What is in an Internet of Things Stack? A deep dive from Postscapes and Harbor Research Infographic version can be found here: http://www.slideshare.net/Postscapes/internet-of-things-stack Full resolution can be found at: http://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-stack

1. Internet of Things Stack

2. Smart Systems and the Internet of Things is quickly
becoming a massive, global digital nervous
system — connecting billions of people, tens of
billions of devices, and trillions of data points through
a network of unprecedented scale.
In this system-of-systems, every interaction with
the physical world is also an interaction with the network.
Overview
User
Experience
Tech
Business
MarketPhysical
World

3. As these intersections blend the
physical with the digital, they are
mediated by ongoing user
interactions, business processes,
technology architectures, and
newly created market forces.
Revenue
Type
- Physical Product // Software // Data Access // Service
Region
- North America, Europe, S. & Central America, Asia, Africa,
Oceania, Worldwide
Transaction Type
- B2B // B2C // G2G // C2C
Model
- Indirect // One-time fee // Pay per use // Subscription
License & Location
Proprietary >> Open Source
Cloud >> On Premise Edge
Market Delivery
Channel
Direct // Distributors & Wholesalers // Resellers
// Systems Integrators
Direct Services
Engineering // Consulting // Support // Training
Business
Physical World
Value Added Apps
- Analytics / Dashboards
- Mobile & Collaboration
- Asset Management // Supply Chain Management //
Energy Management // Customer Support // Security
Management
System Applications
- Monitoring and State // Location & Tracking // Diagnos-
tics & Prognostics // Automation // Analytics
- Application Enablement and Tools
- Data Aggregation / Data Transformation & Man-
agement / Edge Processing
- Device Management
- Connectivity Services
Network Services
Wireline / WPAN / WLAN / LWPAN / WWAN
Connectivity & Device Enablement
Software
Device Software // Device Drivers // Security & Encryption //
Comms Stacks // Operating Systems
Network Hardware
Routers & Gateways // Silicon, Boards & Modules
Tech
Actuators
Sensors &Sens
Instruments
Power Supply
Context
Identity // Location //Time
Interaction
Visual // Audio // Tactile
Device
Embedded // Accessories // Mobile // Fixed
User Experience
Market
Tech
User Experience
Business
PhysicalWorld
Market
Institutional &
Commercial
- Healthcare
- Retail / Commercial
Facilities &
Security
- Buildings
- Security
Mobility
- Transporation
Resources & Production
- Resources
- Energy
- Industrial
Information Technology
& Communications
- Consumer
- Professional
Cloud Services
Security
Protocols
Business

4. Overview
+
User Experience
Layer
Context
Handheld / Mobile
Fixed
Embedded
Accessories
Interaction
Internal
Device
Textile
Adhere/Patches
FootwearClipped
Earbuds
Strapped
Eyewear Headware
Identity
Location /
Surroundings
TIme
Visual /
Audio /
Tactile /
Gaze Tracking
Facial Expression Tracking
Emotion Recognition
Voice Recognition
Haptic Sensors
Pressure Sensors
Taste/Smell Sensors
Joysticks / Mice
“User Experience” is the sum of our relationship with technology. It encompasses the practical—like which senses, gestures,
and inputs we use to interact with our devices and surrounding environment—as well as the emotional: how the interaction
makes us feel.

5. Technology
Layer
From the design of silicon to the end-user experience, the technologies of
the IoT are driven by data.
Sensors, software, and networked infrastructure collect, analyze, transmit
and present data for the users and devices who need it most.
Overview
+
Routers & Gateways
- 2G, 3G, 4G Routers
- Ethernet Routers
- Gateways & Proxy Servers
- Data Aggregator
- Residential Gateways
- Set Top Box
- Voice Gateway
- WAP Gateway
Silicon / Boards / Modules
- 64 bit Microcontrollers
- 32 bit Microcontrollers
- 16 bit Microcontrollers
- 8 bit Microcontrollers
- 4 bit Microcontrollers
- DSP Controllers
- Graphic Processors
- System on a Module
- Systems on a Chip
- Single Board Computers
Software
Device Management
- FOTA (Firmware Over the Air)
- Distributed Version Control
- Configuration Management
- Software Versioning
- Device Drivers
Network Hardware
Security & Encryption
- Security / Anti-Virus
- Encryption
- Patch Mgmt
- End Point Authentication
- Anti-Device Tampering
- Preboot Verification
- IP SEC
- Certificate Management
- Cryptography
- Data at Rest Encryption
Comms Stacks
- Wireline
- WPAN
- WLAN
- LPWAN
- WWAN
Operating System
- Virtualization S/W
- Desktop and Mobile GUI OS
- Embedded / GUI based RTOS
- Commercial RTOS
- Open RTOS
- Boot Loaders / Comm’s stacks
Connectivity &
Device Enablement
Network Services
Wireline
WPAN
WLAN
WWAN
Cloud Services
Security / Data Policies & Governance
Protocols / Frameworks
System Applications
Application Enablement
- API Services
- Application Enablement Tools
Data: Agg / Transformation / MGMT
// Edge Processing
- Storage
- Data Normalization
- Data Classification
- Data Governance
- Ad Hoc Queries
- Rules Engine
- Statistical Analysis
- Streaming Analysis
- Real-Time (time series) Analysis
- Presentation & Visualization
- Event Processing
Device Management & Connectivity
- Upgrades and Versioning
- System Configuration
- Device Registry
- Identify, Security and Encryption
- Device Provisioning & Commissioning
- Firmware Management
- Gateway Management
Monitoring & State
Prognostics
Automation / Analytics
Location & Tracking
Diagnostics
Security Management
Energy Management
Supply Chain & Logistics
Customer Support
Asset Management
Mobile & Collaboration
Analytics & Dashboards
Value Added Applications
- Bluetooth
- 6LoWPAN
- NFC
- RFID
- Cellular (4G/LTE - 2G/GSM
3G GPRS)
- WiMax
- Ethernet
- Modbus
- Powerline
- WiFi
- DECT
- Thread
TCP / UDP
IPv4 / IPv6
CoAP
MQTT
XMPP
RESTful HTTP
AMQP
LWM2M
Thread
OneM2M
DDS
DTLS
uIP
Telehash
UPnP
AllJoyn
SMPP (Short Message
Peer to Peer)
Virtual IC SMS
OMA Device Management
CPE WAN Management
Protocol (CWMP)
Weave
REST API
Node JS
HTML 5
Web Sockets
JSON/JSONP
Physical
- Power
- Sensors
- Actuators
LPWAN
- Sigfox
- LoRA
SaaS
PaaS
IaaS
Core Messaging / Application

6. Market
Layer
Some markets adopt new technologies faster than others, but no sector of the
economy is immune to the expanding influence of the IoT.
While there are similarities that apply across the board, each vertical has its own set
of needs and challenges that shape the way networked technologies add value.
Overview
+
Transportation
Infrastructure
Aerospace
• Traffic Management
• Toll Collection
• Parking Systems
• Military Aircraft
• Commercial Aircraft
• Personal Aircraft
• Military Watercraft
• Commercial Watercraft
• Personal Watercraft
• Rolling Stock
• Urban Transit
• Locomotives
• Infrastructure
Marine Rail
• Construction Off-road
• Military Off-road
• Personal On-road
• Commercial On-road
• Emergency On-road
Vehicles
Mobility
Information
Technology &
Communications
Industrial
• Lighting
• Power Distribution
• Life Safety
• Climate Control
• Water & Gas
• Security & Access Ctrl
ResidentialCommercial & Institutional
• Lighting
• Power Distribution
• Life Safety
• People Moving
• Climate Control
• Water & Gas
• Security & Access Control
• Climate Control
• Appliances
• Security & Access Control
• Power Distribution
• Water & Gas
• Life Safety
• Lighting
Facilities &
Security
Borders & Ports
of Entry
Security
Campuses, Bases &
Public Venues
• Access Control
• Security & Detection
• Surveillance
• Access Control
• Security & Detection
• Surveillance
Industrial
Hybrid/Converting
• Processing
• Auxiliary Equipment
• Controls &
Instrumentation
• Processing
• Converting
• Handling &
Packaging
• Controls
Manufacturing Supply Chain
• Fabrication
• Material Handling
• Assembly/Test
• Controls
• Handling
• Warehouse /
Distribution
Systems
Resources &
Production
Resources
Power Generation
Alternative Power
Conventional
Generation
Power Transmission &
Distribution
Transmission &
Distribution
Power Quality &
Electrical
Backup
Energy
Institutional &
Commercial
Transport
Retail/
Commercial • Restaurants
• Hotels
• Goods &
Groceries
• Convenience/
Gas
Healthcare
• Patient Care
• Surgery
• Labs
Hospitals &
Health Facilities
Home / Personal
Healthcare
• Home Care
• Mobile Care
• Lifestyle
• Entertainment
• Public Venues
& Stadiums
• Advertising
• Vending
• Repair Services
• Cleaning Services
Commercial
Services
Public Venues HospitalityRetail
Enterprise
• Computing
• Communication
• Office
• Mobile
• Field
Professional
Consumer
Home
• Communication
• Infotainment
• Home Office
Water Utility
Oil & Gas
• Oil & Gas
Extraction
• Oil & Gas
Processing
• Oil & Gas Transport
Agriculture
• Farming
• Cultivation
• Livestock
Management
• Water Extraction
• Water Processing
/ Treatment
• Water Transport
Mining
• Extraction
• Material
Handling
• Material
Processing
Environment &
Infrastructure
• Infrastructure
Monitoring
• Environment
Monitoring
Power Generation
Buildings
•
•
•
•

7. Integrating smart systems into business processes requires restructuring
long-held assumptions about how products and services are brought to market.
Collaboration between and among users, customers, developers and partners
will be a minimum requirement for success.
Revenue Model
License & Location
Market Delivery
Revenue Type
Location
On Premise
Bundled / Hybrid
Hosted
Co-location
Cloud
License
Proprietary - Commercial
Proprietary - Shareware
Open Source
Apache / BSD / GPL / GNU / MIT
Mozilla / Eclipse / Creative Commons
/ Public / LGPL / AGPL Model
North America, Europe, S. & Central America,
Asia, Africa, Oceania, Worldwide
Region
B2B / B2C / C2B / ETC
Transaction Type
Indirect
One-time
Pay-per
Subscription
• Per seat
• Per device
• Affiliate
• Per application
• Per site
• Royalty
• Usage-based
• Tiered/ Freemium
• Unit-based
• Transaction
• Value-based
• Timed
• Flexible - Capped
• Open / One-time
• P2P
Loyalty
Internal Use
•
•
Direct ServicesChannel
Direct
Distributers & Wholesalers
Professional / Tech Services
OEM / ODM
VARs
Systems Integrators
Maintenance / Service Monitoring
After-Market Support & Logistics
Training
System Selection / Integration
Type
Physical Product
Software
Data
Service
Business
Layer
Overview
+

8. Actuators &A
Subsystemsms
Sensors &SSSSSen
Instruments
Power Supply
Physical Layer
What distinguishes the IoT from the Internet of the past is its relationship with the physical world.
At its most basic level, the IoT depends on sensors that collect digital data about objects, envi-
ronments and people; actuators and equipment that allow digital data and networked communi-
cations to affect the physical world; and
the power supplies needed to keep it all
running.
Overview
+

9. Smart Systems and the Internet of Things will be built from complex interrelationships
between the stack. Integrating these layers together is the Interaction Seam—
A bi-directional link between digital user experiences and the physical world.
Physical
Business
Market
Tech
User Experience
OverviewOverview
+ Interaction Seam
The Interaction Seam represents the convergence of users, devices, partners,
data, and networks.

10. Success will increasingly go to those that effectively
utilize their combined potential...

11. USER EXPERIENCE
INTERACTION SEAM
TECH
BUSINESS
Your Product / Service
MARKET
PHYSICAL WORLD
Rethinking Things as Systems
Questions to help frame your own connected device and smart system
Where do I fit in the bigger picture?
How do I connect with other devices,
users and systems?
What allows me to think and communicate?
Value Added Applications
Security / Data Policies
Sector
Device Application
System Applications
Network Services
Connectivity &
Device Enablement
Sensors, Actuators &
Subsystems
Power
Who are my family, friends,
coworkers, acquaintances,
and frenemies?
How do we communicate?
Do we need a mediator?
How do people engage with me?
What’s my name and current location?
What am I feeling, sensing, touching? How
do I make changes in my environment?
How do I get my energy?
Connections
(People,
Processes &
External
Systems)
Where can my distinct skills be applied?
Who can access my information?
How do I know it has been secured?
Where can I be found?
What am I doing?
Interaction
Context
Device
Revenue Model
License & location
Market Delivery
What’s my form factor?
How can I be accessed?
How and where can I be used?
How do I reach the market?
Revenue Type How do I bring home the bacon?

12. To discover, design and develop
innovative smart systems,
organizations must consider all the
elements involved and the context
they fit into.
The IoT demands that we
think about opportunities
as systems, not products.

13. Postscapes.com // tharwood@postscapes.com // 720.306.1214
HarborResearch.com // aglaser@harborresearch.com // 303.786.9000