This document provides an overview of computer hardware and software. It defines a computer as an electronic device that processes data and produces information. The document then outlines the major components of computer hardware, including the CPU, motherboard, RAM, and ROM. It also discusses different types of memory and input/output devices. The document concludes by describing system software like operating systems and different programming paradigms such as procedural and object-oriented programming.

1. INTRODUCTION

2. AGENDA
INTRODUCTION
HARDWARE
TYPES OF HARDWARE
SOFTWARE
TYPES OF SOFTWARE

3. INTRODUCTION
• A COMPUTER is an electronic device that accept data
and process data arithmetically and logically, produce
information.
• It is divided into two main categories
Hardware
Software

4. Neumann Architecture

5. HARDWARE
Hardware is the physical aspect of computers,
telecommunications and other devices.
Computer hardware includes CPU, RAM, Motherboard, graphic
cards, sound card.
It includes not only the computer but also cables, connectors,
power supply units, and peripheral devices such as keyboards,
mouse, audio speakers and printers.

6. • The term hardware distinguishes the tangible aspects of a computing device
from software which consists of written, machine-readable instructions
or programs that tell physical components what to do and when to execute
the instructions.
• Hardware and software are complementary.
• Hardware can be categorized as being either internal or external.

7. INTERNAL HARDWARE
• Internal hardware is also called components. Internal components
collectively process or store the instructions delivered by the program
or operating system.
 CPU
Motherboard
RAM
ROM

8. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
It is brain of computer.
Its clock speed determines the computer's performance and efficiency
in processing data.
Most of calculations take place here
Two components of CPU are:
Arithmetic logic unit
Control unit

9. Motherboard
• It is the main circuit board of microcomputer,
• It contains the CPU, Memory, expansion slots and
all the controllers required to control standard
hardware device

10. Memory

11. RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY(RAM)
• Random access memory (RAM) is the hardware in a
computing device that provides temporary storage for the
operating system (OS), software programs and any other
data.
• RAM is often referred to as a computer's main memory.
• It is also referred to as primary memory.

12. Cont..
• RAM is faster to read and write than secondary storage.

13. Cont..
• The term random access or direct access as it
applies to RAM is based on the facts that any
storage location can be accessed directly via its
memory address and that access can be random.
• RAM is physically small and stored in microchips
which plug into slots in computer’s motherboard.

14. Cont..
• RAM are volatile. They lose data if the power is
turned off.
• Random access memory can hold only a limited
amount of data, much less than secondary storage
such as an SSD or HDD

15. • If RAM fills up and additional data is needed, the system must
free up space in RAM for the new data. This process might
involve moving data temporarily to secondary storage, often
by swapping or paging.
• RAM is a computer's short-term memory, where the data that the
processor is currently using is stored

16. Types of RAM
• RAM comes in two primary forms:
DRAM
SRAM
• DRAM
DRAM is typically used for a computer's main memory, needs continuous power to
retain stored data. DRAM is cheaper than SRAM and offers a higher density, but it
produces more heat, consumes more power and is not as fast as SRAM.

17. SRAM
• SRAM will hold its data permanently in the presence of power,
while data in DRAM decays in seconds and thus must be
periodically refreshed
• SRAM is faster than DRAM but it is more expensive in terms of
silicon area and cost.
• SRAM is typically used for the cache and internal registers of
a CPU while DRAM is used for a computer's main memory.

18. Difference between SRAM & DRAM

19. READ ONLY MEMORY
• ROM is a non-volatile memory.
• Information stored in ROM is permanent.
• Information and programs stored on it, we can only read and cannot
modified.
• Information and programs are stored on ROM in binary format.
• It is used in the start-up process of the computer.

20. ROM

21. RAM vs. ROM

22. INPUT DEVICES
Ad closed by
• An input device is a hardware device that transfers data to a computer system
and allows us to control it.
• Computer input devices serve as an interface between the outside world and
the computer for proper communication.

23. Characteristics of INPUT device
• Input device allow information to be entered into the computer system in
different formats, like audio, image, text, etc.
• Input device translate the information provided by the user into machine
readable form.
• It is a part of the hardware of computer and can be connected through wire
or wireless.
• To use the computer, Input device is necessary to enter data and input device
is easy to use.

24. Different Types of Input Devices
• KEYBOARD
• MOUSE
• JOYSTICK
• LIGHTPEN

25. KEYBOARD
• For entering data into a computer the keyboard is the most
common and commonly used input device. It contains various
keys for entering letters, numbers, and characters.. It is generally
available in two different sizes 101/102 keys and for Windows
and the Internet, it is also available with 104 keys or 108 keys. It is
connected to a computer system with the help of a USB or
a Bluetooth device

26. keys
• Numeric Keys: These keys are used to enter numeric data and move the cursor. It is
typically made up of 17 keys.
• Keyboard Shortcuts: These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and the number keys (09).
• Control Keys: The pointer and the screen are controlled by these keys. It comes with four
directional arrow keys. Control keys include Home, End, Insert, Alternate(Alt), Delete,
Control(Ctrl), and Escape.
• Special Keys: Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, NumLk, Tab, and Print Screen are some of the
special function keys on the keyboard.
• Function Keys: The 12 keys from F1 to F12 are on the topmost row of the keyboard.

27. MOUSE
• The mouse is the most used pointing device. While clicking and dragging, the
mouse moves a little cursor across the screen.
• . It was invented in 1963 by Douglas C. Engelbart.
• A mouse is used to move the cursor on the screen in the desired direction.
• A mouse allows users to choose files, folders, or multiple files or text or, all at
once.
• A mouse can be used to open a file, folder, etc. You must first move your
pointer to a file, folder, and then double-click on it to open

28. Generally, the mouse is of four types
• Trackball Mouse
• Mechanical Mouse
• Optical Mouse
• Wireless Mouse

29. JOYSTICK
• A pointing device used to move the cursor around the screen
is the joystick. Both the bottom and top ends of the stick
have a spherical ball affixed to them. A socket contains the
lower spherical ball.
• It’s utilized to regulate the cursor’s position across a display screen.
• It’s utilized in computer games to move the characters and symbols around.
• It commonly features one or more push buttons, the condition of which can be
controlled by the computer as well.

31. LIGHT PEN
• A light pen is a pointing device that has the appearance
of a pen. It can be used to draw on the monitor screen or
to pick a menu item. In a small tube, a photocell and an
optical system are housed. The photocell sensor element
determines the screen location and sends a signal to the
CPU when the tip of a light pen is moved across a
monitor screen while the pen button is pressed.
•

32. Characteristics of Light Pen
• When drawing graphics, a light pen comes in very handy.
• Objects on the display screen are selected with a light
pen.

33. SCANNER
• A scanner is a type of input device that works in the same way as
a photocopier. It’s used when there’s data on paper that needs to
be transferred to the computer’s hard disc for further processing.
The scanner collects images from the source and translates them
to a digital version that can be saved on the hard disks. These
graphics can be changed before they are printed.

34. Types of scanner
• Generally, the scanner is of four types:
• Flatbed Scanner
• Handheld Scanner
• Sheetfed Scanner
• Drum Scanner

36. Optical Character Recognition
• OCR stands for Optical Character Recognition . OCR is a computer reading
technique that reads numbers, characters, and symbols. OCR is a technique
for recognizing text in documents that have been scanned into digital form.
Optical character recognition (OCR) refers to a device that reads printed
text. Character by character, OCR scans the text, converts it to a machine-
readable code, and saves it into the memory of the system. OCR also
functions as a scanner, scanning documents, photos, images, and handwritten
text and storing the information in memory, which may then be compared to
previously stored data.

37. Cont..
• OCR stands for "Optical Character Recognition." It is a technology that
recognizes text within a digital image. It is commonly used to recognize text
in scanned documents and images. OCR software can be used to convert a
physical paper document, or an image into an accessible electronic version
with text

38. Barcode Reader
• A bar code reader is a device that reads bar-coded data. To label things,
number books, and so on, bar-coded data is often utilized. It could be a
standalone scanner or a component of one. A barcode reader is a device that
reads barcodes and extracts data from them. The code bar is used to read the
bar code printed on any goods. By impacting light beams on barcode lines, a
barcode reader identifies existing data in barcodes.

39. Web Camera
• A webcam is an input device since it records a video image of the scene in
front of it. It can either be incorporated inside the computer (for example, a
laptop) or connected via USB. A webcam is a small digital video camera that
is connected to a computer. Because it can capture pictures and record video,
it’s also known as a web camera.

40. Graphic Tablets
• A graphics tablet, also known as a digitizing tablet, is a computer input
device that allows users to draw drawings and graphics by hand, much like
they would with a pencil and paper. A graphics tablet is a flat surface on
which the user can draw a picture with the help of an attached stylus, which
is a pen-like drawing device.

41. CHARACTERSTIC
• The graphics tablet is a pressure-sensitive tablet that is controlled by a pen.
• Drawing, writing, inserting, etc. can be done with the pen.
• It provides more precision and the ability to monitor (than a touchscreen).

43. Touchscreen
• A touchscreen is a type of input device that allows users to interact with a
digital display by directly touching the screen’s surface. It enables the user to
perform various actions, such as selecting options, typing on a virtual
keyboard, drawing, or manipulating objects, by physically touching the
screen.

44. OUTPUT DEVICES
• An output device is a hardware component of a computer system that
displays information to users. Monitor, Printer, Speakers Headphones,
Projector, GPS and Plotter are some output devices of computer.
• An output device is a computer hardware device that retrieves and presents
the result of the inserted input data from the computer system and further
translates that data into human-understandable language.

45. EXAMPLES
• Monitor
• Printer
• Speakers
• Headphones
• Projector
• GPS
• Plotter

46. MONITOR
The most general example of an output device is a monitor. It is also known as
a Visual Display Unit (VDU) and the major function of a monitor is to display
the processed data like images, videos, text, audio, etc. A monitor arranges the
microscopic dots known as pixels in a rectangular pattern to make images. The
number of pixels present determines the sharpness of an image.

47. PRINTER
• Printers are another common example of Output devices. Printers primarily
operate by producing a copy, typically a hard copy or Xerox copy, of the
information transmitted by the computer. The printer receives electronic
data from the computers and produces a hard copy of the processed data.
Printers are divided into two categories which are Impact Printer and Non-
Impact printer

48. EXAMPLES
• Dot matrix printer
• Daisy wheel printer
• Line printer
• Chain printer
• Laser printer
• Inkjet printer.

49. PROJECTOR
• The projector is an output device that receives images from a computer and
allows users to project their output onto a large area, such as a screen or a
wall.

50. GPS
• GPS or Global Positioning System (GPS) is a radio-based satellite navigation
system that consists of a network of multiple satellites. GPS uses radio
signals to pinpoint a specific location. The user sends a radio signal to the
satellites, which collect data such as time, location, speed, and other variables
and deliver it to the reception computer for analysis.

51. Plotter
• A plotter is a type of output device that is used to produce high-quality
graphics, drawings, or large-format images. Plotters are commonly used in
engineering, architecture, design, and other industries that require accurate
and detailed graphical representations

52. Software
• In a computer system the software is basically a set of instructions or
commands that tell a computer what to do.
• Software refers to a collection of instructions, programs, data, and
documentation that performs various tasks on a computer system or
electronic device. It is intangible and consists of code written in
programming languages that control the behaviour of hardware components.
Software can be categorized into different types based on its functionality,
such as operating systems, application software, utility software, and system
software.

53. Types of software

54. System software
• System software is a software that manages and controls computer’s
hardware and provides basic services to higher level software.
• Operating system is most important type of software as they provide
foundation framework for all other software.
• It acts as an intermediary between user and computer hardware allowing user
to interact with hardware and use various applications and programs.

55. • Operating Systems (OS): The most crucial piece of system software, the operating system
manages hardware resources, provides a user interface, and supports software applications.
Examples include Windows, macOS, Linux, Unix, and Android.
• Device Drivers: These software components enable communication between the operating
system and specific hardware devices, such as printers, graphics cards, or network adapters.
• Firmware: This is software that is embedded into hardware devices, providing low-level
control over their functionalities. Firmware is typically stored in non-volatile memory and is
responsible for initializing hardware components during the boot process.
.

56. • Utility Programs: These are programs that perform specific tasks related to
system management, maintenance, and optimization. Examples include disk
defragmenters, antivirus software, backup tools, and system diagnostic
utilities.
• Language Translators: Compilers and interpreters are system software that
translates high-level programming languages into machine code that the
computer's hardware can understand and execute. Examples include
compilers for languages like C, C++, Java, and Python.

57. Operating system
• An operating system is a program that manages computer
hardware .It also provide basis for application program
and act as an intermediary between computer user and
the computer hardware.
• A computer system can be divided roughly into four
components the hardware , the operating system, the
application programs and the users .

58. • The hardware consist of Central Processing unit, the memory, and
input output device they s-provides the basic computing resources
for the system.
• The application programs such as word processors/ spreadsheets/
compilers, and Web browsers-define the ways in which these
resources are used to solve users' computing problems. The
operating system controls the hardware and coordinates its use
among the various application programs for the various users

59. Cont..

60. • We can also view a computer system as consisting of hardware/
software/ and data. The operating system provides the means for
proper use of these resources in the operation of the computer
system. An operating system is similar to a government. Like a
government, it performs no useful function by itself. It simply
provides an environment within which other programs can do
useful work.

61. Functions of operating system
• RESOURCE ALLOCATOR:
A computer system has many resources that may be required to
solve a problem: CPU time, memory space, file-storage space,
I/0 devices, and so on. The operating system acts as the
manager of these resources.
The operating system must decide how to allocate them to
specific programs and users so that it can operate the computer
system efficiently and fairly.

62. Procedure Oriented Programming
• COBOL, FORTRAN & C are known as
procedure oriented programming.
• In POP problem is viewed as sequence of things
like reading, calculating etc
• A number of functions are written to accomplish
these task.

63. • Emphasis is on doing things(algorithms).
• Large programs are divided into smaller programs known as functions.
• Most of the functions share global data.
• Data move openly around the system from function to function.
• Functions transform data from one form to another.
• Employs top down down approach in program design

65. OOP
• Emphasis is on data rather than procedure.
• Programs are divided into objects
• Functions that operate on data of an object are tied together in data structure.
• Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions.
• Objects may communicate with each other through functions.
• New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary.
• Follows bottom up approach.

67. Introduction to C++
• C++ is one of the most popular programming languages. It used to create high-
performance applications like YouTube, Google, MySql,Spotify.
• C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustup, an extension to C language.
• C++ invented in 1979 but its first version released to public at 1983.
• C++ is an object-oriented programming language

68. Elements of OOPs
• Object
• Classes
• Encapsulation
• Data Abstraction
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Dynamic Binding
• Message Passing

69. Features of OOPs

70. Objects
• Oops uses objects as its fundamental building blocks.
• Objects are the basic run time entities
• Object is associated with data and function which define
meaningful operations in that object.
• Object is a real world entity
• Object is an instance of a particular class.
• Object take up space in memory and have associated address.

71. Object

72. Object

73. Class

74. Classes
• It is similar to structure in C
• Classes is a user defined data type.
• It holds own data members and member function.
• Classes can be accessed and used only by instance of that
class.
• It is basically blueprint for object.

75. Encapsulation
• The wrapping up of data and function into a single unit called class and
keeps them safe from external interference and misuse.
• It helps in hiding implementational details.
• Access specifiers like private, public ,protected are used to control visibility
of class members.

76. Abstraction
• It is most essential feature of OOPs.
• Abstraction means displaying only essential information and hiding details.
• It enables code reuse by avoiding code duplication.
• It enhances software security by making only necessary information available
to the users.

77. Inheritance
• The capability of a class to derive properties and characterstic
from another class is called inheritance.
• Sub Class: The class that inherits properties from another class is
called Sub Class or Derived Class.
• Super Class : The class whose properties are inherited by a sub-
class is called Base Class or Superclass.
• Inheritance support the concept of “Reusability”.

78. Example

80. Difference between C& C++
C
1. C is a POP
2. Top down Approach is used in
programming
3. In C, no concept of Polymorphism
4. Operator overloading is not possible.
5.
C++
1 C++ is an OOP
2 Bottom up approach is used here.
3 In C++ concept of Polymorphism
is important.
4. Operator overloading is not
possible