This document provides an overview of American literature from Native American oral traditions through the 20th century. It summarizes key authors and works from each time period, including Anne Bradstreet as the first American poet, Benjamin Franklin's autobiography and almanacs, Thomas Paine's influential pamphlets, Edgar Allan Poe's poems and stories, Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, Herman Melville's Moby Dick, Walt Whitman's free verse poetry, T.S. Eliot's modernist poem "The Hollow Men", Mark Twain's Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, Emily Dickinson's poems, John Stein
This will help students out there understand American Literary periods better. I created for our reporting in our LIT 201 class. I am a student from Central Philippine University. Aspiring to be a teacher someday.
This will help students out there understand American Literary periods better. I created for our reporting in our LIT 201 class. I am a student from Central Philippine University. Aspiring to be a teacher someday.
This presentation is a part of my academic presentation of The Noe-classical Literature Department of M.A. English M.k.Bhavnagar university and it is submitted to Pro. Dr. Dilip Barad.
This presentation is a part of my academic presentation of The Noe-classical Literature Department of M.A. English M.k.Bhavnagar university and it is submitted to Pro. Dr. Dilip Barad.
In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase-structure grammar and a theory of syntactic category formation[1] that was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1970[2] reformulating the ideas of Zellig Harris (1951,[3]) and further developed by Ray Jackendoff (1974,[4] 1977a,[5] 1977b[6]), along the lines of the theory of generative grammar put forth in the 1950s by Chomsky.[7][8] It attempts to capture the structure of phrasal categories with a single uniform structure called the X-bar schema, basing itself on the assumption that any phrase in natural language is an XP (X phrase) that is headed by a given syntactic category X. It played a significant role in resolving issues that phrase structure rules had, representative of which is the proliferation of grammatical rules, which is against the thesis of generative grammar.
In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase-structure grammar and a theory of syntactic category formation[1] that was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1970[2] reformulating the ideas of Zellig Harris (1951,[3]) and further developed by Ray Jackendoff (1974,[4] 1977a,[5] 1977b[6]), along the lines of the theory of generative grammar put forth in the 1950s by Chomsky.[7][8] It attempts to capture the structure of phrasal categories with a single uniform structure called the X-bar schema, basing itself on the assumption that any phrase in natural language is an XP (X phrase) that is headed by a given syntactic category X. It played a significant role in resolving issues that phrase structure rules had, representative of which is the proliferation of grammatical rules, which is against the thesis of generative grammar.
X-bar theory was incorporated into both transformational and nontransformational theories of syntax, including government and binding theory (GB), generalized phrase structure grammar (GPSG), lexical-functional grammar (LFG), and head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG).[9] Although recent work in the minimalist program has largely abandoned X-bar schemata in favor of bare phrase structure approaches, the theory's central assumptions are still valid in different forms and terms in many theories of minimalist syntax.
POEMS by Emily Dickinson· 1830-1886; one of the two most impor.docxstilliegeorgiana
POEMS by Emily Dickinson
· 1830-1886; one of the two most important figures (the other being Walt Whitman) in establishing the specific identity of AMERICAN POETRY (especially MODERN American poetry)
· from a prominent Amherst, Massachusetts, family (father a lawyer)
· After school (Amherst Academy and a year at the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary), she lived as a RECLUSE, almost never leaving the Dickinson family home.
· She remained close with her family, particularly her brother, and maintained several “friendships” via correspondences, most notably with the Boston writer and critic Thomas Wentworth Higginson, who eventually—POSTHUMOUSLY!—published her poems with the help of another of Emily’s friends, Mabel Todd Loomis.
· Only 7 of her poems were published—anonymously!—during her lifetime. THERE ARE 1,775! Not all of them reached print until 1955!
· eccentric punctuation: especially DASHES indicating emphasis and interruption
· influenced by the English Romantics, especially Keats, and the early Victorian poets, especially Elizabeth Barrett Browning
· a mixture of death, uncompromising truth, and playful humor
· ROMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS:
· sentimental melancholy
· importance/exceptionality of the poet
· the failure of knowledge/reason
· fascination with the grotesque
· mystical imagery
· unorthodox religious interpretation/beliefs
· wish to transcend worldly cares/priorities
· ROMANTIC INVERSIONS: American “Dark” Romanticism (according to literary critic Leslie Fiedler)
· disturbingly falling short of salvation (uncertainty or damnation, etc.)
· mocking the false comforts that sweet, picturesque imagery might provide
QUESTION #11:
Citing examples from her poems, discuss Dickinson’s Dark Romanticism. (3 paragraphs)
Walt Whitman
· 1819-1892; born in West Hills, Long Island, New York
· revolutionized American poetry: the long line, “catalogs,” frank subject matter, “free verse”
· responded to the call in Emerson’s “The Poet” (1842) for an all-encompassing American bard
· persona characteristics: amoral (even seeming to fatalistically excuse the atrocities associated with Manifest Destiny and colonially expansionist drive); representatively omnipresent (Transcendentally pantheistic); “American” universality and commonality represented sexually (as metaphor)
QUESTION #12:
How does both the form of Whitman’s poem and the imagery it uses reflect Emerson’s Transcendentalist call for an “American” poet?
Rebecca Harding Davis
· 1831-1910; born in Washington, Pennsylvania
· had a long career as both a fiction writer and a journalist
· “Life in the Iron-Mills” (1861) made her a literary celebrity; an early American literary example of combining REALISM, NATURALISM, and MUCK-RAKING
REALISM:
· mainly a reaction against the aesthetics and ideals of Romanticism, roughly surfacing as a consistent literary movement in the mid-19th century
· focus: a fidelity to actuality in its representation in literature (verisimilitude)
· focus ...
This is a presentation that I and some of my friends made for our History Project. It is a presentation that has information about 4 boring topics -- Novels for the Young, The New Women, Colonialism and After and Novels in India. Hope you enjoy :)
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Overview
• During its early history, America was
a series of British colonies on the
eastern coast of the present-day
United States.
3. Native
American
Period
(pre-1600’s)
• Oral tradition of song and stories
– Original authors unknown
– Written accounts come after colonization
– Include creation stories, myths, totems
– archetypes of trickster and conjurer
• Focuses on
– the natural world as sacred
– Importance of land and place
4. Some of the
earliest
forms of
American
literature…
• Were pamphlets and writing extolling the
benefits of the colonies to both a European
and colonist audience.
• Captain John Smith could be considered the
first American author with his works: A True
Relation of ... Virginia (1608).
6. Anne
Bradstreet
(1612 – 1672)
• Also known as TheTenth Muse.
• A Puritan wife.
“Let Greeks be Greeks, andWomen what they
are,
Men have precedency, and still excel,
It is but vain, unjustly to wage war,
Men can do best, andWomen know it well.”
• Whether or not “men can do best,” men did
not.The person who deserves to be called
the first American poet was a woman.
7. To My Dear
and Loving
Husband
by Anne
Bradstreet
If ever two were one, then surely we.
If ever man were loved by wife, then thee.
If ever wife was happy in a man,
Compare with me, ye women, if you can.
I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold,
Or all the riches that the East doth hold.
My love is such that rivers cannot quench,
Nor ought but love from thee give recompense.
Thy love is such I can no way repay;
The heavens reward thee manifold, I pray.
Then while we live, in love let’s so persevere,
That when we live no more, we may live ever.
8. Michael
Wigglesworth
• Wrote the immensely popular (at the
time) poem entitled, “The Day of
Doom,” which talks about the end of
the world in context. It is 275 stanzas
long.
• It sold 1800 copies in its first year, and
according to the Norton Anthology of
American Literature (Volume 1), "about
one out of every twenty persons in
New England bought it" (284).
9. Jonathan
Edwards
• ATheologian, a preacher, and a
philosopher.
• Wrote one of the most famous
sermons in the Great Awakening, the
Puritan sermon, “Sinners in the Hands
of an Angry God.”
10. Philip
Morin
Freneau
• Was an American poet, nationalist (also
known as Federalist), polemicist, sea captain
and newspaper editor sometimes called the
"Poet of the American Revolution".
Here—for they could not help but die—
The daughters of the Rose-Bush lie:
Here rest, interred without a stone,
What dear Lucinda gave to none,—
What forward beau, or curious belle,
Could hardly touch, and rarely smell.
Dear Rose! of all the blooming kind
You had a happier place assigned,
And nearer grew to all that ’s fair,
And more engaged Lucinda’s care,
Than ever courting, coaxing swain,
Or ever all who love, shall gain.
11. Benjamin
Franklin
• One of the founding fathers of the U.S.A.
• His works, “Poor Richard’s Almanac” and his
own autobiography were recordings of his rise
from a state of poverty and obscurity to
wealth and fame.
• Some of the mottos we hear today came from
him.
“Lost time is never found again.”
“A penny saved is a penny earned.”
“Fish and visitors stink in three days.”
“Early to bed and early to rise makes a man
healthy, wealthy, and wise.”
12. Thomas
Paine
• Wrote a very powerful pamphlet entitled,
“CommonSense,” which virtually every
rebel read. It was proportionally the all-
time-best-sellingAmerican title which
crystallized the rebellious demand for
independence from Great Britain.
• His next work entitled, “The American
Crisis” was a prerevolutionary pamphlet
series that was so influential that John
Adams said, “Without the pen of the
author of CommonSense, the sword of
Washington would have been raised in
vain.”
14. Washington
Irving
• Wrote the famous short story, “The Legend of
Sleepy Hollow,” which is about the tale of the
headless horseman. (1820)
• Was among the first American writers to earn
acclaim in Europe, and Irving encouraged
American authors such as Nathaniel
Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Henry
Wadsworth Longfellow, and Edgar Allan Poe.
Irving was also admired by some European
writers, includingWalter Scott, Lord Byron,
Thomas Campbell, FrancisJeffrey, and Charles
Dickens.
15. Edgar Allan
Poe
• Was an American writer, editor, and literary
critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and
short stories, particularly his tales of mystery
and the macabre.
• A very renowned writer who is still known
today.
16. Annabel
Lee
by Edgar
Allan Poe
• is the last complete poem[1] composed by
American author Edgar Allan Poe. Like many of
Poe's poems, it explores the theme of the death of
a beautiful woman.The narrator, who fell in love
with Annabel Lee when they were young, has a
love for her so strong that even angels are
envious. He retains his love for her even after her
death.
“But our love it was stronger by far than the love
Of those who were older than we—
Of many far wiser than we—
And neither the angels in Heaven above
Nor the demons down under the sea
Can ever dissever my soul from the soul
Of the beautiful Annabel Lee;”
17. Harriet
Beecher
Stowe
• She came from a famous religious family and
is best known for her novel UncleTom's Cabin
(1852). It depicts the harsh life forAfrican
Americans under slavery.
18. Nathaniel
Hawthorne
• was an American novelist, Dark Romantic, and short
story writer.
• Best known for his work, The Scarlet Letter, an 1850
work of fiction in a historical setting, written by
Nathaniel Hawthorne, and is considered to be his best
work.
• Set in 17th-century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts,
during the years 1642 to 1649, it tells the story of
Hester Prynne, who conceives a daughter through an
affair and struggles to create a new life of repentance
and dignity.Throughout the book, Hawthorne explores
themes of legalism, sin, and guilt.
19. Herman
Melville
• An American novelist, short story writer, and
poet from the American Renaissance period.
• Best known for his whaling work, Moby Dick,
which was about a sailor who calls himself
Ishmael narrates the obsessive quest ofAhab,
captain of the whaler Pequod, for revenge on
the white whale Moby Dick, which on a
previous voyage destroyed his ship and
severed his leg at the knee.
21. Walter
Whitman
• An American poet, essayist and journalist.
• Whitman is among the most influential poets
in the American canon, often called the father
of free verse. His work was very controversial
in its time, particularly his poetry collection
Leaves of Grass, which was described as
obscene for its overt sexuality
“I celebrate myself, and sing myself,
And what I assume you shall assume,
For every atom belonging to me as good
belongs to you”
22. Thomas
Stearns
Eliot
• a British, American-born essayist, publisher,
playwright, literary and social critic.
• Known for his poem The Hollow Men (1925)
which is concerned most with post-WorldWar
I Europe.
• Stephen King’sThe DarkTower series makes
numerous references toThe Hollow Men.
“This is the way the world ends
This is the way the world ends
This is the way the world ends
Not with a bang but a whimper.”
23. Samuel
Langhorne
Clemens
• Better known by his pen name, MarkTwain.
• An American author and humorist. He wrote
The Adventures ofTom Sawyer (1876) and its
sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885),
the latter often called "The Great American
Novel".
24. Emily
Dickinson
• An American poet. Dickinson was born in
Amherst, Massachusetts.
• “MUCH madness is divinest sense
To a discerning eye ;
Much sense the starkest madness.
'T is the majority
In this, as all, prevails.
Assent, and you are sane ;
Demur, — you're straightway dangerous,
And handled with a chain.”
26. Nelle
Harper Lee
• an American novelist widely known forTo Kill
a Mockingbird, published in 1960. Immediately
successful, it won the 1961 Pulitzer Prize and
has become a classic of modernAmerican
literature.Though Lee had only published this
single book, in 2007 she was awarded the
Presidential Medal of Freedom for her
contribution to literature.
• She passed away on the 19th of February
2016.
27. John
Steinbeck
• an American author of twenty-seven books,
including sixteen novels, six non-fiction
books, and five collections of short stories.
• Widely known for his award-winning work,
The Grapes ofWrath (1939).
“How can you frighten a man whose hunger is
not only in his own cramped stomach but in the
wretched bellies of his children?You can't scare
him – he has known a fear beyond every other.”
- Chapter 19,The Grapes ofWrath
28. Norman
Mailer
• an American novelist, journalist, essayist, playwright,
film-maker, actor and political activist.
• His best-known work was widely considered to be The
Executioner's Song, which was published in 1979, and
for which he won one of his two Pulitzer Prizes. In
addition to the Pulitzer Prize, his bookArmies of the
Night was awarded the National BookAward.
• In his analysis of The Executioner's Song, critic Mark
Edmundson said that
"from the point where Gilmore decides that he is willing
to die, he takes on a certain dignity [...] Gilmore has
developed something of a romantic faith. Gilmore's
effort, from about the time he enters prison, is to
conduct himself so that he can die what he would
himself credit as a 'good death.'"
29. Francis
Scott Key
Fitzgerald
• an American novelist and short story writer,
whose works are the paradigmatic writings of
the JazzAge.
• Best known for his work, The Great Gatsby
(1925).
Therefore, its literary tradition begins as linked to the broader tradition of English literature. However, unique American characteristics and the breadth of its production usually now cause it to be considered a separate path and tradition.
A puritan wife… and as a proper Purtian wife, she was quickly to assert the authority to men.
Thomas Paine was known as a corsetmaker by trade, a journalist by profession, and a propagandist by inclination.
The writer of one of my favorite poems of all time, Annabel Lee
is the last complete poem[1] composed by American author Edgar Allan Poe. Like many of Poe's poems, it explores the theme of the death of a beautiful woman.[2] The narrator, who fell in love with Annabel Lee when they were young, has a love for her so strong that even angels are envious. He retains his love for her even after her death. There has been debate over who, if anyone, was the inspiration for "Annabel Lee". Though many women have been suggested, Poe's wife Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe is one of the more credible candidates. Written in 1849, it was not published until shortly after Poe's death that same year.
Dark romanticism (often conflated with Gothicism) is a literary subgenre of Romanticism. From its very inception in the late eighteenth century, Romanticism's celebration of euphoria and sublimity had been dogged by an equally intense fascination with melancholia, insanity, crime, the grotesque and the irrational. The name “Dark Romanticism” was given to this form by the literary theorist Mario Praz in his lengthy study of the genre published in 1930, ‘’The Romantic Agony’’
This last line alludes to, amongst some talk of war, the actual end of the Gunpowder Plot mentioned at the beginning: not with its planned bang, but with Guy Fawkes's whimper, as he was caught, tortured and executed on the gallows
Twain was raised in Hannibal, Missouri, which later provided the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer.
His two books were made into a movie adaptation entitles Tom Sawyer & Huckleberry Finn back in 2014.
Assent – expression of approval or agreement
Demur - the action or process of objecting to or hesitating over something.
depicts the events related to the execution of Gary Gilmore for murder by the state of Utah. It was a finalist for the 1980 National Book Award.[2] The title of the book may be a play on "The Lord High Executioner's Song" from Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado. "The Executioner's Song" is also the title of a poem by Mailer, published in Fuck You magazine in September 1964 and reprinted in Cannibals and Christians (1966).
Notable for its portrayal of Gilmore and the anguish generated by the murders he committed, the book was central to the national debate over the revival of capital punishment by the Supreme Court. Gilmore was the first person to be executed in the United States since the re-instatement of the death penalty in 1976.
The Jazz Age was a period in the 1920s, ending with the Great Depression, in which jazz music and dance styles became popular, mainly in the United States, but also in Britain, France and elsewhere. Jazz originated in New Orleans as a fusion of African and European music and played a significant part in wider cultural changes in this period, and its influence on pop culture continued long afterwards. The Jazz Age is often referred to in conjunction with the Roaring Twenties.
The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional town of West Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922. The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession for the beautiful former debutante Daisy Buchanan. Considered to be Fitzgerald's magnum opus, The Great Gatsby explores themes of decadence, idealism, resistance to change, social upheaval, and excess, creating a portrait of the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties that has been described as a cautionary tale regarding the American Dream