The document discusses the international monetary system and exchange rate regimes. It provides an overview of money and trade between nations, the need for an international arrangement on currency exchange and conversion. It describes the historical evolution from the gold standard to the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates pegged to the US dollar and gold. Following the collapse of Bretton Woods in the 1970s, countries adopted various floating and fixed exchange rate regimes, with limitations to achieving complete exchange rate stability, monetary policy freedom, and financial integration globally.
This presentation is a comprehensive presentation of Forex Market. It starts with the history of this market from Pre Gold period, Bretton wood till current floating exchange mechanism and in Indian perspective FERA and FEMA. It then gives you an idea on size, width and extent of this market and post that it covers forex exchange, quotes, and numerical. Finally, it covers few topics like Trade Finance, LIBOR, Balance of Payment & Currency Swaps
Factor Affecting exchange rate and Theories of exchange rate Jatin Goyal
It explains the following topics
Factor Affecting the exchange rate
CURRENCY DEPRECIATION VS.CURRENCY APPRECIATION
Foreign exchange
Theories of exchange rate
The interaction between international trade.WajidMoon
International finance encompasses the study and practice of financial management in a global context, focusing on the flow of capital across borders, currency exchange rates, international investment, and international trade. Here's a concise description:
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
2. INTRODUCTION TRADE AND EXCHANGE OF GOODS/SERVICES OR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION HAS BEEN FACILITATED BY THE EVOLUTION OF MONEY A SOVEREIGN NATION EXERCISES ITS AUTHORITY TO ISSUE LEGAL TENDER MONEY. THIS HAS ACCEPTABILITY WITHIN THE GEOGRAPHICAL BOUNDARIES OF THE NATION
3. INTRODUCTION SPECIALIZATION AND DIVISION OF LABOUR GENERATE GAINS FOR EVERYONE. THIS IS MADE POSSIBLE ONLY WHEN THERE IS A RELIABLE MONETARY MECHANISM(MAINTENANCE OF ORDER IN THE FUNCTIONING OF A CURRENCY) THE SAME IS TRUE FOR TRADE AND FINANCE ACROSS THE BORDERS.
4. THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND FINANCE, WE REQUIRE AN INTERNATIONAL ARRANGEMENT BETWEEN TRADING NATIONS ABOUT EXCHANGE RATES AND THE POSSIBLE CONVERSION OF CURRENCIES. SUCH AN ARRANGEMENT IS CALLED THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM IT IS A PART OF THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM.
5. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM THIS IS A BROAD TERM ENCOMPASSING TRANSFER OF FUNDS BETWEEN PARTIES ACROSS BORDERS CONVERSION OF NATIONAL CURRENCIES ACQUISITION/LIQUIDATION OF FINANCIAL ASSETS ACROSS BORDERS, AND INTERNATIONAL CREDIT CREATION IT IS MULTILATERAL IN NATURE
6. STUDY OF THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM IT SHOULD ENCOMPASS:- EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES LIQUIDITY-AVAILABILITY OF RESERVES THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND THE ADJUSTMENT PROCESS-TO COPE WITH SPECIFIC IRREGULARITIES/PROBLEMS CURRENCY BLOCKS AND UNIONS OF REGIONS LIKE ECU AND EMU
7. EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES-AN INTRODUCTION WHAT IS AN EXCHANGE-RATE REGIME? IT MEANS AN UNDERSTANDING/AGREEMENT BETWEEN ACTIVELY TRADING NATIONS ABOUT THE VALUES OF THEIR RESPECTIVE DOMESTIC CURRENCIES THE OBJECTIVE BEING TO ENSURE STABILITY AND PREDICTABILITY OF MARKET-DETERMINED RATES OF EXCHANGE
8. EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES-AN INTRODUCTION THE EMPHASIS IS ON EACH GOVERNMENT TO MAINTAIN ADEQUATE GOLD (OR DOLLAR*) RESERVES, AND TO EXERCISE DISCRETION SO AS NOT TO ALLOW THE DOMESTIC CURRENCY TO EITHER DRASTICALLY APPRECIATE OR DEPRECIATE. SHARP CHANGES CREATE UNCERTAINTY-THEY BENEFIT SOME AT THE EXPENSE OF OTHERS. * under gold-exchange standard followed in the Bretton Woods system
9. EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES-THE 3 PRINCIPAL REGIMES GOLD-SPECIE STANDARD: THIS IS THE OLDEST MONETARY STANDARD. UNDER THIS REGIME COINS MUST CARRY A KNOWN QUANTITY OF GOLD SO THAT DIFFERENT CURRENCIES COULD BE EXCHANGED FOR TRADE GOLD-BULLION STANDARD: HERE, A CURRENCY NOTE/COIN IN CIRCULATION HAS TO BE BACKED BY A KNOWN QUANTITY OF GOLD RESERVE OF THE ISSUING AUTHORITY. THESE ARE THE 2 VARIANTS OF THE GOLD STANDARD-ALSO REFERRED TO AS THE MINT-PARITY STANDARD.
10. EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES-THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM THIS IS AN AGREEMENT UNDER WHICH THE DOMESTIC CURRENCY IS OFFERED TO BE EXCHANGED AT A FIXED RATE WITH THE DOLLAR. THE DOLLAR IS ITSELF ON A GOLD BULLION STANDARD THIS IS ALSO CALLED THE GOLD-EXCHANGE STANDARD. IT EVOLVED AFTER WORLD-WARII
11. EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES-THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM IT GAVE AN IMPORTANT STATUS TO THE DOLLAR THE USA GAVE A COMMITMENT TO MAINTAIN THE GOLD RESERVES I.E. THE GOLD BULLION STANDARD. THIS COMMITMENT LASTED TILL ABOUT 1970 WHEN USA RENEGED ITS COMMITMENT TO CONVERT DOLLARS AT A FIXED RATE OF $35/OUNCE
12. BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM-SOME NOTEWORTHY FEATURES DOLLAR VALUE IN TERMS OF GOLD FIXED EACH OTHER CURRENCY HAD A KNOWN EXCHANGE VALUE OF THE DOLLAR WITH THE LOCAL CURRENCY-THE ‘CENTRAL PARITY ‘. NATIONS WERE OBLIGED TO SELL/BUY DOLLARS IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN THE MARKET DETERMINED EXCHANGE RATES WITHIN A +/- RANGE OF 1% ON EACH SIDE.
13. BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM-SOME NOTEWORTHY FEATURES SO, MEMBER NATIONS WERE OBLIGED TO SELL DOLLARS IF DOLLAR APPRECIATED BEYOND 1% ABOVE THE CENTRAL PARITY. THEY HAD TO MAINTAIN SUFFFICIENT DOLLAR RESERVES IN ORDER TO DO IT. THEY HAD TO BUY DOLLARS WITH LOCAL CURRENCY IN CASE DOLLAR DEPRECIATED LOWER THAN 1%BELOW THE CENTRAL PARITY(RUNNING THE PRINTING PRESS)
14. BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM-SOME NOTEWORTHY FEATURES THESE UPPER AND LOWER LEVELS OF THE MARKET-DETERMINED DOLLAR VALUE WERE CALLED THE ‘SUPPORT POINTS’. GOVERNMENTS OF MEMBER NATIONS WERE TO ENSURE THAT THE MARKET VALUE OF THE DOLLAR WAS WITHIN THE BAND. IF IT WAS PERSISTENTLY RISING BEYOND IT, THE GOVERNMENT COULD GET THE CENTRAL PARITY RAISED I.E. GET THE DOMESTIC CURRENCY DEVALUED.
15. BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM-SOME NOTEWORTHY FEATURES DOMESTIC PRESSURES AND CERTAIN INTERNATIONAL CONDITIONS ENSURED THAT THE USA ABOLISHED THE GOLD BULLION STANDARD. BY 1971, THE WORLD MOVED TO ‘FLOATING EXCHANGE RATES’. THIS PHASE ALSO CREATED REGIONAL BLOCKS LIKE EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM.
16. THE RANGE OF VARIATIONS SINCE 15TH AUGUST 1971, AFTER USA GAVE UP THE BRETTON WOODS COMMITMENT OF MAINTAINING A CONSTANT DOLLAR VALUE IN TERMS OF GOLD OF $35/OUNCE, THERE HAVE BEEN VARIATIONS OF THE EXCHANGE RATE SYSTEM ADOPTED BY MEMBER NATIONS. SPECTRUM OF FLOATING EXCHANGE RATES-THERE ARE 8 PRINCIPAL VARIATIONS WITH FEATURES OF FIXED AND FLOATING RATES
17. THE 8 PRINCIPAL TYPES OF EXCHANGE-RATES AND THEIR FEATURES ECUADOR, PANAMA ACCEPT THE DOLLAR AS LEGAL TENDER. THIS IS CALLED DOLLARIZATION/EUROISATION CURRENCY BOARD-THERE IS A LEGAL COMMITMENT TO EXCHANGE LOCAL CURRENCY WITH A FOREIGN CURRENCY AT A SPECIFIED RATE.LOCAL CURRENCY IS FULLY BACKED BY FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES-ARGENTINA, HONG KONG FIXED PEG: SIMILAR TO BRETTON WOODS, BUT THE PEG IS AGAINST EITHER A CURRENCY OR TO A BASKET(WEIGHTED AVERAGES). +/-1% ABOUT THE CENTRAL PARITY IS ALLOWED. CHINA TILL RECENTLY.
18. THE 3 LIMITED FLEXIBILITY REGIMES PEGGED WITHIN HORIZONTAL BANDS: HERE, THE BANDS ARE ALLOWED TO BE WIDER THAN +/- 1%. CRAWLING PEG: THE PEG-RATE IS PERIODICALLY ADJUSTED AT DISCRETION OF THE GOVERNMENTS OR ACCORDING TO PRE-DETERMINED CRITERIA. CRAWLING BANDS: LIKE ABOVE, CENTRAL PARITY IS ADJUSTED PLUS CERTAIN MARGINS ABOUT IT ARE ALLOWED. ABOUT 30 NATIONS COMPRISE THESE TYPES
19. MANAGED FLOATS AND INDEPENDENT FLOATS MANAGED FLOAT: ACTIVE INTERVENTION BY CENTRAL BANKS IN THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS TO INFLUENCE PREVAILING EXCHANGE RATES-BUT NO COMMITMENT TO SET ANY PRE-DETERMINED PATTERN. INDEPENDENT FLOAT: MINIMAL INTERVENTION BY THE CENTRAL BANK AND THE RATES ARE ALMOST ENTIRELY MARKET-DETERMINED. ABOUT 75 NATIONS INCLUDING BHARAT ARE UNDER THESE CATEGORIES.
20. IDEAL EXCHANGE RATE? THE WORLD HAS SEEN 3 PHASES OF EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES:- GOLD STANDARD(FIXED RATES) TILL WORLD WAR I, ADJUSTABLE PEG(BRETTON WOODS) 1944-1973, FLOATING RATES 1973 ONWARDS IMPOSSIBLE TO ACHIEVE AT A TIME THE THREE MAIN OBJECTIVES: STABILITY; INTEGRATION WITH GLOBAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM; MONETARY POLICY FREEDOM
21. THE IMPOSSIBLE TRINITY RATE STABILITY; INTEGRATION WITH ROW; MONETARY FREEDOM CAN BE ATTEMPTED USING THE THREE POLICY TOOLS OF:- CURRENCY UNION/BOARD: IMPOSSIBLE TO RETAIN MONETARY FREEDOM FLOAT: CAN’T GUARANTEE STABILITY CAPITAL CONTROLS(RESTRICTIONS ON FLOW OF FUNDS): INTEGRATION WITH ROW DENIED