• HYPOTHYROIDISM
- Reduced HDL receptor

6. RISK FACTORS
RISK
Serum cholesterol level
LDL-cholesterol level
HDL-cholesterol level
Apoprotein levels and ratio
Lp(a)
Cigarette
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Serum triglyceride
Obesity
Homocysteine level

7. RISK FACTOR
CLASES DETAILS RISK FACTORS
1
Modifiable :
Interventions have been
proved to lower CAD risk
1. Cigarette smoking
2. High total cholesterol
and LDL
3. Low HDL cholesterol
4. High fat diet
5. Thrombogenic factors
2
Modifiable :
Intervention are likely to
lower CAD risk
1. Lp(a)
2. Diabetes mellitus
3. Hypertension
4. Physical inactivity
5. Obesity
6. Stress
3
Non-modifiable risk
factor
1. Age
2. Male gender
3. Family history of CAD

8. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES includes…
• Atherosclerosis
• Stroke
• Venous thrombosis
• Peripheral artery diseases

10. PREVENTION
• LOOK TO THE RISK FACTOR 
TREATMENT
 ACCORDING TO DISEASES 

11. CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASE TREATMENT
Heart Attack Medications
Coronary angioplasty
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Stroke Medications

12. ATHEROSCLEROSIS

13. INTRODUCTION
• Greek word sclerosis means
hardening
• Atherosclerosis affecting
arterial blood vessel due to a chronic
inflammatory response of WBCs in
the walls of arteries.
• Substance called plaque builds up in
the walls of the arteries, narrows the
arteries, making it harder for blood to
flow through.
• If a blood clot forms, it can stop the
blood flow. This can cause a heart
attack or stroke.

15. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

16. • Atherosclerotic plaque
in carotid artery

18. RISK
• Same to CVD risk ( Vasudevan )

19. TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
Reduced dietary
cholesterol
Vegetable oil and
Poly Unsaturated
Fatty Acid
Moderate fat intake
( 20-25 g)
Green leafy
vegetable
(sitosterol)
(400g/day)
Avoid cigarette,
sucrose
Exercise
( walk > 1.5 km)
(2000kcal/day)
Hypolipidemic drugs
Avoids Trans Fatty
Acid

21. ANY QUESTION ???

22. REFERENCE
• Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical
Students,DM Vasudevan, 6th Edition
• https://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-
health/conditions/cardiovascular-disease
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11001
066