The article deals with studying the interconnection of industries associated with the construction
complex. Construction is presented as a system comprising industries, which includes engineering industry,
mineral resource industry, transport industry, metallurgy industry. Based on the model of intersectoral balance,
the author establishes the impact of the change of productionmatrix on the ratio of components of vectors of the
gross production and the final production.
This document analyzes the processes of polarization and agglomeration to explain their mechanisms and causes and identify similarities and differences. Both processes aim to explain the concentration of economic activity and population in certain areas through cumulative phenomena, but from different perspectives: polarization focuses on economic development while agglomeration has a spatial perspective. The document outlines the theoretical foundations and models of each process and compares their key assumptions and differences.
This document summarizes a thesis that analyzes the Beveridge Curve at multiple levels. Chapter I provides a theoretical introduction to the Beveridge Curve. Chapter II analyzes the Beveridge Curve for 19 OECD countries from 1980 to 2004, investigating the effects of technological progress and globalization. Chapter III analyzes the Italian regional Beveridge Curves from 1992 to 2009, examining the impact of atypical jobs on matching efficiency and spatial interdependence between regions. The author uses various econometric techniques to estimate dynamic panel models and test for shifts in the Beveridge Curve due to institutional variables, globalization, and technological progress.
This paper analyzes the impact of high-end and low-end productive service agglomeration on
China's urban total factor productivity using panel data from 261 cities in China from 2003 to 2017, and divides
the country into three parts:
This document presents a decomposition method for analyzing changes in a country or industry's labor share over time. The method distinguishes between two factors influencing labor share changes: 1) Changes within individual continuing plants from period to period; and 2) Microstructural changes in the industry/country due to some plants gaining market share while others lose market share. The document applies this decomposition method to longitudinal plant-level data from Finland's manufacturing sector over 30 years to examine how globalization has impacted labor shares through its effects on productivity and wages at the plant level.
Global Production Sharing: Patterns, Determinants and Macroeconomic implicationsanucrawfordphd
This document discusses global production sharing and its determinants based on economic theory and empirical evidence. It begins with defining global production sharing as the splitting of production processes across countries to take advantage of cost differences. It then reviews the literature on theories of global production sharing and models how factors like technology, institutions, infrastructure and macroeconomic stability can impact the costs of linking global production blocks. The document outlines an empirical model to test the determinants of network trade and parts/components exports using a gravity model framework. It finds that technology, institutions, infrastructure and macroeconomic stability significantly influence the level of global production sharing between countries.
HERE OR THERE? AN APPRAISAL OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION FACTORS IN GOMBE METROPOLI...John1Lorcan
The apple of discord among location theorists and stakeholders in the industrial sector has been where
best to site an industry. This led to the promulgation of theories and policies to provide a blueprint for the
establishment of industries. In spite of the significance of industrial location discourse, Gombe in North
East Nigeria did not feature in these decades of intellectual postulations. This is not due to absence of
industries in the five decades covered by this study, but rather absence of research on the theme in Gombe.
To fill this apparent gap, this paper used both primary and secondary sources. The objective is to give a
historical synopsis of the factors and the dilemma that characterized industrial location decisions in
Gombe. The result shows that infrastructure such as the railway, road, water and electricity exerted varied
influence in the location of industries such as Gombe Oil Mill, Landa Sack factory and Niko Plastic
industries among others. However, the paper identifies proximity to market as a major factor of location
and government played a central role in determining where an industry should be sited. The paper finally
recommends a holistic approach to industrial location where all stakeholders are involved so as to cushion
the effects of poor choice of location and by implication, tame degenerative industrialization.
Developments in measuring the “creative” workforceAsliza Hamzah
Author By :
Stuart Cunningham
ARC Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, Queensland University of Technology,
Brisbane, Australia
Entrepreneurial location strategic trend for region development - article ...NOELIO DANTASLÉ SPINOLA
1) The document discusses location theory and examines factors that influence the location of industries and service activities. It analyzes location theory from classical economists and applies it to the state of Bahia from 1960-2000.
2) Key location factors for industries include transportation costs of materials/products, availability of labor, energy costs, and access to markets. The dominance of these factors determines whether industries locate near raw materials, labor, or markets.
3) Location factors for services are also examined based on theories of von Thünen, Christaller, Alonso, Richardson, and Polese regarding optimal locations relative to demand centers.
This document analyzes the processes of polarization and agglomeration to explain their mechanisms and causes and identify similarities and differences. Both processes aim to explain the concentration of economic activity and population in certain areas through cumulative phenomena, but from different perspectives: polarization focuses on economic development while agglomeration has a spatial perspective. The document outlines the theoretical foundations and models of each process and compares their key assumptions and differences.
This document summarizes a thesis that analyzes the Beveridge Curve at multiple levels. Chapter I provides a theoretical introduction to the Beveridge Curve. Chapter II analyzes the Beveridge Curve for 19 OECD countries from 1980 to 2004, investigating the effects of technological progress and globalization. Chapter III analyzes the Italian regional Beveridge Curves from 1992 to 2009, examining the impact of atypical jobs on matching efficiency and spatial interdependence between regions. The author uses various econometric techniques to estimate dynamic panel models and test for shifts in the Beveridge Curve due to institutional variables, globalization, and technological progress.
This paper analyzes the impact of high-end and low-end productive service agglomeration on
China's urban total factor productivity using panel data from 261 cities in China from 2003 to 2017, and divides
the country into three parts:
This document presents a decomposition method for analyzing changes in a country or industry's labor share over time. The method distinguishes between two factors influencing labor share changes: 1) Changes within individual continuing plants from period to period; and 2) Microstructural changes in the industry/country due to some plants gaining market share while others lose market share. The document applies this decomposition method to longitudinal plant-level data from Finland's manufacturing sector over 30 years to examine how globalization has impacted labor shares through its effects on productivity and wages at the plant level.
Global Production Sharing: Patterns, Determinants and Macroeconomic implicationsanucrawfordphd
This document discusses global production sharing and its determinants based on economic theory and empirical evidence. It begins with defining global production sharing as the splitting of production processes across countries to take advantage of cost differences. It then reviews the literature on theories of global production sharing and models how factors like technology, institutions, infrastructure and macroeconomic stability can impact the costs of linking global production blocks. The document outlines an empirical model to test the determinants of network trade and parts/components exports using a gravity model framework. It finds that technology, institutions, infrastructure and macroeconomic stability significantly influence the level of global production sharing between countries.
HERE OR THERE? AN APPRAISAL OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION FACTORS IN GOMBE METROPOLI...John1Lorcan
The apple of discord among location theorists and stakeholders in the industrial sector has been where
best to site an industry. This led to the promulgation of theories and policies to provide a blueprint for the
establishment of industries. In spite of the significance of industrial location discourse, Gombe in North
East Nigeria did not feature in these decades of intellectual postulations. This is not due to absence of
industries in the five decades covered by this study, but rather absence of research on the theme in Gombe.
To fill this apparent gap, this paper used both primary and secondary sources. The objective is to give a
historical synopsis of the factors and the dilemma that characterized industrial location decisions in
Gombe. The result shows that infrastructure such as the railway, road, water and electricity exerted varied
influence in the location of industries such as Gombe Oil Mill, Landa Sack factory and Niko Plastic
industries among others. However, the paper identifies proximity to market as a major factor of location
and government played a central role in determining where an industry should be sited. The paper finally
recommends a holistic approach to industrial location where all stakeholders are involved so as to cushion
the effects of poor choice of location and by implication, tame degenerative industrialization.
Developments in measuring the “creative” workforceAsliza Hamzah
Author By :
Stuart Cunningham
ARC Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, Queensland University of Technology,
Brisbane, Australia
Entrepreneurial location strategic trend for region development - article ...NOELIO DANTASLÉ SPINOLA
1) The document discusses location theory and examines factors that influence the location of industries and service activities. It analyzes location theory from classical economists and applies it to the state of Bahia from 1960-2000.
2) Key location factors for industries include transportation costs of materials/products, availability of labor, energy costs, and access to markets. The dominance of these factors determines whether industries locate near raw materials, labor, or markets.
3) Location factors for services are also examined based on theories of von Thünen, Christaller, Alonso, Richardson, and Polese regarding optimal locations relative to demand centers.
This document discusses economic theories related to productivity and manufacturing industries in Portugal. It analyzes:
1) Absolute convergence of productivity across Portuguese regions from 1995-1999 based on neoclassical growth theory.
2) Alternative specifications of Verdoorn's Law, including those proposed by Kaldor and Rowthorn, and tests them for Portuguese regions.
3) A model examining the importance of natural advantages and local resources in industry agglomeration by estimating a Rybczynski equation matrix for Portuguese manufacturing industries and regions from 1995-1999.
Misallocations go a long way. Firm-level evidence from PolandGRAPE
We analyze the link between prior resource misallocation and subsequent long-run economic growth. We use two unique and novel sources of data for Poland and measure misallocation inherited from the period of central planning, i.e. period where input prices did not determine the use of inputs at firm, industry and country level. We find that regions with more misaligned firms under central planning (especially in terms of under-capitalization) experienced lower economic growth once market mechanisms were reinstated. This result proves highly robust, even three decades since the market mechanisms were reinstated. To explain this finding, we assess regional, sectoral, and cohort dimension of the inputs misallocation. We show that under-capitalization was more prevalent that over-capitalization, and that it was due mostly to the firm and sector level variation in factor inputs. Given this insight, subsequent reallocation of the resources required shifting of inputs not only between firms, but also between sectors: a process which is relatively more prone to specificity and information frictions.
This document discusses the development of new construction cost indices that account for different construction methods and technologies used across countries. It analyzes data on construction material and labor costs from 16 countries to derive cost indices for various materials relative to labor wages and concrete prices. The findings show large variations in relative material costs between high-income, upper-middle-income, and lower-middle-income countries. These differences influence the choice of construction technologies and whether countries adopt more labor-intensive or material-intensive construction practices. The new cost indices can inform research and policies on developing local construction industries.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Contemporary Trends for the Development of the Production ZonesIJERA Editor
The basic concept for the construction of such zones is to create conditions for concentration the existing
procedures in one place and contribute to discovering, developing and creating the new ones. Contributions are
very heterogeneous, starting from planning and development of common infrastructure to creation of the new
jobs. Except this, industrial zones promote modern entrepreneurship, which is based in a modern structure and
has the opportunity for permanent development and introduction of advanced technologies. The trend of
increasing number of international companies working on Macedonian market, as well as the positive
development of Macedonian businesses companies, will contribute to increase investments in industrial
property.
This document summarizes a paper that discusses ways to better measure a country's total income by accounting for factors not captured in official statistics, such as underground economies. It outlines four main issues in income measurement according to the OECD: 1) accounting for illegal activities, 2) measuring depreciation of capital, 3) enabling international GDP comparisons, and 4) accounting for environmental costs. The document then focuses on proposed methods for estimating the size of underground economies using currency demand approaches, adjusting for purchasing power parity in international GDP comparisons, and producing satellite accounts to incorporate environmental impacts.
Regions can be divided based on four main criteria:
1. Industry criterion divides regions according to different industries. For example, physical-geographical regions and socio-geographical regions.
2. Methodological criterion looks at the purpose of identifying a region, such as for research, management, or as an object of study.
3. Taxonomic criterion considers a region's geographical location and divides them into individual regions defined by unique characteristics and typological regions defined by common characteristics.
4. Form criterion is not described in the text.
The document presents a new composite globalization index called the New Globalization Index (NGI) that measures globalization across 21 variables in three dimensions - economic, political, and social. Some key innovations of the NGI include incorporating geographical distances into the trade variable to distinguish globalization from regional integration, including five new variables not used in prior indices, and using statistical analysis to group variables into conceptually relevant dimensions. An example shows how weighting trade by distance changes country rankings, favoring trade with more distant partners. The index is calculated for 70 countries from 1995 to 2005.
This document provides an overview of two ongoing MED projects exploring creative clusters:
- The Co-Create project aims to promote cross-fertilization between traditional clusters in mechanics, construction and furniture with cultural and creative industries through tools and methodologies.
- The ChIMERA project focuses on cultural and creative industry clusters, looking to develop models for networking, business development and funding to strengthen innovation capacities in public and private cultural and creative industry actors. Both projects contribute to the MED program's goal of supporting transnational innovation clusters.
6_Lect_Constructing Regional Advantage, Related and Unrelated VarietyPrivate
This document discusses the concept of constructing regional advantage from an evolutionary economic geography perspective. It defines comparative advantage, competitive advantage, and constructed advantage. Constructed advantage emphasizes that regional advantages are not spontaneous and can be constructed through partnerships between public and private actors. It is important to stimulate knowledge flows between related industries to support regional development. The concepts of related variety and unrelated variety are also discussed, with related variety referring to complementary knowledge between industries and unrelated variety providing more radical novelty. An example of constructing cross-border advantage between Galicia and northern Portugal is provided.
This research begins by showing the different meanings attributed to the term cluster by different currents and authors, which suggests definitions that are found around its spatial framework. Next, the factors that intervene in the competitiveness of a region and its growth are shown, for the development of these, Porter’s model of competitiveness which was taken as reference, and the contexts: geographical and economic. Therefore, the methodology was used based on a qualitative design, with descriptive and correlational scope since it will analyze differences of each cluster, with respect to the factors of dimensions, establishments, growth, economic impact and policies. To do this, the information-gathering tool was two semi-structured interviews with cluster leaders in both countries, because the approach is based on data collection methods that are not completely standardized or predetermined. And finally, the results of the comparison of the Mexican Bajío automotive cluster with the German cluster located in Baden-Württemberg are presented.
This document summarizes the debate among Marxist scholars about the causes of the current structural crisis in capitalism. It identifies two main streams of thought - one focused on problems of aggregate demand due to rising inequality, and the other focused on declining profitability. The paper then analyzes trends in profitability in the US economy between the postwar period and the current crisis. It finds that capital productivity, measured as output per unit of capital stock, sharply declined in the period before the crisis. This decline in capital productivity, combined with stagnant wages, helped drive down the US profit rate and may help explain the current crisis from a Marxist perspective.
Industrial geography is the study of manufacturing industries and how they are influenced by and influence geographic factors like location. There are several approaches to studying industrial geography, including behavioral, Marxist, radical, capitalist, and industrial location approaches. Some major factors that influence industrial location are availability of raw materials, access to markets, available labor supply, transportation infrastructure, water and energy resources, and government policies. In Bangladesh, some of the most important factors shaping industrialization are abundant low-cost labor supply, access to raw materials like tea plants, transportation via roads, rivers and rail, and availability of water and energy resources like hydroelectric power from rivers.
- According to new data, Estonia's average monthly gross wage grew 4.2% in the second quarter of 2011 compared to the previous year, though real wage growth was negative at -1% due to inflation. This wage growth was lower than expected.
- The fastest growing wages were in real estate, wholesale and retail trade, and manufacturing. Wage growth in construction was slower than expected at 3.1% despite labor shortages in the sector.
- Overall, real wage growth in Estonia's export-focused sectors was weaker than anticipated, pointing to continued competitive advantage through lower costs. However, wages grew in some service sectors like wholesale and retail trade.
Determining the impact of global-local transformations of property on the for...Igor Britchenko
The object of research is the relationship between the processes of formation of the information-network society and the global-local transformation of property relations at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries. The problem has been identified that the limitations of theoretical approaches to explain the content and interrelation of property relations and the social meaning of high-tech development have led to an increase in general socio-economic instability. To solve the problem, the definition of the institution of property as an economic good is provided. A three-level traditional model of public management has been highlighted. It is shown that the existing triple structure of the public sector of economy should acquire a different value content. The new model in the dynamic unity of markets of pure public benefits, public goods, private goods harmonizes public interests, strengthens relations of trust. This model forms the foundations for the formation of nanoeconomics in a broad sense as the forerunner of harmonious institutional architectonics of the economy. Nanoeconomics, as part of baby economics, human economics, and economics of nanotechnology, is based on the principles of rational behavior in making economic decisions within the limits of power. In the depths of baby economics, skills and competencies are formed in handling property. The human economy ensures the proper implementation of property functions. Within the experimental part of the study, a mathematical model of multifactor regression is constructed. The model confirmed the presence of dense dependence (0.9076) of the growth of GDP per capita on the state of distribution of property rights in the national economy. The area of practical use of the results is the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine's economy through the activation of its domestic business potential.
Resilient cities take diverse policy approaches to strengthen their resilience. The OECD report identifies 7 drivers of resilience: adaptive, robust, redundant, flexible, resourceful, integrated and inclusive. It provides examples of how cities like Tampere, Kobe, Lisbon and Toyama act adaptively based on lessons learned. Cities also pursue robustness through industrial diversification and reliable infrastructure. Having spare capacity for unexpected needs like Kobe demonstrates redundancy. Flexibility comes from long-term visions and entrepreneurship as in Cardiff, Ottawa and Kyoto. Being resourceful involves designating resilience units and fiscal autonomy as in New York and Yokohama. Collaboration across boundaries through multi-level governance and alliances promotes integration,
The study of spatial socio-economic development constitutes a significant field of analysis of innovation creation and diffusion. Understanding the spatial evolution of the different socio-economic systems in the age of globalization requires a synthesizing and integrated theoretical approach to how innovation is generated and replicated. This article aims to study three significant spatial socio-economic development theories –the growth poles, the clusters, and the business ecosystems. A literature review reveals that (a) the concept of growth poles concerns mostly the analysis of spatial polarization between specific territories and regions, (b) the clusters concept addresses the issue of developed inter-industrial competition and co-operation from a meso-level perspective, and (c) the analytical field of business ecosystems provides an evolutionary approach that can be valorized for all co-evolving spatial socio-economic organizations. In this context, an eclectically interventional mechanism to strengthen innovation is suggested. The Institutes of Local Development and Innovation (ILDI) policy is proposed for all firms and business ecosystems, of every size, level of spatial development, prior knowledge, specialization, and competitive ability. The ILDI is presented as an intermediate organization capable of diagnosing and enhancing the firm’s physiology in structural Stra.Tech.Man terms (strategy-technology-management synthesis).
Critical Factors Influencing to Management Risk in Construction Projectstheijes
The document discusses critical risk factors that influence management of construction projects. It identifies 10 management risk factors through a literature review. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to construction companies to assess the severity of each risk factor using a Likert scale. Statistical analysis techniques like descriptive analysis (mean, standard deviation), t-tests, and ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The study aims to identify key risks, understand their impact, and develop a risk management framework to help construction firms better handle project risks.
IRJET- A Review on “Impact of Large Infrastructure Project on Local Econo...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the impact of large infrastructure projects on local economies. It discusses how infrastructure projects bring development to surrounding areas through job creation, housing, education, healthcare and retail opportunities. People working on infrastructure projects need local facilities to support their families. Existing local facilities may need to be upgraded to accommodate growth from these projects. The document also reviews several other studies and literature that have examined the relationship between infrastructure development and economic growth. In general, the research shows infrastructure is crucial for economic development and acts as a foundation for society, though the exact impacts may vary in different contexts.
This document discusses economic theories related to productivity and manufacturing industries in Portugal. It analyzes:
1) Absolute convergence of productivity across Portuguese regions from 1995-1999 based on neoclassical growth theory.
2) Alternative specifications of Verdoorn's Law, including those proposed by Kaldor and Rowthorn, and tests them for Portuguese regions.
3) A model examining the importance of natural advantages and local resources in industry agglomeration by estimating a Rybczynski equation matrix for Portuguese manufacturing industries and regions from 1995-1999.
Misallocations go a long way. Firm-level evidence from PolandGRAPE
We analyze the link between prior resource misallocation and subsequent long-run economic growth. We use two unique and novel sources of data for Poland and measure misallocation inherited from the period of central planning, i.e. period where input prices did not determine the use of inputs at firm, industry and country level. We find that regions with more misaligned firms under central planning (especially in terms of under-capitalization) experienced lower economic growth once market mechanisms were reinstated. This result proves highly robust, even three decades since the market mechanisms were reinstated. To explain this finding, we assess regional, sectoral, and cohort dimension of the inputs misallocation. We show that under-capitalization was more prevalent that over-capitalization, and that it was due mostly to the firm and sector level variation in factor inputs. Given this insight, subsequent reallocation of the resources required shifting of inputs not only between firms, but also between sectors: a process which is relatively more prone to specificity and information frictions.
This document discusses the development of new construction cost indices that account for different construction methods and technologies used across countries. It analyzes data on construction material and labor costs from 16 countries to derive cost indices for various materials relative to labor wages and concrete prices. The findings show large variations in relative material costs between high-income, upper-middle-income, and lower-middle-income countries. These differences influence the choice of construction technologies and whether countries adopt more labor-intensive or material-intensive construction practices. The new cost indices can inform research and policies on developing local construction industries.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Contemporary Trends for the Development of the Production ZonesIJERA Editor
The basic concept for the construction of such zones is to create conditions for concentration the existing
procedures in one place and contribute to discovering, developing and creating the new ones. Contributions are
very heterogeneous, starting from planning and development of common infrastructure to creation of the new
jobs. Except this, industrial zones promote modern entrepreneurship, which is based in a modern structure and
has the opportunity for permanent development and introduction of advanced technologies. The trend of
increasing number of international companies working on Macedonian market, as well as the positive
development of Macedonian businesses companies, will contribute to increase investments in industrial
property.
This document summarizes a paper that discusses ways to better measure a country's total income by accounting for factors not captured in official statistics, such as underground economies. It outlines four main issues in income measurement according to the OECD: 1) accounting for illegal activities, 2) measuring depreciation of capital, 3) enabling international GDP comparisons, and 4) accounting for environmental costs. The document then focuses on proposed methods for estimating the size of underground economies using currency demand approaches, adjusting for purchasing power parity in international GDP comparisons, and producing satellite accounts to incorporate environmental impacts.
Regions can be divided based on four main criteria:
1. Industry criterion divides regions according to different industries. For example, physical-geographical regions and socio-geographical regions.
2. Methodological criterion looks at the purpose of identifying a region, such as for research, management, or as an object of study.
3. Taxonomic criterion considers a region's geographical location and divides them into individual regions defined by unique characteristics and typological regions defined by common characteristics.
4. Form criterion is not described in the text.
The document presents a new composite globalization index called the New Globalization Index (NGI) that measures globalization across 21 variables in three dimensions - economic, political, and social. Some key innovations of the NGI include incorporating geographical distances into the trade variable to distinguish globalization from regional integration, including five new variables not used in prior indices, and using statistical analysis to group variables into conceptually relevant dimensions. An example shows how weighting trade by distance changes country rankings, favoring trade with more distant partners. The index is calculated for 70 countries from 1995 to 2005.
This document provides an overview of two ongoing MED projects exploring creative clusters:
- The Co-Create project aims to promote cross-fertilization between traditional clusters in mechanics, construction and furniture with cultural and creative industries through tools and methodologies.
- The ChIMERA project focuses on cultural and creative industry clusters, looking to develop models for networking, business development and funding to strengthen innovation capacities in public and private cultural and creative industry actors. Both projects contribute to the MED program's goal of supporting transnational innovation clusters.
6_Lect_Constructing Regional Advantage, Related and Unrelated VarietyPrivate
This document discusses the concept of constructing regional advantage from an evolutionary economic geography perspective. It defines comparative advantage, competitive advantage, and constructed advantage. Constructed advantage emphasizes that regional advantages are not spontaneous and can be constructed through partnerships between public and private actors. It is important to stimulate knowledge flows between related industries to support regional development. The concepts of related variety and unrelated variety are also discussed, with related variety referring to complementary knowledge between industries and unrelated variety providing more radical novelty. An example of constructing cross-border advantage between Galicia and northern Portugal is provided.
This research begins by showing the different meanings attributed to the term cluster by different currents and authors, which suggests definitions that are found around its spatial framework. Next, the factors that intervene in the competitiveness of a region and its growth are shown, for the development of these, Porter’s model of competitiveness which was taken as reference, and the contexts: geographical and economic. Therefore, the methodology was used based on a qualitative design, with descriptive and correlational scope since it will analyze differences of each cluster, with respect to the factors of dimensions, establishments, growth, economic impact and policies. To do this, the information-gathering tool was two semi-structured interviews with cluster leaders in both countries, because the approach is based on data collection methods that are not completely standardized or predetermined. And finally, the results of the comparison of the Mexican Bajío automotive cluster with the German cluster located in Baden-Württemberg are presented.
This document summarizes the debate among Marxist scholars about the causes of the current structural crisis in capitalism. It identifies two main streams of thought - one focused on problems of aggregate demand due to rising inequality, and the other focused on declining profitability. The paper then analyzes trends in profitability in the US economy between the postwar period and the current crisis. It finds that capital productivity, measured as output per unit of capital stock, sharply declined in the period before the crisis. This decline in capital productivity, combined with stagnant wages, helped drive down the US profit rate and may help explain the current crisis from a Marxist perspective.
Industrial geography is the study of manufacturing industries and how they are influenced by and influence geographic factors like location. There are several approaches to studying industrial geography, including behavioral, Marxist, radical, capitalist, and industrial location approaches. Some major factors that influence industrial location are availability of raw materials, access to markets, available labor supply, transportation infrastructure, water and energy resources, and government policies. In Bangladesh, some of the most important factors shaping industrialization are abundant low-cost labor supply, access to raw materials like tea plants, transportation via roads, rivers and rail, and availability of water and energy resources like hydroelectric power from rivers.
- According to new data, Estonia's average monthly gross wage grew 4.2% in the second quarter of 2011 compared to the previous year, though real wage growth was negative at -1% due to inflation. This wage growth was lower than expected.
- The fastest growing wages were in real estate, wholesale and retail trade, and manufacturing. Wage growth in construction was slower than expected at 3.1% despite labor shortages in the sector.
- Overall, real wage growth in Estonia's export-focused sectors was weaker than anticipated, pointing to continued competitive advantage through lower costs. However, wages grew in some service sectors like wholesale and retail trade.
Determining the impact of global-local transformations of property on the for...Igor Britchenko
The object of research is the relationship between the processes of formation of the information-network society and the global-local transformation of property relations at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries. The problem has been identified that the limitations of theoretical approaches to explain the content and interrelation of property relations and the social meaning of high-tech development have led to an increase in general socio-economic instability. To solve the problem, the definition of the institution of property as an economic good is provided. A three-level traditional model of public management has been highlighted. It is shown that the existing triple structure of the public sector of economy should acquire a different value content. The new model in the dynamic unity of markets of pure public benefits, public goods, private goods harmonizes public interests, strengthens relations of trust. This model forms the foundations for the formation of nanoeconomics in a broad sense as the forerunner of harmonious institutional architectonics of the economy. Nanoeconomics, as part of baby economics, human economics, and economics of nanotechnology, is based on the principles of rational behavior in making economic decisions within the limits of power. In the depths of baby economics, skills and competencies are formed in handling property. The human economy ensures the proper implementation of property functions. Within the experimental part of the study, a mathematical model of multifactor regression is constructed. The model confirmed the presence of dense dependence (0.9076) of the growth of GDP per capita on the state of distribution of property rights in the national economy. The area of practical use of the results is the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine's economy through the activation of its domestic business potential.
Resilient cities take diverse policy approaches to strengthen their resilience. The OECD report identifies 7 drivers of resilience: adaptive, robust, redundant, flexible, resourceful, integrated and inclusive. It provides examples of how cities like Tampere, Kobe, Lisbon and Toyama act adaptively based on lessons learned. Cities also pursue robustness through industrial diversification and reliable infrastructure. Having spare capacity for unexpected needs like Kobe demonstrates redundancy. Flexibility comes from long-term visions and entrepreneurship as in Cardiff, Ottawa and Kyoto. Being resourceful involves designating resilience units and fiscal autonomy as in New York and Yokohama. Collaboration across boundaries through multi-level governance and alliances promotes integration,
The study of spatial socio-economic development constitutes a significant field of analysis of innovation creation and diffusion. Understanding the spatial evolution of the different socio-economic systems in the age of globalization requires a synthesizing and integrated theoretical approach to how innovation is generated and replicated. This article aims to study three significant spatial socio-economic development theories –the growth poles, the clusters, and the business ecosystems. A literature review reveals that (a) the concept of growth poles concerns mostly the analysis of spatial polarization between specific territories and regions, (b) the clusters concept addresses the issue of developed inter-industrial competition and co-operation from a meso-level perspective, and (c) the analytical field of business ecosystems provides an evolutionary approach that can be valorized for all co-evolving spatial socio-economic organizations. In this context, an eclectically interventional mechanism to strengthen innovation is suggested. The Institutes of Local Development and Innovation (ILDI) policy is proposed for all firms and business ecosystems, of every size, level of spatial development, prior knowledge, specialization, and competitive ability. The ILDI is presented as an intermediate organization capable of diagnosing and enhancing the firm’s physiology in structural Stra.Tech.Man terms (strategy-technology-management synthesis).
Critical Factors Influencing to Management Risk in Construction Projectstheijes
The document discusses critical risk factors that influence management of construction projects. It identifies 10 management risk factors through a literature review. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to construction companies to assess the severity of each risk factor using a Likert scale. Statistical analysis techniques like descriptive analysis (mean, standard deviation), t-tests, and ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The study aims to identify key risks, understand their impact, and develop a risk management framework to help construction firms better handle project risks.
IRJET- A Review on “Impact of Large Infrastructure Project on Local Econo...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the impact of large infrastructure projects on local economies. It discusses how infrastructure projects bring development to surrounding areas through job creation, housing, education, healthcare and retail opportunities. People working on infrastructure projects need local facilities to support their families. Existing local facilities may need to be upgraded to accommodate growth from these projects. The document also reviews several other studies and literature that have examined the relationship between infrastructure development and economic growth. In general, the research shows infrastructure is crucial for economic development and acts as a foundation for society, though the exact impacts may vary in different contexts.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document discusses frameworks for explaining differences in metropolitan growth rates. It argues that existing frameworks based on specialization, human capital, and costs are limited because they do not fully explain why certain industries specialize in specific metropolitan areas over others. A more robust framework is needed that considers specialization, human capital, and institutions as endogenous and mutually reinforcing factors that shape metropolitan growth and change over time in complex and dynamic ways. The document calls for a new generation of research on metropolitan growth that adopts this more sophisticated theoretical approach.
A study on industrial agglomeration in manufacturing sector of pakistan using...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes industrial agglomeration in Pakistan's manufacturing sector from 2000 to 2012. It finds that industrial concentration has increased steadily over this period using the Ellison-Glaeser index to measure geographic concentration. Some key industries like other manufacturing are highly localized in only one district, indicating importance of technological spillovers. The study develops an understanding of Pakistan's industrial transformation and spatial distribution of manufacturing industries, with implications for regional development policies.
Automotive industry and crisis (sturgeon jun 2010)earemike
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This document provides an overview and assessment of growth pole theory. It discusses the origins of the theory with Francois Perroux in the 1950s. It describes key concepts such as propulsive industries, backward and forward linkages, and the polarization of space. The theory gained popularity in the mid-20th century but also received criticisms for failing to differentiate between natural and artificial growth poles. The document also discusses later evolutions of the theory by scholars like Boudeville to incorporate regional implications and the importance of knowledge spillovers and innovation in modern growth poles.
Productivity Development in the Construction Industry by International Compar...civejjour
A downward trend on productivity growth rates has been observed since the 1970s of the twentieth century
for construction sectors of western industrial countries. Despite conflicting evidence, numerous recent
economic studies on growth research suggest that innovation and technology are significant drivers for
productivity and growth. According to the OECD the lack or low level of employees' skills and qualifications
might be in different ways a possible explanation for the observed slowdown of productivity growth. In this
context, intrafirm behaviour has long been recognized as a potentially important driver for productivity.
Results from surveys show that management practices have become more structured, in the sense of involving
more data collection and analysis. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation between the measured
management quality and firm performance can be observed. Studies suggest that there is a positive
association between human skills and productivity
PRODUCTIVITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY BY INTERNATIONAL COMPAR...civej
A downward trend on productivity growth rates has been observed since the 1970s of the twentieth century
for construction sectors of western industrial countries. Despite conflicting evidence, numerous recent
economic studies on growth research suggest that innovation and technology are significant drivers for
productivity and growth. According to the OECD the lack or low level of employees' skills and qualifications
might be in different ways a possible explanation for the observed slowdown of productivity growth. In this
context, intrafirm behaviour has long been recognized as a potentially important driver for productivity.
Results from surveys show that management practices have become more structured, in the sense of involving
more data collection and analysis. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation between the measured
management quality and firm performance can be observed. Studies suggest that there is a positive
association between human skills and productivity.
Productivity Development in the Construction Industry by International Compar...civejjour
A downward trend on productivity growth rates has been observed since the 1970s of the twentieth century
for construction sectors of western industrial countries. Despite conflicting evidence, numerous recent
economic studies on growth research suggest that innovation and technology are significant drivers for
productivity and growth. According to the OECD the lack or low level of employees' skills and qualifications
might be in different ways a possible explanation for the observed slowdown of productivity growth. In this
context, intrafirm behaviour has long been recognized as a potentially important driver for productivity.
Results from surveys show that management practices have become more structured, in the sense of involving
more data collection and analysis. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation between the measured
management quality and firm performance can be observed. Studies suggest that there is a positive
association between human skills and productivity.
This document presents a model for analyzing net migration between Portuguese regions from 1996 to 2002. The model shows that regional mobility is positively influenced by output growth and negatively by unemployment rates and the agricultural sector size. Regression analysis of the data from Portuguese national statistics supports the model's conclusions. Specifically, regions with higher unemployment and more agricultural jobs attracted fewer migrants, while regions with stronger economic growth attracted more.
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Modelling the regional economic impacts of energy development - MentzasZeus Guevara
Mentzas et al. (1987) surveyed models for assessing the regional economic impacts of energy development. They discussed three main approaches: economic base models, which estimate employment effects; input-output models, which analyze industry interdependencies; and econometric models, which allow for forecasting and policy analysis but require significant regional data. The authors concluded that accurate regional impact assessments require integrating accounting techniques, environmental impacts, all relevant impact dimensions, and adaptability to different regions and their data availability.
The importance of the Mix Methodology for Studying Offshore Energy sector inventionjournals
The research in social science is not only qualitative but also quantitative. The tendency is to use qualitative or quantitative methods, although, mix methods are welcome. They performed a confirmation for the research. Recent studies on clusters have tried to link both methods towards a consistent with the research. On offshore energy sector the linkages between qualitative and quantitative approached are proposed. The qualitative will follow Michel Porter "diamond” model, analysing its four points (factor conditions; demand conditions; related and supporting industries; and firm's strategies, structure and rivalry, as well as government and chance. The quantitative method will be based on an I-O model for the Portuguese economy, estimating intra and inter sectorial relationships as well as the output and employment Keynesian model for this sector. The mix confrontation between these methodologies will achieve relevant results for further research on this sector.
Most of construction projects posses a project based organizational structure, where knowledge
acquired by humans migrate with them outside their organizational bodies once they leave their employer.
Hence, organizational learning and building corporate knowledge that has a life span greater than the
employees‟ turnover are of paramount importance to construction firms. It is considered the means by which
previously acquired experiences from previous projects can be used in decision making processes in similar
projects, wherever similar contexts and conditions are encountered.
The Industry Foundation Classes (IFCs) is an initiative to standardize communication between multidisciplinary
software applications through the use of a common Building Information Model (BIM). It facilitates data
communication between software applications and heterogeneous IT platforms, without human intervention.
This paper addresses the problem of organizational learning within the AEC-FM (Architectural, Engineering,
Construction and Facilities Management) domain. It focuses on the design process and its activities. It proposes
a novel approach for utilizing the object oriented features of the IFC/BIM model to structure captured contextual
information about such objects in a manner that facilitates organizational learning. Furthermore, advanced
object versioning techniques are implemented to capture contextual snapshots of design phases at certain stages
within a well defined workflow. This leads to a BIM based information management system that can achieve a
competitive advantage through organizational learning.
Journal of Comparative Economics 38 (2010) 34–51Contents lis.docxcroysierkathey
Journal of Comparative Economics 38 (2010) 34–51
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Comparative Economics
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / j c e
Infrastructure development in China: The cases of electricity, highways,
and railways
Chong-En Bai a,b,*, Yingyi Qian a,c
a School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
b National Institute for Fiscal Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
c University of California, Berkeley
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 21 October 2009
Available online 27 October 2009
JEL classification:
H44
L9
O14
R42
R48
Key words:
Infrastructure
Electricity
Highway
Railway
China
0147-5967/$ - see front matter � 2010 Published b
doi:10.1016/j.jce.2009.10.003
* Corresponding author. Address: School of Econo
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (
1 One commonly used approach is to estimate th
infrastructure (for example, Aschauer, 1989; Munnel
(for example, Hulten and Schwab, 1991; Tatom, 1991
Morrison and Schwartz (1996) and Lynde and Richmo
Li (2005) adopts a third approach and uses the chang
return to infrastructure investment. He finds significa
and Fan and Zhang (2004) and they both find positi
infrastructure increases property value (Haughwout, 2
Ying, 1988).
a b s t r a c t
Bai, Chong-En, and Qian, Yingyi—Infrastructure development in China: The cases of elec-
tricity, highways, and railways
This paper considers the development of the electricity, highway, and railway sectors in
China, with special emphasis on investment incentives. Statistical summary of the devel-
opment of these sectors is offered, followed by a detailed description of the institutional
background, including investment and pricing mechanisms. We also analyze investment
incentives based on the institutional background and present our estimates of the rates
of return to investment in these sectors. It is observed that some of the current practices
may serve as useful transitional arrangements even though they are not desirable in the
long run. Journal of Comparative Economics 38 (1) (2010) 34–51. School of Economics and
Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; National Institute for Fiscal
Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; University of California, Berkeley.
� 2010 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Association for Comparative Economic
Studies.
1. Introduction
There is a large literature studying the importance of infrastructure to economic development.1 However, there is not
much systematic research on how infrastructure is developed. Many issues are worth consideration. One of these issues is
investment incentives. Infrastructure may yield significant social returns. However, this does not guarantee that investors of
infrastructure projects can get sufficient private return. How can one provide incentives for private investment? If there is
not sufficient private incentive to i ...
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This document summarizes numerical simulations conducted using the VecTor2 software to model the bond stress-slip effect of reinforced concrete on the pushover behavior of walls. The simulations considered the influence of bond stress-slip on the shear force, crack patterns, and displacement of reinforced concrete walls under loading. The results of the VecTor2 simulations were compared to experimental test data. The simulations were able to predict the lateral force, crack patterns, and displacements observed in the experimental tests. The simulations also provided stress and strain distributions in the walls. The bond stress-slip models in VecTor2 helped predict the wall behavior observed in experiments.
The concept of sustainable construction is increasingly affecting the development of the construction market.The specificity of construction as an economic activity and ofthe construction product (goods and services) determine the existence of a complex vertical chain of links, involving different actors, who tend to work in the short term and are limited to the rational use of knowledge and experience in practice. Moreover, it is characterized by a low level of inter-company relationshipsresulting in a fragmentation of responsibilityand complicates and hinders the realization of projects and sites,which meet the requirements of sustainable construction. Sustainable construction requires a holistic approach and substantial changes in the organization of construction activity, both at the market and firm level, under the active role of the state. The aim of the study is: 1) analysis of problems in the vertical chain of connections in the construction market, 2)an analysis of the possibilities for creating stable long-term relationships and a joint approach of clients, contractors and subcontractors, which can provide economic, social and environmental efficiency of the construction.
Since the recent development of UAVs(Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and digital sensors technology has enabled the acquisition of high-resolution image data, it is considered that the image data of riverside can be analysed. Therefore, this study analyses the applicability of remote sensing techniques through image analysis in river systems and habitats. The target stream in this study was the Cheongmi stream and the applicability of the river environmental evaluation technique was analysed through image analysis. The satellite images used for the analysis of river topography and environments were compared with the aerial images taken by a micro UAV), and the river environmental evaluation was carried out with the field research at the same time. The data acquisition range and application limit by river environmental evaluation technique proposed previously were evaluated, and as a result, it was found that it was possible to draw various evaluation parameters using a drone that could take an image at a low altitude in comparison to satellite images.
Industrial engineering is founded on the idea that there is always a better way. This mantra rings true in everything an industrial engineer does, from lean manufacturing to six sigma, to quality control and ergonomics. This paper demonstrates the uniqueness of this discipline, the impact its techniques has in sectors outside of manufacturing, and the positive effects it has on businesses.
The study was carried out using the UAV for analyzing the characteristics of debris in order to present the methodology to estimate the quantitative amount of debris caught in small river facilities. A total of six small rivers that maintained the form of a natural river were selected for collecting UAV images, and the grouping of each target in the image was carried out using the object-based classification method, and based on the object-based classification result of the UAV images, the land cover classification for the status of factors causing the generation of debris for six target sections was carried out by applying the screen digitizing method. In addition, in order to verify the accuracy of the classification result, the error matrix was performed, securing the reliability of the result. The accuracy analysis result showed that for all six target sections, the overall accuracy was 93.95% and the Kappa coefficient was 0.93, showing an excellent result.
Multilevel Inverters are getting popular and have become more attractive to researchers in the recent times for high power applications due to their better power quality and higher efficiency as compared to two level inverters. This research work presents a detailed comparative analysis of various multicarrier sinusoidal PWM schemes such as In Phase Disposition, Phase Opposition Disposition and Alternate Phase Opposite Disposition implemented on five level conventional and modified cascaded h-bridge inverters in MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Conventional five level topology uses eight switches and suffers from increased switching complexity while modified five level topology uses only five switches and is recommended to reduce switching complexity and switching losses. It also ensures less number of components, reduced size and overall cost of the system. The effect of modulation index (Ma) on the output harmonic contents in various PWM techniques is also analyzed.
Objective: Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide.Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important element in this disease.The aim of this study is to prepare TiO2/ZnO nanocomposite (NC), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO)nanoparticles (NPs) to determine the anticancer activity on human CC cell line (HeLa) and healthy mouse fibroblast cell line (L-929). Materials&Methods: ZnO, TiO2 NPs and NC were prepared by a solution combustion synthesis method. The samples were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Stability analysis was performed with zeta potential. The synthesized NC and NPs were permormed to the HeLa and L-929 cell lines and anticancer activity of these NC and NPs were determined by using MTT method. The HeLa and L-929 cells were treated with different concentrations of these NC and NPs (0,5-100 μg/ml) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The spectrophotometric readings at 570 nm were recorded and analysed with Graphpad Prism7. Results: NC and NPs were successfully synthesized. The effects of these NC and NPs on the HeLa and L-929 cells were compared with the control group and IC50 values were determined for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Then we compared the effects of these molecules on the L-929 cell line with the HeLa cell line and founded more active is on HeLa cells. Conclusion:There are many drugs used in CC treatment. However, undesirable toxicity and drug resistance of these drugs negatively affect treatment.We have synthesized NC and NPs in order to formulate basis of a new drug in this study and have identified anti-cancer activity.As a result, we found that NC and NPs anti-cancer activity was higher in HeLa cells than in L-929.
Graphene is a material that attracts attention in technical textile applications as in many other areas due to its outstanding features. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the performance properties of graphene coated fabrics. Pre-treated polyester fabrics were coated with nano-graphene powders at different concentration rates (50, 100 and 200 g/kg) by knife-over-roll technique. According to test results, generally, the graphene coating had a positive effect on the performance properties of polyester fabrics.
This study was focused on the effects of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) additive on process parameters and compost quality of Co-composting of filter cake and bagasse. Filter cake and bagasse were mixed and sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) from a heating power plant of sugar mill. Three compost mixes (M) were obtained: MA with 0%, MB with 10% and MC with 20 wt % of fuel ash. These three different mixes were composted in an experimental composter as three parallel experiments for 3 weeks each. The physical, chemical and biological parameters were monitoring during composting. Significantly, ash additives decreased the total organic carbon; measured by mineralization the breaking down of the organic matter was more rapid in the MC than in the MA, as well as increased the pH during composting. Interesting, the pH decreased was most important in MA and attend 5 for the first week of composting, and then it gradually increased to pH around 8 at the end of the process. The results indicated that ash inhibits the pH drop due to production of organic acids during composting. The acidity of the material was reported as affects the process during the initial phase of rising temperature and quality of the final product. The temperature reached up to 50-55oC during thermophilic phase, the greater temperature was obtained for MC. At the end of composting, the electrical conductivity increased in the MC, especially in MC, but don’t exceed limit (4 mS/cm) for prevent phytotoxicity of the compost. The SCBA additive was likely to speed up the composting process of bagasse with filter cake from 44 days to 33 days.
The work presents report on production and analysis of bioresin from epoxidized mango kernel oil (EMKO). The bioresin (acrylated epoxidized mango kernel oil) or AEMKO was produced from epoxidized mango kernel oil via acrylation chemical reaction route. The FTIR spectrum analysis of epoxidized mango kernel oil (EMKO) and acrylated epoxidized mango kernel oil (AEMKO) produced gave the degree of acrylation (DOA) as 46%. The Viscosity of AEMKO (resin) was determined at room temperature (25 °C) to be 387cP while the density at 25oC was 1.2 g/cm3. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the bioresin was determined to be 95oC. Production cost analysis of the bioresin was done and found to be N8, 804.35 per litre. The high cost was due to high costs of the chemicals, labour and overhead charges involved at my local level. At commercial level, those components of the costs would definitely reduce to the level compatible with synthetic (polyester) resin (N2, 500 per litre) currently sold by some markers in Nigeria. However, the overall results of the work demonstrated that bioresin can be successfully synthesized from mango kernel oil with properties compatible with ASTM standards. The commercial production of the bioresin will go a long way in mitigating some of the challenges associated with total use of fossil fuel currently use for production of bulk of synthetic resins for composite manufacturing activities.
The window functions used for digital filter design are used to eliminate oscillations in
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Eliminating Gibbs phenomenon, which occurs during design of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) digital filter and which is undesirable, is very important in order to provide expected performance from digital filter. Window functions have been developed to eliminate these oscillations and to improve the performance of the filter in this regard. In this work, an application was developed for designing window function using LABVIEW which is a graphical programming environment produced by National Instruments. LABVIEW offers a powerful programming environment away from complexity. In this work, the performances of cosh and exponential window functions, which are designed by using the possibilities of LABVIEW in programming, are examined and the situations that will occur under various conditions are compared.
Better efficiency of the air transport system of a country at the national level, especially in terms of its
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main goal of this study was to identify important factors that account for the great variability (demand) of
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Linear attenuation coefficient (휇) is a measure of the ability of a medium to diffuse and absorb radiation. In the interaction of radiation with matter, the linear absorption coefficient plays an important role because during the passage of radiation through a medium, its absorption depends on the wavelength of the radiation and the thickness and nature of the medium. Experiments to determine linear absorption coefficient for Lead, Copper and Aluminum were carried out in air. The result showed that linear absorption Coefficient for Lead is 0.545cm – 1, Copper is 0.139cm-1 and Aluminum is 0.271cm-1 using gamma-rays. The results agree with standard values.
This study presents results of Activity Concentrations, Absorbed dose rate and the Annual Effective dose rates of naturally occurring radionuclides (40K, 232Th and 226Ra) absorbed in 8 soil samples collected from different areas within the Ajiwei mining sites in Niger State, North Central Nigeria. A laboratory γ-ray spectrometry NaI (Tl) at the Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT), Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, was used to carry out the analysis of the soil samples. The values of Activity Concentration for 40K ranged from 421.6174 ± 7.9316 to 768.7403 ± 7.9315; for 226Ra it ranged from 20.6257 ± 2.0858 to 44.0324 ± 5.0985 and for 232Th the ranged is from 23.7172 ± 1.3683 to 62.7137 ± 4.1049 Bq.Kg-1. While the Absorbed Dose for 40K ranged from 17.5814 ± 0.3307 to 32.0565 ± 0.3307 ŋGy.h-1, for 226Ra the range is from 9.5291 ± 0.9636 to 20.3430 ± 2.3555 ŋGy.h-1 and for 232Th range from 14.3252 ± 0.4414 to 37.8791 ± 2.4794 ŋGy.h-1. The total average Absorbed Dose rate of the 8 soil samples collected is 63.7877 ŋGy.h-1 and the estimated Annual Effective Dose for the sampled areas range from 0.0636- 0.1028mSvy-1 (i.e 64 – 103 μSv.y-1), with an average Annual Effective Dose of 0.0782 mSv.y-1 (i.e. 78.2 μSv.y-1). These results show’s that the radiation exposure level reaching members of the public in the study areas is lower than the recommended limit value of 1 mSv.y-1 (UNSCEAR, 2000). Also the mean Radium Equivalents obtained ranged from 107.3259 BqKg-1 (AJ1) to 179.4064 BqKg-1 (AJ4). These results show that the recommended Radium Equivalent Concentration is ≤ 370 BqKg-1 which is the requirement for soil materials to be used for dwellings, this implies that the soil from this site is suitable use for residential buildings. The mean External Hazard Index ( Hext ) ranged from 0.1229 Bqkg-1 (AJ3) to 0.4226 Bqkg-1 (AJ7).. While the maximum allowed value of (Hext = 1) corresponds to the upper limit of Raeq (370 BqKg-1) in order to limit the external gamma radiation dose from the soil materials to 1.5 mGy y-1. That is, this Index should be equal to or less than unity (Hext ≤ = 1). Furthermore, the mean Internal Hazard Index (Hext) ranged from 0.3456 Bqkg-1 (AJ1) to 0.6453 Bqkg-1 (AJ2) .Finally, the mean value of the Excess Alpha Radiation (Iα) ranged from 0.1031 Bq.Kg-1 (AJ1) to 0.2202 Bq.Kg-1 (AJ3. All these values for Iα are below the maximum permissible value of Iα= 1 which corresponds to 200 Bq.Kg-1. It can therefore be said that no radiological hazard is envisaged to dwellers of the study areas and the miners working on those sites area.
Pick and place task is one among the most important tasks in industrial field handled by “Selective
Compliance Assembly Robot Arm” (SCARA). Repeatability with high-speed movement in horizontal plane is
remarkable feature of this type of manipulator. The challenge of design SCARA is the difficulty of achieving
stability of high-speed movement with long length of links. Shorter links arm can move more stable. This
condition made the links should be considered restrict then followed by restriction of operation area
(workspace). In this research, authors demonstrated on expanding SCARA robot’s workspace in horizontal area
via linear sliding actuator that embedded to base link of the robot arm. With one additional prismatic joint the
previous robot manipulator with 3 degree of freedom (3-DOF), 2 revolute joints and 1 prismatic joint is become
4-DOF PRRP manipulator. This designation increased workspace of robot from 0.5698m2 performed by the
previous arm (without linear actuator) to 1.1281m2 by the propose arm (with linear actuator). The increasing
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This document discusses air and moisture permeability of textile layers through numerical simulation methods. It begins by defining air permeability and describing a common method to determine permeability parameters by comparing experimental flow data to an equation. It then provides examples of simulating idealized fabric structures and combined cloth layers to model airflow. The document concludes by discussing a recommended three-layer clothing combination and analyzing moisture transport and insulation properties using physical principles.
Physical and chemical properties of host environment to concrete structures have serious impact on
the performance and durability of constructed concrete facilities. This paper presents a 7-month study that
simulated the influence of soil contamination due to organic abattoir waste and indiscriminate disposal of spent
hydrocarbon on strength and durability of embedded concrete. Concrete mix, 1:1.5:3 was designed for all cube
and beam specimens with water-cement ratio of 0.5 and the compressive and flexural strengths of the specimen
were measured from age 28 days up to 196 days in the host environment. It was found that both host
environments attack the physical and strength of concrete in compression and flexure. However, hydrocarbon
had much greater adverse effect on the load-carrying capacity of concrete structures and hence make
constructed facilities less serviceable and vulnerable to premature failure.
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IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
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imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
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- Create role with administrative privileges.
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- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Intersect oral Balance of Construction Complex as a Factor of Territory Development
1. International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology (IJMRET)
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Intersect oral Balance of Construction Complex as a Factor of
Territory Development
O. M. Zalunina.
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor at Management Department
KremenchukMykhailoOstrohradskyi National University, Ukraine
Abstract:The article deals with studying the interconnection of industries associated with the construction
complex. Construction is presented as a system comprising industries, which includes engineering industry,
mineral resource industry, transport industry, metallurgy industry. Based on the model of intersectoral balance,
the author establishes the impact of the change of productionmatrix on the ratio of components of vectors of the
gross production and the final production.
Key words: construction, interconnection, intersectoral connections, territory development, system,
construction complex.
JEL Codes:E 21, M 11, O11, L74
I. Introduction
Construction complex refers to the state
strategic objects by right, since it, firstly, realizes the
basis of the economic development cycle; secondly,
has tight connections to many basic industries of the
economic complex; thirdly, is a backbone factor for
the development of certain regions. Therefore,
construction as a motive factor of economy,
infrastructure, and territory development is of a
special interest for research in contemporary
conditions as well.
A significant progress in the research on the
development of modern theoretical base of analysing
territory development including the development of
backbone industries achieved during the recent
decade. Despite these developments, the study of the
practice of territory development indicates retention
of the issue of inequality of allocation and
development of manufacture and consumption in the
space that brings the role of the structural and
institutional processes up to date.
II. Analysis of the reference data and
problem statement.
Representatives of the neoclassical theories
of growth G. H. Borts, J. I. Stein (1964), T. Swan
(1956), R. Barro, X. Sala-i-Martin (1990) [1-3]
consider the territory development based on the
factors that form manufacturing potential the main of
which are labour, land, and capital. Factors of the
spacial allocation are the additional motive powers.
Construction complex can be considered as a
manufacturing system composed of several
industries. Moreover, the interaction between the
industries can be set by means of market relations.
Representatives of the neoclassical theory,
namely Barro R. and Sala-i-Martin X. (1990)[3] pay
significant attention to studying the issues of spacial
allocation of the manufacture, construction directly
that found its expression in substantiating efficient
models of the economy regional differentiation.
Neoclassical theory develops in two trends
in one trend, it is presented in aggregate models of
the economic growth, in the other, and it is conveyed
on the level of regional models and consists in the
significance of the manufacture factors. For all that,
researchers note that disproportion in the territory
development are explained with the simplified
correction in answer to the exogenous changes. There
is a need in developing infrastructure for liquidation
of the disproportions and contradictions in the
territory development.
Followers of the cumulative theories
(synthesis of neokeynesian, institutional, economic-
geographical) studying economic territory
development prefer the group of factors influencing
the spacial territory development.
In his works [4, 5], G. Myrdal (1972)
analyses peculiarities of economic growth in
developing countries including consideration of the
influence of territorial factors. The researcher argues
the conclusion that the difficulties on the territory
development relate to the social contradictions and
the backwardness in all life areas. Therefore, the
market economy tools do not work on the scheme of
the orthodox theory.
The works of the Nobel prize winner P.
Krugman(1995, 1997) [6-8] reveal an interesting
regularity: the welfare of different territories is
explained with the scale effect. It comes from the
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conclusion that it is reasonable to increase the
specialisation level for the territory development.
Moreover, the territory with bigger population
receives position that is more advantageous.
In spite of the fact that the role of state
gradually decreases in the conditions of the market
economy, the functions of the state institutes remain
determinative concerning the territory development.
A. O. Kasych persists in this opinion in her research
(2011) [9]. According to the conclusions in the
research works [10, 11], the author substantiates the
conclusion that the leading role in the base of the
territory development should belong to the state.
Realization of the efficient state policy can become a
tool regulating strategic territory development. For all
that, construction also need the state programs
regulating and coordinating the territory
development.
Construction as a dominant factor of the
territory development requires revealing interference
of industries associated with the construction
complex. Considering the complicated structure of
interconnections between the construction and other
industries, there appears the issue of assessment and
analysis of the manufacturing-construction system. In
this case, the systems analysis provides opportunity
for studying a wide range of the construction
complex elements. Strengthening the target focus of
all construction participants on the issue of the
finished construction products requires unity of the
performance of manufacturing-economic activities
and all organizations of the construction complex.
Elimination of the negative trends in the construction
management requires transition from the empirical
actions on the construction managing to the
scientifically substantiated complex projecting of the
construction organizational forms.
The main difficulty in the conduction of the
quantitative research on the processes of the
construction complex functioning is the lack of
accurate, detailed and comparable data. Construction
complex includes a group of productive and non-
manufacturing industries, which are functionally
united and provide material conditions for
manufacturing processes, and the whole society vital
activities.
In most cases, the analysis of the construction
complex functioning duplicates the typical
interrelations of the industries. Dispersion of the
geographical types present the difficulty. Dependence
of the construction on the labour, materials and
equipment that are widely used in other industries
and its relation to the numerous auxiliary industries
complicate the accurate analysis and the dependence
of the construction on the political and economic
uncertainty worsens the dynamics.
III. Research aim and tasks.
The article aims at determining the
interference of the elements of the intersectoral
balance for the territory development.
The established aim is achieved due to the
fulfilment of the following tasks:
– singling out the main industries relating
to the construction;
– using the model of intersectoral balance
with regard to the construction;
– analysing interference of the industries
associated with the construction;
– determining the influence of the change
of elements of the production matrix on the ratio of
the components of the vector gross and final
production.
IV. Research data and methods.
The author uses the model of intersectoral
balance by V. V. Leontiev ―expenses–production‖
[12] to resolve the tasks mentioned above.
V. Research results.
Inference between the subjects of the national
economy requires agreement of the manufacture
volumes and structure with the consumption volumes
and structure. The general economic balance in
construction can be determined in total, based on the
solution of the simultaneous equations reflecting
participation of the subjects in the main kinds of
activities. I.e. based on the model.
The models describing the economic turnover
are matrix or balance.
Presumably, the construction can be presented
with n industries (Table 1).
Table 1Intersectoral flows
To Intersectoral flows, хnm Final production Gross production
After 1 2 . . .
yі
Xі
1
2
. . .
n
х11 х12 . . . х1n
х21 х22 . . . х2n
. . . . .
Хn1 хn2 . . . хnm
y1
y2
. . .
y3
X1
X2
. . .
Xn
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Where nis a number of industries;
Xі is a gross cost of the production in the industry і, і = 1, n;
yi is the final demand for the production of the i industry, і = 1, n;
xijisintersectoral flows, i.e. intermediate expenses of production of the i industry of the j industry,
i n 1, , j n 1, .
Each industry icreates a gross cost of the product хі that is applied as a raw product for its own
manufacture xii, for manufacture of another industry xijand for meeting the final demand yi.
X1 = x11 + x12 + ... + x1n + y1,
X2 = x21 + x22 + ... + x2n+ y2, (1)
. . . . . . . . . .
Xn = xn1 + xn2 + ... +xnn + yn,
or in the contracted form
X xi ij
j
n
1
+
yi,
i n 1 2, ,..., . (2)
If the construction spends the gross production on its own needs, such system and its models are closed.
If at least one kind of non-zero final production is manufactured, the system and its models are open.
Transition from the general diagram of the intersectoral ―expenses–production‖ to the analysis of the
volume and structure of the expenses in the country construction requires calculation of the coefficient of the
factor cost:
aij= xij/ Xj.(3)
i.e. the construction system is characterized with the production matrix
a aij , i n 1,
,
j n 1, ,
where the value аijis a quantity of products of the iindustry that is spent on an item of the products of the
j industry. Considering that manufacturing the gross product of all industries requires spending
X a Xi ij
j
n
j
1
units of products of the iindustry, vectors X = ( X1, X2, ..,Xn ) и Y = ( y1, y2, ... , yn ) are united with
simultaneous equations:
X1 – a11 X1 – a12 X2 – ... – a1n Xn = y1,
X2 – a21 X1 – a22 X2 – ... – a2n Xn= y2,
. . . . . . . . . . . (4)
Xn – an1 X1 – an2 X2 – ... – annXn= yn,
which can be contracted to:
xi – j
n
1
aijxj= yi ,i = 1, 2, ... , n; (5)
or in the form of matrix
(E – a) X = Y, (6)
whereЕ is a unity matrix.
The only solution of such equations is caused by the reverse matrix A = (Е – а)–1
:
(Е – а)–1
Y = AY. (7)
In its content, the matrix А= (Аij), i n 1,
, j m 1, ,
is a coefficient matrix of full expenses as the
economic sense of its elements is as follows:
elementАijreflects the need in the gross product of the i industry for manufacturing an item of the final
product of the jindustry.
As a result, Аij is a multiplier reflecting the effect of spreading demand on the gross product i which
primary source is the demand on the final j product.
Leontiev’s model can be applied for:
1. Determining the appropriate amount of the gross product of industries for manufacturing the final
product on its established volumes;
2. Calculating the amount of the final product on the established level of manufacturing the gross
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product;
3. Studying the impact of the change of technology on the manufacture, i.e. calculating how the change
of the elements of the production matrix influence the ratio of the components of the vectors of the gross and
final products.
The studied model ―expenses–production‖ can be a basic one for more complex models. Resource
limitations can be added to it. If one uses labour which expenses are limited with a value L, manufacture of a
unit of the gross product xjrequirestjunits of labour expenses, where tj = Lj/ Xj, so the total number of labour
resources used in the manufacture of the whole gross product equals tjXj.
As a result, the limitation of the use of labour resources can be presented in the following form:
t1X1 + t2 X2 + ... + tnXnL. (8)
Thereby, balances of labour expenses such as basic production assets can be calculated together with
the resource-cost balance.
Construction of the state can be presented as a system.
The tightest inferences are established on the industries due to the construction peculiarities:
1) with engineering industry;
2) with mineral resource industry;
3) with transport industry;
4) with metallurgy industry.
In the formed Table 2 there are intersectoral flows in the cost expression on the generalized data
collected from open sources.
Xi is the product of the industry і, а xijis the cost of goods and services provided by the industry і to the
industry j. Inner volumes of consumption are excluded in this case.
Table 2
Intersectoral flows (in billions of UAH)
From
To
1 2 3 4 Total
1
2
3
4
—
x21 = 14.3
x31 = 22.1
x41 = 65.6
x12 = 16.4
—
x32 = 0.7
x42 = 5.6
x13 = 25.8
—
—
—
x14 = 76.9
x24 = 11.6
—
—
X1 = 119.1
X2 = 25.9
Х3 = 22.8
Х4 = 81.2
Total 102.0 32.7 25.8 88.5 249.0
According to the data in the Table 2 in the accounting year, the gross production of the first industry is
119.1 billion UAH. (Х1 = 119.1). Х12 = 16.4 billion UAH of them were given to the second industry. The volume
of х13 = 25.8 billion UAH was transferred to the third industry.
The volume of х14 = 76.9 billion UAH was transferred to the fourth industry.
In the same year, production of the second industry was Х2 = 25.9 billion UAH. Х21 = 14.3 billion UAH
of them went to the first industry. The volume of х24 = 11.6 billion UAH was transferred to the fourth industry.
The production of the thirds industry was Х3 = 22.8. Х31 = 22.1 of them went to the first industry, х32 =
0.7 were the supply from the second industry.
The cost expression of the production of the fourth industry equals Х4 = 81.2. Х41 = 65.6 of this sum
went to the first industry in the form of works done there; х42 = 15.6 went to the second industry.
According to the above mentioned, the following ratio is true:
х + х + х = Х ,
х + х + х = Х ,
х + х + х = Х ,
х + х + х = Х
12 13 14 1
21 23 24 2
31 32 34 3
41 42 43 4.
(9)
Sum of transition from one industry to the other industries equals the gross production of the industry.
These ratios have the following form in our model:
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, + , + , = , ,
, + , = , ,
, , = , ,
, + , = , .
16 4 258 76 9 1191
14 3 116 259
221 0 7 22 8
65 6 15 6 812
(10)
Let us assume that there are continual manufacture coefficients or coefficients of direct expenses аij.
We use the following ratio to calculate them:
aij = xi / Xj (11)
Intersectoral flows are written in the following way:
xij = aij Xj. (12)
Coefficients of direct expenses build a matrix:
a
0 0 63320 113158 0 94704
012007 0 0 014286
018556 0 02703 0 0
0 55080 0 60232 0 0
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Calculation of continual direct expenses (elements of the matrix a) has the following form:
а12 = х12 / Х2 = 16.4 / 25.9 = 0.63320;
а13 = х13 / Х3 = 25.8 / 22.8 = 1.13158;
а14 = х14 / Х4 = 76.9 / 81.2 = 0.94704;
а21 = х21 / Х1 = 14.3 / 119.1 = 0.12007;
а24 = х24 / Х4 = 11.6 / 81.2 = 0.14286;
а31 = х31 / Х1 = 22.1 / 119.1 = 0.18556;
а32 = х32 / Х2 = 0.7 / 25.9 = 0.02703;
а41 = х41 / Х1 = 65.6 / 119.1 = 0.55080;
а42 = х42 / Х2= 15.6 / 25.9 = 0.60232.
To produce one additional hryvnia in the first industry in the accounting period, we need:
а21= 0.12007 UAH fromthe second industry:
а31= 0.18556 UAH from the third one and 0.55080 UAH from the fourth industry.
To receive the additional hryvnia in the second industry in the same period, we need:
а12 = 0.63320 UAH of supplies from the first industry;
а32 = 0.02703 UAH of supplies from the third industry;
а42 = 0.60232 UAH of supplies from the fourth industry;
To receive the additional hryvnia in the third industry, we need а13 = 1.13158 UAH from the first
industry.
To receive the additional hryvnia in the fourth industry, we need а14 = 0.94704 UAH from the first
industry and а24 = 0.14286 UAH from the second industry.
Leontiev’s closed model has the form:
X a X a X a X
a X X a X a X
a X a X X a X
a X a X a X X
1 21 2 13 3 14 4
21 1 2 23 3 24 4
31 1 31 2 3 34 4
41 1 42 2 43 3 4
0
0
0
0
;
;
;
.
(13)
Since we discuss the homogeneous simultaneous equations, whose determinant equals zero, we cannot
determine absolute values of the production volumes of the industries and we determine only their ratio Xi / Xj.
With the set coefficients of direct expenses, we receive:
X X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
1 2 3 4
1 2 4
1 2 3
1 2 4
0 63320 113158 0 94704 0
012007 014286 0
018556 0 02703 0
0 55080 0 60232 0
, , , ;
, , ;
, , ;
, , . (14)
Having excluded the fourth industry and denominated its demand for the products of other industries
through y1, y2, y3, we receive the open model of ―expenses–production‖:
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X a X a X y
a X X a X y
a X a X X y
1 12 2 13 3 1
21 1 2 23 3 2
31 1 32 2 3 3
;
;
,
(15)
wherey1isan independent demand of the fourth industry the products of the first industry;
y2isan independent demand of the fourth industry for the products of the second industry;
y3isan independent demand for the products of the third industry;
The numerical model is presented in the form:
X X X y
X y
X X X y
1 2 3 1
2 2
1 2 3 3
0 63320 113158
012007
018556 0 02703
, , ;
, ;
, , . (16)
The independent demand of the fourth industry in the closed system is noted as
y1 = x14; y2 = x24; y3 = x34.
If the demand of the fourth industry on the other unchanged conditions for the products of the first
industry (y1) increases on 1%, i.e. from 76.9 to 77.669 billion UAH, we receive the following data because of
the system solution:
Х1 = 120.18347 (was 119.1) billion UAH
Х2 = 26.03050 (was 25.9) billion UAH,
Х3 = 23.00496 (was 22.8) billion UAH
Consequently, increasing demand of the fourth industry for the products of the first industry on 1% takes
place due to the increase of the products on 0.91%, the second industry – on 0.50 % and the products of the third
industry – on 0.90 %.
The calculations done with the help of the matrix of full resource expenses:
( )
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
E a
a a
a a
a a
1
12 13
21 23
31 32
1
1
1
1
10000 0 63320 113158
012007 10000 0 0000
018556 0 02703 10000
1 40781 0 93449 159306
016904 111221 019128
0 26580 0 20347 130078
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
(17)
The system solution (16) with the help of this matrix has the form:
Х = (Е – а)–1
.Y, orX= (Е – а)–1
Y. (18)
Substituting the elements of the matrix of full expenses, we receive:
X y y y
X y y y
X y y y
1 1 2 3
2 1 2 3
3 1 2 3
140781 0 93449 159306
016904 111221 019128
0 26580 0 20347 130078
, , ,
, , , ;
, , , .
;
(19)
VI. Discussion of research results.
The interference of the industries on this
model can be done due to the current data. If the
demand of the fourth industry for the products of the
first industry changes on 1 billion UAH with other
conditions remaining unchanged, the products of the
first industry increases on 1.40781 billion UAH, the
second industry – on 0.169 billion UAH and the third
industry – on 0.2658 billion UAH.
If the demand for the products of the second
industry y2 increases on 1 billion UAH with other
conditions remaining unchanged, Х1 should increase
on 0.93 billion UAH, products of the second industry
Х2 – on 1.11 billion UAH and products of the third
industry Х3 – on 0.2 billion UAH.
If the demand of the fourth industry increases
for the products of the third industry on 1 billion
UAH it will increase products on 1.59 billion UAH,
products of the second industry Х2 – on 0.19 billion
UAH and products of the third industry Х3 – on 1.3
billion UAH.
The model ―expenses–production‖ is static,
since it does not consider possible changes taking
place as time goes by and is used for comparatively
short periods. Models that are more complex should
be used to consider dynamic changes.
Dynamic generalization of the model can be
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received if the fund volume fij, that equals the number
of i production, is introduced. It is given on the fund
gain of j industry divided on the growth of this
industry Xj (amortization is hereby included into the
compensation fund). In this case, the model has the
form of simultaneous equations:
Xi – aijXj– fijXj = Zi,i = 1, 2, ... , n, (20)
whereZi is the rest of the final product of i
industry after covering compensation funds
(amortization) and the development fund (investment)
of the manufacture.
Export, stock growth, insurance funds can be
included into Zі together with consumption.
Introducing the industry product growth rates kj= Xj/
Xj, the simultaneous equations have the form:
Xi – вijXj = Zi ,i = 1, 2, ... , n, (21)
whereвij = aij + fijkj .
It approximates its form to the static model.
VII. Conclusions.
The conducted research allows revealing the
following:
1. Construction industry needs improvement
of the theoretic basis for developing, since it is very
complex and varied from the point of view of
inference of the constituents.
2. Complex approach to the analysis of
construction determines the main trends of its
perspective analysis of its elements’ inference in the
whole. The need in the complex approach is proved
with the experience received by science and practice.
3. Construction is a system of the united
complex of interfered elements; the system elements
are subsystems of a lower rate, i.e. there is a unity of
aims, resources, construction (structure).
The author determines the influence of the
change of elements of the production matrix on the
ratio of the components of the vector gross and final
production.
The research suggests:
– studying construction as a system
combining activity of the totality of industries
characterized with resource unity;
– applying the model of intersectoral balance
to reveal the industry interconnection of the
construction complex influencing the territory
development.
The research is a basis for further theoretical
researches on managing construction complex
development as a factor of the territory development.
References
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Free Market. New York, London, 1964 –
333p.
[2.] Swan T. Economic Growth and Capital
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[3.] Barro R. ,Sala-i-Martin X. Economic growth
and convergenceacross the United States.
NBER Working paper. 1990. 3419. - p. 272.
[4.] MyrdalG. Economic Theory Underdeveloped
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/А.О. Касич//
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