The digestive system involves breaking down food for absorption. It begins at the mouth and passes through the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines, ending at the anus. The digestive system uses both mechanical and chemical processes to break down food. Mechanical digestion is carried out by the mouth and churning of the stomach and intestines. Chemical digestion involves enzymes secreted by glands that break food into molecules that can be absorbed.
The human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and digestive glands. The alimentary canal runs from the mouth to the anus and contains structures like the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Digestive glands include the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Enzymes and acids in saliva, gastric juice, bile, and pancreatic juice chemically break down food into small molecules that can be absorbed in the small intestine and used by the body.
The document summarizes the key organs and processes of the digestive system. It describes the roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and associated organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The key processes discussed are ingestion, propulsion, digestion, absorption and elimination. Mechanical and chemical digestion are explained along with the enzymes involved at each stage and how nutrients are absorbed and waste eliminated.
The document provides information on the structure and function of the digestive system. It begins with an overview of the basic components of the alimentary canal including the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anal canal, and accessory organs like the liver, pancreas, and bile duct. It then describes the layers of the alimentary canal including the peritoneum, muscle layers, submucosa, and mucosa. Specific structures like the tongue, teeth, stomach, small intestine and large intestine are examined in more detail. The functions of digestion and absorption in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and accessory organs are
The gastrointestinal system is made up of a series of organs that break down food and absorb nutrients. Food is broken down mechanically and chemically by the teeth, tongue, stomach, and enzymes in the saliva, stomach, pancreas and small intestine. The GI tract is a continuous tube extending from the mouth to the anus, composed of four layers. Accessory organs including the liver, gallbladder and pancreas produce bile and enzymes that aid in digestion before nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine and waste is eliminated from the large intestine and rectum. The GI system works through a process of mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, peristalsis to move food through the tract, and absorption of nutrients into circulation.
The document summarizes the process of digestion and absorption in the human digestive system. It describes the stages of digestion that occur in the mouth, stomach, and small and large intestines. It also outlines the roles of digestive glands like the liver, pancreas and salivary glands. Absorption takes place in the small intestine through passive, active and facilitated transport. Disorders like jaundice, vomiting, diarrhea and constipation that can affect the digestive system are also briefly discussed.
The digestive system is composed of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract is a continuous tube extending from the mouth to the anus. It includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The digestive system functions to ingest, digest, absorb, and egest food and liquid. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
The document provides information about the digestive system. It begins with an introduction on the importance of digestion in breaking down foods into molecules that can be absorbed and used by cells. It then describes the key components and functions of the digestive system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and associated organs. The path of digestion from ingestion to absorption is outlined. Finally, the roles and structures of the liver, gallbladder and pancreas in secretion, digestion and absorption are summarized.
The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. It begins with the mouth and oral cavity, which contains teeth for chewing and the tongue for taste. Saliva is produced by three pairs of salivary glands. Food then passes to the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where acids and enzymes begin digestion. The small intestine, including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, continues digestion and absorbs nutrients through villi in the intestinal mucosa. The large intestine, including the cecum, colon and rectum, absorbs water before waste is excreted.
The human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and digestive glands. The alimentary canal runs from the mouth to the anus and contains structures like the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Digestive glands include the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Enzymes and acids in saliva, gastric juice, bile, and pancreatic juice chemically break down food into small molecules that can be absorbed in the small intestine and used by the body.
The document summarizes the key organs and processes of the digestive system. It describes the roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and associated organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The key processes discussed are ingestion, propulsion, digestion, absorption and elimination. Mechanical and chemical digestion are explained along with the enzymes involved at each stage and how nutrients are absorbed and waste eliminated.
The document provides information on the structure and function of the digestive system. It begins with an overview of the basic components of the alimentary canal including the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anal canal, and accessory organs like the liver, pancreas, and bile duct. It then describes the layers of the alimentary canal including the peritoneum, muscle layers, submucosa, and mucosa. Specific structures like the tongue, teeth, stomach, small intestine and large intestine are examined in more detail. The functions of digestion and absorption in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and accessory organs are
The gastrointestinal system is made up of a series of organs that break down food and absorb nutrients. Food is broken down mechanically and chemically by the teeth, tongue, stomach, and enzymes in the saliva, stomach, pancreas and small intestine. The GI tract is a continuous tube extending from the mouth to the anus, composed of four layers. Accessory organs including the liver, gallbladder and pancreas produce bile and enzymes that aid in digestion before nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine and waste is eliminated from the large intestine and rectum. The GI system works through a process of mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, peristalsis to move food through the tract, and absorption of nutrients into circulation.
The document summarizes the process of digestion and absorption in the human digestive system. It describes the stages of digestion that occur in the mouth, stomach, and small and large intestines. It also outlines the roles of digestive glands like the liver, pancreas and salivary glands. Absorption takes place in the small intestine through passive, active and facilitated transport. Disorders like jaundice, vomiting, diarrhea and constipation that can affect the digestive system are also briefly discussed.
The digestive system is composed of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract is a continuous tube extending from the mouth to the anus. It includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The digestive system functions to ingest, digest, absorb, and egest food and liquid. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
The document provides information about the digestive system. It begins with an introduction on the importance of digestion in breaking down foods into molecules that can be absorbed and used by cells. It then describes the key components and functions of the digestive system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and associated organs. The path of digestion from ingestion to absorption is outlined. Finally, the roles and structures of the liver, gallbladder and pancreas in secretion, digestion and absorption are summarized.
The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. It begins with the mouth and oral cavity, which contains teeth for chewing and the tongue for taste. Saliva is produced by three pairs of salivary glands. Food then passes to the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where acids and enzymes begin digestion. The small intestine, including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, continues digestion and absorbs nutrients through villi in the intestinal mucosa. The large intestine, including the cecum, colon and rectum, absorbs water before waste is excreted.
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by cells in the body. It consists of a digestive tract made up of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Accessory organs that help digestion include salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food is ingested, mechanically and chemically broken down, absorbed, and waste is eliminated in a complex multi-step process involving both the digestive tract and accessory organs.
The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas and gallbladder. The mouth chews food, the stomach acids break it down and the small intestine further breaks it down and absorbs nutrients using enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. The large intestine absorbs water and passes waste to the rectum to be eliminated. Accessory organs like the liver, pancreas and gallbladder produce enzymes and bile to aid digestion.
Essential of the digestive system_physiologynurafiqah123
The digestive system is divided into the alimentary tube and accessory organs. The alimentary tube extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food while chemical digestion uses enzymes to break down molecules. Digestion begins in the mouth and continues through the stomach and small intestine where nutrients are absorbed and transported to the liver before entering circulation. Undigested material then moves to the large intestine where water is absorbed before waste is eliminated.
The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its components and functions. It discusses the mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. It describes the layers of the gastrointestinal tract and control mechanisms. The stomach is highlighted, including its roles in storage, mechanical and chemical processing, and secretion of acids and enzymes. Control of gastric activity through neural, hormonal and local responses is also summarized.
The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
these slides are prepared to understand digestive system IN EASY WAY
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The gastrointestinal tract breaks down food and absorbs nutrients and water. It consists of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The oral cavity breaks food into smaller pieces for further digestion. The stomach acidifies food and the small intestine further breaks down nutrients which are then absorbed. The large intestine absorbs water leaving solid waste to pass through the anus.
Introduction to Gastrointestinal Physiology CUZ.pptxMercyDaka3
The document provides an introduction to gastrointestinal physiology, covering the following key points:
- The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) obtains nutrients from the external environment, breaks down particles, and transfers materials to the blood and cells. It includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
- Accessory organs that aid digestion include the salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
- The four main layers of the GIT wall from lumen to outer layer are the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis layer, and serosa. The mucosa contains villi and glands and absorbs nutrients. Peristalsis is controlled by the muscularis
Digestion is necessary to break down food molecules like proteins, carbs, and fats into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. In the stomach, food is churned by muscles and mixed with gastric juices containing acid and enzymes. The acid and enzyme pepsin break down proteins into peptides and polypeptides, while carbs continue to be broken into simpler sugars. The resulting semi-liquid mass of food particles and gastric juices is called chyme.
The document discusses the human digestive system. It begins with the mouth and ends with the anus. The major organs are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. Accessory organs include the liver, salivary glands, gallbladder and pancreas. The digestive process involves ingestion, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, assimilation and excretion. Food is broken down and nutrients are absorbed and transported to cells to be used for energy and growth.
The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food. It is a long, twisting tube that starts at the mouth and goes through the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus.
The document provides an overview of the main organs and functions of the human digestive system. It describes the process of digestion beginning in the mouth and continuing through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and ending at the anus. Accessory organs that aid digestion such as the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas are also outlined. Each organ's role in breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste is detailed. Common digestive issues are listed and the overall digestive process is reviewed through diagrams and a video.
This document provides an overview of the digestive system and its organs and processes. It describes the organs of the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It explains the roles of these organs and their secretions in physically and chemically breaking down food molecules into smaller absorbable components. Key digestive enzymes and their roles in digesting carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are also summarized.
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body's cells. It has two main components: the gastrointestinal tract and several accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract runs from the mouth to the anus and includes the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Accessory organs that aid digestion include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Digestion is a multi-step process involving mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste.
The digestive system is divided into the alimentary tube and accessory organs. The alimentary tube extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Enzymes produced in various organs help break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. As we age, the digestive system becomes less effective at digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by cells in the body. It consists of a digestive tract made up of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Accessory organs that help digestion include salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food is ingested, mechanically and chemically broken down, absorbed, and waste is eliminated in a complex multi-step process involving both the digestive tract and accessory organs.
The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas and gallbladder. The mouth chews food, the stomach acids break it down and the small intestine further breaks it down and absorbs nutrients using enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. The large intestine absorbs water and passes waste to the rectum to be eliminated. Accessory organs like the liver, pancreas and gallbladder produce enzymes and bile to aid digestion.
Essential of the digestive system_physiologynurafiqah123
The digestive system is divided into the alimentary tube and accessory organs. The alimentary tube extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food while chemical digestion uses enzymes to break down molecules. Digestion begins in the mouth and continues through the stomach and small intestine where nutrients are absorbed and transported to the liver before entering circulation. Undigested material then moves to the large intestine where water is absorbed before waste is eliminated.
The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its components and functions. It discusses the mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. It describes the layers of the gastrointestinal tract and control mechanisms. The stomach is highlighted, including its roles in storage, mechanical and chemical processing, and secretion of acids and enzymes. Control of gastric activity through neural, hormonal and local responses is also summarized.
The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
these slides are prepared to understand digestive system IN EASY WAY
Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU...
CHANEL PLAYLIST-
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HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6
MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm
HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A
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The gastrointestinal tract breaks down food and absorbs nutrients and water. It consists of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The oral cavity breaks food into smaller pieces for further digestion. The stomach acidifies food and the small intestine further breaks down nutrients which are then absorbed. The large intestine absorbs water leaving solid waste to pass through the anus.
Introduction to Gastrointestinal Physiology CUZ.pptxMercyDaka3
The document provides an introduction to gastrointestinal physiology, covering the following key points:
- The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) obtains nutrients from the external environment, breaks down particles, and transfers materials to the blood and cells. It includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
- Accessory organs that aid digestion include the salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
- The four main layers of the GIT wall from lumen to outer layer are the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis layer, and serosa. The mucosa contains villi and glands and absorbs nutrients. Peristalsis is controlled by the muscularis
Digestion is necessary to break down food molecules like proteins, carbs, and fats into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. In the stomach, food is churned by muscles and mixed with gastric juices containing acid and enzymes. The acid and enzyme pepsin break down proteins into peptides and polypeptides, while carbs continue to be broken into simpler sugars. The resulting semi-liquid mass of food particles and gastric juices is called chyme.
The document discusses the human digestive system. It begins with the mouth and ends with the anus. The major organs are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. Accessory organs include the liver, salivary glands, gallbladder and pancreas. The digestive process involves ingestion, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, assimilation and excretion. Food is broken down and nutrients are absorbed and transported to cells to be used for energy and growth.
The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food. It is a long, twisting tube that starts at the mouth and goes through the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus.
The document provides an overview of the main organs and functions of the human digestive system. It describes the process of digestion beginning in the mouth and continuing through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and ending at the anus. Accessory organs that aid digestion such as the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas are also outlined. Each organ's role in breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste is detailed. Common digestive issues are listed and the overall digestive process is reviewed through diagrams and a video.
This document provides an overview of the digestive system and its organs and processes. It describes the organs of the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It explains the roles of these organs and their secretions in physically and chemically breaking down food molecules into smaller absorbable components. Key digestive enzymes and their roles in digesting carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are also summarized.
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body's cells. It has two main components: the gastrointestinal tract and several accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract runs from the mouth to the anus and includes the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Accessory organs that aid digestion include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Digestion is a multi-step process involving mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste.
The digestive system is divided into the alimentary tube and accessory organs. The alimentary tube extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Enzymes produced in various organs help break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. As we age, the digestive system becomes less effective at digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
2. • The digestive system is the collective name
• Describe the alimentary canal, accessory organs and variety
of process
• Prepare food for absorption
• The alimentary canal begins at mouth
• Passes through the thorax, abdomen and pelvis
• End at anus
• The complex of digestive processes gradually breaks down the
foods
• Chemical substances or enzymes effect these
3. Process of Digestion
• The activities in the digestive system can be grouped as
• Ingestion
• This is the process of taking food into the alimentary tract
• Propulsion
• This moves the contents along the alimentary tract
• Digestion consists of
• Mechanical breakdown of food by, e.g. mastication (chewing)
• Chemical digestion of food by enzymes produced by glands
• Absorption
• This is the process by which digested food enter into the blood and lymph
capillaries
• Elimination
• Undigested substances are excreted by the bowel as faeces
4. ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Alimentary tract
• Long tube through which food passes
• Start at mouth and terminates at the anus
• Various Part Include
• Mouth Pharynx
• Oesophagus Stomach
• Small intestine Large intestine
• Rectum Anal canal
• The length of the GI tract is about
5–7 meters
5. Accessory organs
• Various secretions poured by glands in the lining membrane
• Gastric juice by stomach
• Glands situated outside their secretions carry by ducts to
• Include
• 3 Pairs of salivary glands
• Pancreas
• Liver and the biliary tract
• These organs and glands are linked physiologically as well
as anatomically
6. Basic Structure Of The Alimentary Canal
• Alimentary canal follow consistent pattern from the oesophagus
onwards
• Not apply so obviously to mouth and the pharynx
• Modification in structure found for special functions
• The walls of the alimentary tract are formed by four layers of tissue
• Adventitia or Outer covering
• Muscle layer
• Submucosal layer
• Mucosa(Inner lining)
7. • Adventitia (outer covering)
• In thorax it consists of loose fibrous
tissue
• In abdomen it covered to peritoneum
• Peritoneum is the largest serous
membrane
• A closed sac containing a small amount of
serous fluid
• Physical barrier to local spread of
infection
• Consist of two layers
• Parietal layer: Lines the abdominal wall
• Visceral layer: Covers the organs within
the abdominal and pelvic cavities
8. Muscle layer
• Consists of two layers of smooth muscle
• The outer layer arranged longitudinally
• Inner layer encircle the wall of the tube
• Contain blood vessels lymph vessels
• Plexus of sympathetic and parasympathetic
nerves
• Involve in contraction and relaxation
• A waves like pattern of contraction Peristalsis
• Contraction mixes food with the digestive
juices
• Onward movement of the content
• Form valves preventing backflow
10. • Submucosa
• Consists of loose connective tissue with some elastic fibers
• It contain plexuses of
• Blood vessels
• Nerve
• Arterioles
• Venules
• Capillaries
• Nerve plexus
• Sympathetic and parasympathetic
11. Mucosa
Consists of three layers of tissue:
• Mucous membrane
The innermost
Formed by columnar epithelium
Three main functions:
Protection, secretion and absorption
• Lamina propria
Consisting of loose connective tissue
Provide supports contain blood vessel
• Muscularis mucosa
Thin outer layer of smooth muscle
12. Mouth
• Referred to as oral or buccal cavity
• It is a space extends from
• Gums and teeth to the fauces (throat)
• Formed by the
• Cheeks
• Hard and soft palates
• Tongue
• Covered externally by skin
• Internally by a mucous membrane
• Composed of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• Buccinator muscles & connective tissue
13. • Labia surrounding the opening of the mouth
• Orbicularis oris
• labial frenulum
• The oral vestibule is a space b/w cheeks and lips
• Internally by gums and teeth
• Palate separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
• Hard palate form the anterior portion
• Soft palate forms the posterior portion
14. Salivary Glands
• Secrete saliva into the oral cavity
• Keep the mucous membranes pharynx moist
• Cleanse the mouth and teeth
• When food enters the mouth its secretion increases
• Lubricates dissolves and begins the chemical breakdown of the food
• The mucous membrane of the mouth and tongue contains
• many small salivary glands that open directly, or indirectly via
• There are three pairs of major salivary glands
• Parotid
• Submandibular
• Sublingual glands
15. Composition of Saliva
• Chemically, saliva is 99.5% water and 0.5% solutes
• Immunoglobulin A, the lysozyme and salivary amylase
• Chloride ions in the saliva activate salivary amylase
• Bicarbonate and phosphate ions buffer acidic foods
• Immunoglobulin A (IgA) prevents attachment of microbes
• Enzyme lysozyme kills bacteria
16. • Salivation
• The secretion of saliva
• Controlled by the autonomic nervous system
• Amounts of saliva secreted daily 1000–1500 ml
• Sympathetic stimulation during stress resulting in dryness of the
mouth
• Impulses from the taste buds to salivary nuclei in the brain stem
• Return to parasympathetic stimulation of facial glossopharyngeal
Functions of saliva
Chemical digestion of polysaccharides
Lubrication of food
Cleansing and lubricating
Non-specific defence
Taste
17. Esophagus
• The esophagus is a collapsible muscular tube
• About 25 cm long
• Lies posterior to the trachea
• Begins at laryngopharynx reach
to stomach
• Esophageal hiatus
• Hiatus hernia
• Having nonkeratinized stratified
squamous epithelium
18. • Near the stomach the mucosa contains mucous glands
• Muscularis of the superior one third skeletal muscle
• Middle portion is mixed
• Lower one third is smooth muscle
Nasopharynx
Hard palate
Soft palate
Uvula
Oropharynx
Epiglottis
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Esophagus
19. • Forms two sphincters
• Upper esophageal sphincter consists of skeletal muscle
• Lower esophageal sphincter of Smooth muscle
• The esophagus secretes mucus and transports food into
stomach
• It does not produce digestive enzymes
• It does not carry on absorption
Lower esophageal
sphincter
20. Stomach
• The stomach is a J-shaped enlargement of the GI tract
• Inferior to the diaphragm
• The stomach connects the esophagus to the duodenum
• Stomach is to serve as a mixing chamber and holding reservoir
• Stomach forces a small quantity of material into the first portion of the
small intestine
• In the stomach, digestion of starch continues, digestion of proteins and
triglycerides begins
• Semisolid bolus is converted to a liquid
• Certain substances are absorbed
• The stomach has four main regions
• Cardia
• Fundus
• Body
• Pylorus
CARDIA
FUNDUS
BODY
PYLORUS
21. • The stomach composed of the same basic layers as the rest of the GI tract
• Mucosa is a layer of simple columnar epithelial cells
• Gastric glands contain three types of exocrine gland cells
• Secrete their products into the stomach lumen:
• Mucous neck cells
• Chief cells
• Parietal cell
• Mucous neck cells secrete mucus
• Parietal cells produce intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid
• Chief cells secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
22. • Gastric juice is secretions of mucous, parietal, and chief cells
• 2000–3000 mL of gastric juice is secreted per day
• Gastric glands include G cell, in the pyloric antrum secretes the hormone
gastrin into the bloodstream
• Muscularis has three layers of smooth muscle
• Outer longitudinal layer
• Middle circular layer
• Inner oblique layer
23. Mechanical and Chemical Digestion in the
Stomach
• Food is converted into chyme
• Foods remain in the fundus for a hour without mixed with gastric juice
• Strongly acidic fluid kills many microbes in food
• Denature protein and its enzymatic digestion of proteins also begins in the
stomach
• Gastric lipase digest lipid
• Small amount of nutrients are absorbed here
24. Small Intestine
• Continuous with the stomach at the pyloric sphincter
• Leads into the large intestine at the ileocaecal valve
• About 5 meters long and lies in the abdominal cavity
• Comprises of three main sections
• Duodenum
• About 25 cm long and curves around the head of the pancreas
Receive secretions from the gall bladder and pancreas
• Jejunum
• The middle section
• About 2 meters long
• Ileum
• Terminal section about 3 meters long
• Ends at the ileocaecal valve
25. • The walls of the small intestine are composed of the four layers
• Peritoneum
• Mesentery
• Double layer of peritoneum
• Attaches the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall
• Mucosa
• The surface area of mucosa increased by villi and microvilli
• They promote mixing of chyme as it passes along
26. Chemical digestion in the small intestine
• When chyme passes to small intestine
• Mixed with pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal juice,
• In the small intestine the digestion of all the nutrients is completed
• Carbohydrates are broken down to monosaccharides
• Proteins are broken down to amino acids
• Fats are broken down to fatty acids and glycerol
• Pancreatic juice
• Pancreatic juice enters the duodenum and consists of
• Water
• Mineral salts
• Enzymes:
• Amylase
• Lipase
• Inactive enzyme precursors:
• Trypsinogen
• Chymotrypsinogen
• Procarboxypeptidase
• Pancreatic juice is alkaline (pH 8)
27. LARGE INTESTINE (COLON)
• Terminal portion of the GI tract
• Overall functions of the large intestine
• Completion of absorption
• Production of certain vitamins
• Formation of feces
• Expulsion of feces from the body
28. • It is about 1.5 m (5 ft) long and 6.5 cm (2.5 in) in diameter
• Extends from the ileum to the anus
• Four major regions of
• Cecum
• Colon
• Rectum
• Anal canal
• Opening from the ileum
guarded by ileocaecal sphincter
• Allows materials from the small
intestine to large intestine
29. • Cecum
• Inferior to the ileocaecal valve
• Small pouch about 6 cm (2.4 in.) long
• Appendix attach to it
• Colon
• Long tube in which the cecum merge
• Divided into
• Ascending
• Transverse
• Descendin
30. • Ascending colon
• Ascends on the right side of the abdomen
• Reaches the inferior surface of the liver
• Transverse colon
• Continuation of the colon across the
abdomen to the left side as
• Curves beneath the inferior end of the
spleen
• Descending colon
• Inferiorly to the level of the iliac crest
• The sigmoid colon
• Near the left iliac crest,
• Projects medially to the midline and
terminates as the rectum
Ileocaecal
sphincter
Cecum
Appendix
Ascending
colon
Descending
colon
Transerve colon
Sigmoid
colon
31. • Rectum
• The last portion
• 20 cm (8 in.) of the GI tract
• Anterior to the sacrum and coccyx
• Anal canal
• The terminal 2–3 cm (1 in.) of the rectum
• The mucous membrane arranged in
longitudinal folds called anal columns
• Anus
• Opening of the anal canal to the exterior
• Guarded by an internal anal sphincter of
smooth muscle and an external anal
sphincter of skeletal muscle
32. Functions of the large intestine, rectum and
anal canal
• Absorption
• Absorption of water continues
• Absorption of mineral salts, vitamins and some drugs
• Microbial activity
• Heavily colonized by certain types of bacteria
• Synthesize vitamin K and folic acid
• Mass movement
• Does not exhibit peristaltic movement
• A strong wave along the transerve colon forcing content to
descending and sigmoid colon known as mass movement
• Often precipitated by the entry of food into the stomach
• This combination of stimulus and response is called the gastrocolic
reflex
33. Defaecation
• When contents of the sigmoid colon enter into the rectum
• Stimulation of nerve endings in its walls by stretch
• Defaecation occurs by reflex
• Pudendal nerve to the external anal sphincter
• is under conscious control
• Defaecation involves
• Involuntary contraction of the muscle of the rectum
• Relaxation of the internal anal sphincter
• Contraction of the abdominal muscles
• Lowering of the diaphragm increase
intra-abdominal pressure