Devaluation by hadiqa
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Currency devaluation and overvaluation refer to adjustments in a country's official exchange rate under a fixed exchange rate system. Devaluation occurs when a country officially lowers the value of its currency, while overvaluation is when a country raises the value of its currency. In contrast, under a floating exchange rate system, a currency's value fluctuates based on market forces rather than government actions. Depreciation describes a decrease in value due to market forces, while appreciation refers to an increase in value due to market forces.
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Types of Exchange Rate Quotations: The unit examines different types of exchange rate quotations, including direct and indirect quotations.
Exchange Rate Regimes: This section delves into the different exchange rate regimes employed by countries, ranging from fixed and floating exchange rate systems to managed floats, currency boards, and crawling pegs.
Nominal, Real, and Effective Exchange Rates: The unit explores the intricate interplay between nominal, real, and effective exchange rates, elucidating their definitions, determinants, and implications for international trade and finance.
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Balance of Payments , Components of BOP, Current account; Causes of disequilibrium in Balance of Payments, Foreign Exchange rate,Devaluation, Appreciation , Revaluation and Depreciation,
DETERMINATION OF RATE OF EXCHANGE
The key factors that determine a country's exchange rate include:
1. Inflation rates - Lower inflation leads to currency appreciation while higher inflation depreciates a currency.
2. Interest rates - Higher rates attract foreign capital and appreciation, while lower rates cause depreciation.
3. Balance of payments - A trade surplus appreciates a currency while a deficit depreciates it.
4. Government debt - Higher debt that may lead to default causes currency depreciation.
11 foreign-exchange
Foreign exchange refers to foreign currencies and bank deposits denominated in foreign currency. The foreign exchange market allows people to trade one currency for another. The exchange rate between two countries is the price at which their residents trade currencies. Nominal exchange rates are relative prices of currencies, while real exchange rates also account for differences in inflation between countries and the relative prices of goods. Purchasing power parity theory suggests identical goods should have the same price in different locations after accounting for exchange rates. The Big Mac Index published by The Economist uses McDonald's Big Mac burgers, which are produced to similar standards globally, to estimate real exchange rates between currencies.
Similar to Devaluation by hadiqa (20)
Factor Affecting exchange rate and Theories of exchange rate
Factor Affecting exchange rate and Theories of exchange rate
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What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightnessLabour Market Information Council | Conseil de l’information sur le marché du travail
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.Recently uploaded (20)
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What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightness
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Devaluation by hadiqa
- 1. Currency Devaluation vs Currency Overvaluation HADIQA AAMER M.SC. ECONOMICS 13-ARID-3412 ECON - 730
- 2. Exchange Rate Exchange Rate is the price of one currency in terms of another. Interbank closing rates for dollar on 02-03-2009 Buying Rs 79.88 Selling Rs 79.92 (1 EUR=1.5 CAD) It means 1 Euro =1.5 Canadian dollar so 1.5 is the price at which we can buy Euro in Canadian dollar.
- 3. Exchange Rate Regimes In a fixed exchange rate system foreign central banks stand ready to buy and sell their currencies at a fixed price in terms of dollar. In a flexible(floating) exchange rate system, the central banks allow the exchange rate to adjust to equate the supply and demand for foreign currency. When central banks intervene to buy and sell foreign currencies in attempts to influence exchange rates the system is known as managed floating or dirty floating.
- 4. “Devaluation” means official lowering of the value of a country's currency within a fixed exchange rate system, by which the monetary authority formally sets a new fixed rate with respect to a foreign reference currency. (Supply increased in response to decrease in price) In contrast, depreciation is used to describe a decrease in a currency's value due to market forces, not government or central bank policy actions. (Price is decreased in response to increased in supply) Devaluation vs Depreciation of Currency
- 5. Devaluation vs Depreciation A devaluation takes place when the price of foreign currencies under a fixed rate regime is increased by official action. Whereas, depreciation takes place when, under floating exchange rate regime domestic currency becomes less expensive in terms of foreign currency
- 6. Devaluation vs Depreciation Supply increased in response to decrease in price Price decrease by Government first.
- 7. Depreciation
- 8. Overvaluation vs Appreciation Revaluation/Overvaluation of a currency is a calculated adjustment to a country's official exchange rate relative to a chosen baseline. The baseline can be anything from wage rates to the price of gold to a foreign currency. Rise of currency to the relation with a foreign currency in a fixed exchange rate. In floating exchange rate correct term would be appreciation
- 9. Appreciation and Revaluation A revaluation takes place when the price of foreign currencies under a fixed rate regime is decreased by official action. Whereas, appreciation takes place when, under floating exchange rate regime domestic currency becomes more expensive in terms of foreign currency.
- 10. Appreciation
- 11. How currency appreciates A currency appreciates as a result of increased demand for that currency on world markets: its value in the world market increases. This increase in demand can occur for several reasons: 1.When a country's exports are high, the buyers of these exports need its currency to pay for those exports. 2.When the country's central bank increases interest rates, people will want that currency to deposit in the banks to earn that higher interest rate. 3.When employment and per capital income in a country increase, the demand for its goods and services increases, along with demand for that country's currency in the local market. 4.When the demand of the currency is high in foreign exchange market 5.Due to Government borrowing or loosening of fiscal policy. See Twin deficits hypothesis
- 12. We can take same determinants for deprecation working in opposite direction as compare to appreciation. For more information visit www.Wikipedia.com Regards By Hadiqa Aamer.