Pharmacology is the branch of pharmaceutical sciences which is concerned with the study of drug or medication action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism
Drug is any substance is intended is used as orally applied a topically for the purpose of used of mitigation, treatment, prevention, cure and Diagnosis of disease and disorder and maintain the good quality of health is known has Drug.
Any substance is important to impart or give the therapeutic activity is known has drug.
Drug is important to prevent the disease and disorder and it can give therapeutic activity.
Drug is important to give Pharmacological response and it act has target site of infection and prevent injury or disease and disorder.
Drug was administered in various routes of administration depending on there types.
presented by: Miss Prajakta D. sawant, Lecturer at Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, radhanagari.
SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY. PHARMACOLOGY AND
TOXICOLOGY(0813).
Definition of social pharmacy, social pharmacy as a discipline, scope of social pharmacy and role of pharmacist in public health, National Health Mission, National rural health mission, National urban health mission
short and simple study on the topic of laxative and purgatives which is very usefull for the student , teachers, as well as health cares peoples. this study is done by the student with the help of teachers
This is an introduction to Pharmacology, which is very helpful for nursing students. This presentation tells about classification, sources, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
Pharmacology is study of the substances which interact with living system by activating or inhibiting normal body processes. It includes physical and chemical properties, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of drugs.
Pharmacology is the branch of pharmaceutical sciences which is concerned with the study of drug or medication action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism
Drug is any substance is intended is used as orally applied a topically for the purpose of used of mitigation, treatment, prevention, cure and Diagnosis of disease and disorder and maintain the good quality of health is known has Drug.
Any substance is important to impart or give the therapeutic activity is known has drug.
Drug is important to prevent the disease and disorder and it can give therapeutic activity.
Drug is important to give Pharmacological response and it act has target site of infection and prevent injury or disease and disorder.
Drug was administered in various routes of administration depending on there types.
presented by: Miss Prajakta D. sawant, Lecturer at Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, radhanagari.
SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY. PHARMACOLOGY AND
TOXICOLOGY(0813).
Definition of social pharmacy, social pharmacy as a discipline, scope of social pharmacy and role of pharmacist in public health, National Health Mission, National rural health mission, National urban health mission
short and simple study on the topic of laxative and purgatives which is very usefull for the student , teachers, as well as health cares peoples. this study is done by the student with the help of teachers
This is an introduction to Pharmacology, which is very helpful for nursing students. This presentation tells about classification, sources, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
Pharmacology is study of the substances which interact with living system by activating or inhibiting normal body processes. It includes physical and chemical properties, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of drugs.
General Pharmacology Lecture Slides on introduction to Pharmacology by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
3. The word pharmacology is derived
from the Greek words pharmacon
(drug or poison) and logos (science).
Pharmacology deals with the fate
and actions of drugs at various
levels (molecular, cellular,
organ, and whole body)
in any animal species.
4. 1. Pharmacodynamics − how
the drugs act on the body?
2. Pharmacokinetics − how
the body act on the drugs?
3. Drug Indications and Application
4. Drug Interactions
5. Unwanted (adverse) effects
Object of Pharmacology
6. Pharmacology is the base
of Pharmacotherapeutics
(the treatment of diseases
with drugs).
It overlaps extensively with
pharmacy − the science of
drug production.
17. William Osler (1849 – 1919)
,,Good humour ...
helps enormously
both in the study
and practice of
medicine.”
18. Rauwolfia serpentina
•Ajmaline
•Reserpine (1948)
In 1920’s − discovery of Insulin
and vitamins
In 1930’s − modern anaesthetics
In 1940’s − penicillins
In 1950’s − antihypertensive drugs
In 1960’s − neuroleptics
In 1970’s − H2-blockers,
antiasthmatics
In 1980’s − immunosuppressive
and antiviral drugs
19. Atropa
belladonna L.
(Deadly night shade)
Radix
Belladonnae:
(cura bulgara)
– atropine
Belladonna alkaloids have been empirically used for
treatment of PD in 1920s in Bulgaria by Ivan Raev.
20. The
founders
of the Dept.
of Pharmaco-
logy (1945),
Faculty of
Medicine −
SofiaProf. P. Nikolov
(1894−1990)
• D. lanata
• A. belladonna
Prof. D. Paskov
(1914−1986)
• Galantamine
• Aminopyridine
Morbus
Alzheimeri
22. 4. DRUGS
“One of the features which is thought
to distinguish man from other animals
is his desire to take medicine“.
Sir William Osler (1849 – 1919)
23. The drugs are chemical substances which
are applied to or introduced into a living
organism to treat, prevent or diagnose of
diseases, and as well as to change some
physiological functions (e.g. reproduction).
24. − 50% of Drugs have
synthetic or SS origin.
− 25% are received from plants
and they include:
• alkaloids,
• glycosides,
• vitamins,
• bioflavonoids, etc.
25. Drug nomenclature
• Chemical name
• INN (“generic name”) or
official, resp. approved names,
(in USA: Adopted Name – USAN)
(in UK: BAN – British Approved Name)
• Proprietary name
(manufacturer’s trade name™
or registered name®
)
35. Animal
toxicity
• subacute toxicity (lasts 14 or 28 days)
• chronical toxicity (lasts 3 or 6 months)
• mutagenicity, carcinogenicity
• reproductive studies (teratogenicity)
• acute toxicity (after a single dose within
a 24-hour period which determines
median lethal dose – LD50)
36. • 84% were rats and mice
• 11% fish, birds and reptiles
• 3% rabbits and ferrets
• 1% sheep, cows and pigs
• 0.5% dogs and cats
• 0.14% monkeys (not for over 12 years!)
37. •49% for development of new drugs
•20% for fundamental biological
and medical research
These animals are used:
40. Human pharmacology
(Phase I)
This is the first administration
of a drug to humans and it
usually follows the completion
of pharmacological and toxi-
cological studies in animals.
41. The investigational drug is
given to 12−15 healthy
volunteers first in single,
increasing doses, and then by
multiple administration to
cover the range of therapeutic
use. These studies are conducted
to obtain data of safety (the range
of dose) and kinetics only.
43. •A common rule is to begin with
one-fifth or one-tenth of the
maximum tolerated dose
(mg/kg) in the most sensitive
animal species.
44. Initial clinical trials
(Phase II)
This is the first administration
of a drug to patients.
The investigational drug is
given to 150 – 500 patients.
45. Elimination of drug should be
assessed, because patients may
metabolize it differently than
healthy subjects do.
In this phase the efficacy of the
investigational drug can be compared
with placebo (dosage form without
active substance but with the same
flavour, mode, appearance).
46. The placebo effect is a psychogenic
effect. Drugs for treatment of asthma,
duodenal ulcer, arterial hypertension
have a high placebo effect.
Clinical trials with placebo
are forbidden if the potential
drug has antimicrobial, antidia-
betic, or antineoplastic activity.
47. Comparative clinical trials
(Phase III)
The investigational drug is
given to 1000 or more patients
to provide data permitting
statistical evaluations of the
drug’s efficacy and safety.
48. The studies include double-blind,
randomized controlled clinical
trials. The efficacy of a new agent
must be compared with famous
drugs. If there are advantages,
the manufacturer can file a
Drug Submission with the
Regulatory Agency for permission
to market the new drug.
49. •USA: Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
•UK: Medicines Control Agency (MCA)
•Bulgaria: Bulgarian Drug Agency (BDA)
www.bda.bg; hot line: (02) 944 16 36
Regulatory
Drug Agency
50. Post marketing control
(Phase IV)
•Standard of Productions (purity,
efficacy, safety)
•Packing, labeling, advertising
•Scheduling of drugs, to indicate
how to use and prescribe.
51. Post marketing control
also includes control for:
•Unwanted effects
•Drug interactions
•New therapeutic
effects (example
with Aspirin®
)
56. Drugs for rare diseases –
the so-called orphan drugs can be
difficult to research, develop,
and market. It is very expensive.
Since 1983, the FDA has
approved for marketing 268
orphan drugs to treat more
than 82 rare diseases.
57. THE MAIN APPROACHES
OF DRUG DISCOVERY
AND DEVELOPMENT ARE:
1. Irrational Approach. It involves emperical
observations of the pharmacological effects
from screening of many chemical compounds,
mainly those from natural products.
58. 2. Rational Approach. It requires three-
dimensional knowledge of the target structure
involved in the disease. Drugs are designed
to interact with this target’s structures to
create a beneficial response.
3. Antisense Therapy requires the modifications
to oligonucleotides that can bind to RNA and
DNA. The antisense drugs stop transcriptional
(from DNA) or translocational (from RNA)
pathways which participate in the pathogenesis of
disease (e.g. antimetabolic drugs and cancer).
59. 4.Biologics. These are protein-based drugs in
the form of antibodies, vaccines and cytokines.
5.Gene Therapy. Its aim is to replace or insert
a diseased gene. The diseased gene is taken
out from the patient, fixed outside the body (ex
vivo) and then reinserted back into the body. In
the case of a missing gene, a copy of a new gene is
inserted into the patients. This is a hot new topic
that raises many ethical considerations to resolve.
6.Stem Cell Therapy: the aim is to grow body parts
to replace defective human organs and nerves.
64. The Swiss Anti-PowerPoint Party has been founded
to ban to use of PP. According to the APPP, the use of
presentation software costs the Swiss economy US
$2.5 billion annually, while across the whole of Europe,
presentation software causes an economic loss of US
$160 billion. APPP bases its calculations on unverified
assumptions about the number of employees attending
presentations each week, and supposes that 85% of
those employees see no purpose in the presentations.
The Swiss Anti-PowerPoint Party has been founded
to ban to use of PP. According to the APPP, the use of
presentation software costs the Swiss economy US
$2.5 billion annually, while across the whole of Europe,
presentation software causes an economic loss of US
$160 billion. APPP bases its calculations on unverified
assumptions about the number of employees attending
presentations each week, and supposes that 85% of
those employees see no purpose in the presentations.
Anti-PowerPoint PartyAnti-PowerPoint Party
76. Integrative medicine is the combination of the
practices and methods of alternative medicine
with conventional medicine. The term is
relatively recent, and is mainly promoted by
proponents of alternative therapies in the west.
Some universities and hospitals have
departments of integrative medicine.
Integrative medicine is the combination of the
practices and methods of alternative medicine
with conventional medicine. The term is
relatively recent, and is mainly promoted by
proponents of alternative therapies in the west.
Some universities and hospitals have
departments of integrative medicine.
Integrative medicineIntegrative medicine