International journal of virology
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International Journal of Virology Studies & Research (IJVSR) ISSN:2330-0027 is a comprehensive, peer reviewed journal devoted to Virology Studies & Research. IJVSR, published by SciDoc is an open access journal that includes high quality papers, which covers all major areas of Virology Studies & Research. SciDoc with its Open Access publication model spreads all the day-to-day developments and research to readers around the world. IJVSR aims to publish all the latest and outstanding research articles, reviews and letters in all areas of Virology. It contains a series of timely, in-depth written articles by scholars & researchers in the field, covering a wide range of the integration of multidimensional challenges of research of Virology http://scidoc.org/IJVSR.php
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Wolbachia and dengue virus
These slides briefly describe the relation of dengue virus and an endosymbiont bacteria Wolbachia. We can eliminate Dengue fever by using the strategy to manipulate mosquito biology such that it would be unable to transfer virus to humans.
genetically modified organism- mosquito
Researchers have genetically modified a bacteria, Pantoes agglomerans, that lives naturally in the gut of mosquitoes. The modified bacteria produces proteins that destroy Plasmodium oocysts, which are early forms of the malaria parasite, reducing malaria infection rates in mosquitoes by 98%. Another approach uses GM mosquitoes with an added gene that kills them as larvae if not given tetracycline, decreasing wild mosquito populations over time. However, long term safety testing of GM mosquitoes interacting with the environment and humans has not been conducted.
Genetically modified mosquitoes
This document provides an overview of genetically modified mosquitoes for vector control. It discusses the mosquito lifecycle and transmission of vector-borne diseases. Methods for vector control include the use of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, which have shown promise in suppressing dengue virus in laboratory and field trials by impairing pathogen development. The document also describes techniques using sterile insects like the sterile insect technique (SIT) and release of insects carrying a dominant lethal gene (RIDL). Field trials on the Cayman Islands demonstrated that Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes can successfully introduce and spread the infection within a native mosquito population. However, more studies are still needed before GM mosquitoes can be effectively used for vector control.
Relation of Insect Endosymbionts with Immunity System.
This document discusses the relationship between insect endosymbionts and the insect immunity system. It describes how endosymbionts like Wolbachia and Spiroplasma can provide benefits to insects like increased resistance to pathogens. The document outlines the types of immunity in insects and how endosymbionts can enhance both humoral and cellular immunity through increased antimicrobial peptide production and immune gene expression. Several studies are cited showing endosymbionts reduce susceptibility of insects to bacterial, viral, parasitic and parasitoid infections. The conclusion discusses using endosymbionts to help control mosquito-borne diseases and illnesses in beneficial insects.
Virology
Virology is the study of viruses, which are small particles that can only replicate inside living cells. Viruses are non-cellular and contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material. They have capsids made of protein that surround their genomes and allow them to attach to and enter host cells. Viruses come in different shapes determined by the symmetry of their capsids, and some have envelopes containing glycoproteins. They are transmitted through various routes like direct contact, ingestion, inhalation, or mother-to-child. Viruses can be inactivated by physical means like heat and chemical treatments, though some may be resistant to certain solvents and disinfectants depending on their structure.
Gmo (Genetically Modified Mosquitoes)
The document presents information on using genetically modified mosquitoes to help control diseases spread by mosquitoes like dengue, Zika virus, and chikungunya. It discusses how mosquitoes cause over 700,000 human deaths annually by spreading diseases and how current control methods are not working. The document outlines the process used by Oxitec, a biotech company, to genetically modify mosquitoes so that offspring cannot survive, helping suppress local mosquito populations. Field tests on the Caribbean island of Saba found the release of these mosquitoes results in negligible risks to human health and the environment. The document concludes that new approaches like genetically modified mosquitoes need to be tried to address the serious public health threat posed by disease-spread
Natural History of Select Agents
The document discusses several select agents that pose threats to public health and safety. It provides background on natural histories and transmission routes of agents like Bacillus anthracis, Vibrio cholerae, Franciscella tularensis. It also discusses challenges of emerging infectious diseases, methods for detecting known and new agents, and challenges related to water systems.
Virus and bacteria
Viruses and bacteria are both infectious agents, but they differ in key ways. Viruses are not cells and can only replicate inside host cells, while bacteria are unicellular organisms. Common ways viruses spread include through blood-sucking insects, coughing/sneezing, fecal-oral transmission, sexual contact, and exposure to infected blood. The immune system fights viral infections to eliminate the virus. Bacteria exist in nearly every habitat and environment, and while most bacteria in our bodies are harmless, some species can cause infectious diseases in humans. Bacteria also have important industrial uses like sewage treatment and antibiotic production.
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Wolbachia and dengue virus
These slides briefly describe the relation of dengue virus and an endosymbiont bacteria Wolbachia. We can eliminate Dengue fever by using the strategy to manipulate mosquito biology such that it would be unable to transfer virus to humans.
genetically modified organism- mosquito
Researchers have genetically modified a bacteria, Pantoes agglomerans, that lives naturally in the gut of mosquitoes. The modified bacteria produces proteins that destroy Plasmodium oocysts, which are early forms of the malaria parasite, reducing malaria infection rates in mosquitoes by 98%. Another approach uses GM mosquitoes with an added gene that kills them as larvae if not given tetracycline, decreasing wild mosquito populations over time. However, long term safety testing of GM mosquitoes interacting with the environment and humans has not been conducted.
Genetically modified mosquitoes
This document provides an overview of genetically modified mosquitoes for vector control. It discusses the mosquito lifecycle and transmission of vector-borne diseases. Methods for vector control include the use of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, which have shown promise in suppressing dengue virus in laboratory and field trials by impairing pathogen development. The document also describes techniques using sterile insects like the sterile insect technique (SIT) and release of insects carrying a dominant lethal gene (RIDL). Field trials on the Cayman Islands demonstrated that Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes can successfully introduce and spread the infection within a native mosquito population. However, more studies are still needed before GM mosquitoes can be effectively used for vector control.
Relation of Insect Endosymbionts with Immunity System.
This document discusses the relationship between insect endosymbionts and the insect immunity system. It describes how endosymbionts like Wolbachia and Spiroplasma can provide benefits to insects like increased resistance to pathogens. The document outlines the types of immunity in insects and how endosymbionts can enhance both humoral and cellular immunity through increased antimicrobial peptide production and immune gene expression. Several studies are cited showing endosymbionts reduce susceptibility of insects to bacterial, viral, parasitic and parasitoid infections. The conclusion discusses using endosymbionts to help control mosquito-borne diseases and illnesses in beneficial insects.
Virology
Virology is the study of viruses, which are small particles that can only replicate inside living cells. Viruses are non-cellular and contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material. They have capsids made of protein that surround their genomes and allow them to attach to and enter host cells. Viruses come in different shapes determined by the symmetry of their capsids, and some have envelopes containing glycoproteins. They are transmitted through various routes like direct contact, ingestion, inhalation, or mother-to-child. Viruses can be inactivated by physical means like heat and chemical treatments, though some may be resistant to certain solvents and disinfectants depending on their structure.
Gmo (Genetically Modified Mosquitoes)
The document presents information on using genetically modified mosquitoes to help control diseases spread by mosquitoes like dengue, Zika virus, and chikungunya. It discusses how mosquitoes cause over 700,000 human deaths annually by spreading diseases and how current control methods are not working. The document outlines the process used by Oxitec, a biotech company, to genetically modify mosquitoes so that offspring cannot survive, helping suppress local mosquito populations. Field tests on the Caribbean island of Saba found the release of these mosquitoes results in negligible risks to human health and the environment. The document concludes that new approaches like genetically modified mosquitoes need to be tried to address the serious public health threat posed by disease-spread
Natural History of Select Agents
The document discusses several select agents that pose threats to public health and safety. It provides background on natural histories and transmission routes of agents like Bacillus anthracis, Vibrio cholerae, Franciscella tularensis. It also discusses challenges of emerging infectious diseases, methods for detecting known and new agents, and challenges related to water systems.
Virus and bacteria
Viruses and bacteria are both infectious agents, but they differ in key ways. Viruses are not cells and can only replicate inside host cells, while bacteria are unicellular organisms. Common ways viruses spread include through blood-sucking insects, coughing/sneezing, fecal-oral transmission, sexual contact, and exposure to infected blood. The immune system fights viral infections to eliminate the virus. Bacteria exist in nearly every habitat and environment, and while most bacteria in our bodies are harmless, some species can cause infectious diseases in humans. Bacteria also have important industrial uses like sewage treatment and antibiotic production.
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This document discusses the use of genetically modified mosquitoes to control mosquito-borne diseases. It describes how DNA is inserted into mosquito eggs to introduce new traits, and how the Malaysian Institute for Medical Research has released thousands of sterile male OX513A Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. These males compete with wild males for mates, resulting in no viable offspring and a crash in the mosquito population without using insecticides. However, there are concerns about potential unintended consequences like new mutated mosquitoes or increased populations of other disease-carrying mosquito species.
Significance of wolbachaia
Wolbachia is a group of intracellular bacteria, discovered in the seventies with the invention of electron microscopy. They belong to the order Ricket tsiales and are closely related to the general Ehrlichia, Cowdria and Anaplasma. They are widespread in the arthropods and significant insect pests as well as disease vectors. They are also present in filarial nematodes.
Viruses
This document provides an overview of viruses and viral diseases. It defines viruses as strands of DNA or RNA surrounded by protein that can only replicate inside host cells. Viruses are not considered alive since they lack characteristics of living things, like the ability to reproduce outside a host. The document describes how viruses cause diseases by destroying host cells during replication and release of new virus particles. It also discusses methods to treat and prevent viral diseases, including antiviral drugs and vaccines which trigger antibody production to develop immunity. The document concludes by noting scientists research viruses to develop new disease treatments and explore virus links to cancer.
Bacteria viruses
This document provides information about bacteria and viruses from a biology class. It defines bacteria as prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that have all the characteristics of living things. Viruses are not considered living as they require a host cell to replicate. The document outlines the structures of bacteria and viruses and how they cause disease. It describes how antibiotics can treat bacterial but not viral infections, while antivirals and vaccinations can respectively treat and prevent certain viral infections. The best way to avoid sickness is emphasized as practicing good hygiene.
Ecology and control of mosquito
This document discusses the ecology and control of mosquitoes. It notes that over 3,000 mosquito species exist worldwide and breed in various stagnant water sources. Mosquitoes can transmit diseases like malaria, dengue fever, and filariasis to humans and animals. Understanding mosquito ecology, including identifying breeding sites, is important for effective control strategies. Common control methods discussed are insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, larvicides, fish predators, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed. Public education on mosquito biology and reducing contact is also key to controlling mosquito-borne diseases.
Viruses ppt
Viruses are microscopic particles that can only reproduce inside living cells. They contain genetic material inside a protein coat and come in various shapes. Viruses use the machinery of host cells to produce more viruses rather than healthy new cells. They are classified based on shape, genetic material, and the type of disease or organism they affect. Viruses can either enter a lytic cycle where they immediately destroy the host cell to release new viruses, or a lysogenic cycle where their genes remain inactive until triggering further infection. Antibiotics do not work on viruses, so prevention through vaccination is important.
Wolbachia based strategies to control insect pests and disease vectors
Wolbachia is an intracellular bacteria that can manipulate the reproduction of insect hosts. It induces various effects including cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminization, parthenogenesis, and male-killing. These properties allow Wolbachia to spread through insect populations and are being explored for novel biocontrol strategies like incompatible insect technique, population replacement, and life-shortening of disease vectors. While the mechanisms behind various Wolbachia-induced effects are still being studied, some strategies have shown success in suppressing mosquito populations and reducing disease transmission.
Gm mosquitoes to fight malaria
Bill Gates says that genetically modified mosquitoes may be used to fight malaria within the next five years. Researchers are using a gene editing technique called a "gene drive" to alter mosquitoes so they are resistant to diseases like malaria and dengue. Gates believes this technology could dramatically reduce malaria deaths by suppressing mosquito populations. However, some scientists have raised concerns that unintended mutations in released mosquitoes could have unknown consequences.
How Cool Are Fungi
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Virology lecture #1 - What is a virus?
This document provides information about the Biology W3310 Virology course at Columbia University. It lists the professors (Vincent Racaniello and Saul Silverstein) and teaching assistant (Esther Francisco) along with their contact information. It provides links to the course website, textbook, and virology blogs. It also states that the course materials can be accessed on Courseworks or the microbiology department website.
mycoviruses and pathogensis
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Plant viruses transmission through seed, sap and vegetative propagation
In this presentation ' Transmission of plant viruses through Seed, Sap and vegetative propagation have been presented. Data is collected primarily from the Mathews plant virology book, however, part of it was also collected from the internet.
Smallpox Vaccine
Here are the key points about smallpox:
- Caused by the variola virus, which only infects humans. There are two variants - variola major which has a higher mortality rate, and variola minor.
- Spread through inhalation of airborne variola virus released from infected individuals. It was estimated that one case of smallpox on average led to 15-20 new cases.
- Symptoms include high fever, fatigue, head and body aches followed by distinctive pustular rash on face/body that leaves scars. Fatality rates for variola major were around 30%.
- There is no cure for smallpox. Prior to the vaccine, variol
smallpoxdisease-121027140032-phpapp02.pdf
1. Smallpox was intentionally spread among Native American tribes in the 18th century by British forces providing smallpox-infected blankets.
2. Smallpox devastated Native American populations who had no prior exposure or immunity to the disease.
3. In the late 20th century, the Soviet Union developed smallpox as an aerosol biological weapon, posing a serious modern bioterrorism threat given widespread susceptibility.
Point Diameter
Microorganisms that are too small to see with the naked eye surround us and can have both beneficial and harmful effects. While some are used to produce foods and medicines, others can cause dangerous diseases. Microbiology studies these microscopic organisms, which exist virtually everywhere and can remain dormant in hosts for years before causing illness. Important early discoveries included bacteria and the role of microbes in fermentation. Though tiny, microbes can spread severe infectious diseases in plants and animals, sometimes causing large epidemics with high mortality. The invention of vaccines has helped prevent diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and other microorganisms such as cholera, tetanus, hepatitis and some cancers. Over time, continued study and discovery of new
VIROLOGY - INTRODUCTION
Viruses are found wherever there is life and have probably existed since living cells first evolved. There are millions of different types of viruses, although only about 5,000 types have been described in detail. There are more than 219 virus species that are known to be able to infect humans. The document then provides a history of early developments in virology including discoveries by Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Edward Jenner, Dmitry Ivanovsky, Martinus Beijerinck, and others. It discusses the structure, composition and classification of viruses.
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This document discusses the use of genetically modified mosquitoes to control mosquito-borne diseases. It describes how DNA is inserted into mosquito eggs to introduce new traits, and how the Malaysian Institute for Medical Research has released thousands of sterile male OX513A Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. These males compete with wild males for mates, resulting in no viable offspring and a crash in the mosquito population without using insecticides. However, there are concerns about potential unintended consequences like new mutated mosquitoes or increased populations of other disease-carrying mosquito species.
Significance of wolbachaia
Wolbachia is a group of intracellular bacteria, discovered in the seventies with the invention of electron microscopy. They belong to the order Ricket tsiales and are closely related to the general Ehrlichia, Cowdria and Anaplasma. They are widespread in the arthropods and significant insect pests as well as disease vectors. They are also present in filarial nematodes.
Viruses
This document provides an overview of viruses and viral diseases. It defines viruses as strands of DNA or RNA surrounded by protein that can only replicate inside host cells. Viruses are not considered alive since they lack characteristics of living things, like the ability to reproduce outside a host. The document describes how viruses cause diseases by destroying host cells during replication and release of new virus particles. It also discusses methods to treat and prevent viral diseases, including antiviral drugs and vaccines which trigger antibody production to develop immunity. The document concludes by noting scientists research viruses to develop new disease treatments and explore virus links to cancer.
Bacteria viruses
This document provides information about bacteria and viruses from a biology class. It defines bacteria as prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that have all the characteristics of living things. Viruses are not considered living as they require a host cell to replicate. The document outlines the structures of bacteria and viruses and how they cause disease. It describes how antibiotics can treat bacterial but not viral infections, while antivirals and vaccinations can respectively treat and prevent certain viral infections. The best way to avoid sickness is emphasized as practicing good hygiene.
Ecology and control of mosquito
This document discusses the ecology and control of mosquitoes. It notes that over 3,000 mosquito species exist worldwide and breed in various stagnant water sources. Mosquitoes can transmit diseases like malaria, dengue fever, and filariasis to humans and animals. Understanding mosquito ecology, including identifying breeding sites, is important for effective control strategies. Common control methods discussed are insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, larvicides, fish predators, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed. Public education on mosquito biology and reducing contact is also key to controlling mosquito-borne diseases.
Viruses ppt
Viruses are microscopic particles that can only reproduce inside living cells. They contain genetic material inside a protein coat and come in various shapes. Viruses use the machinery of host cells to produce more viruses rather than healthy new cells. They are classified based on shape, genetic material, and the type of disease or organism they affect. Viruses can either enter a lytic cycle where they immediately destroy the host cell to release new viruses, or a lysogenic cycle where their genes remain inactive until triggering further infection. Antibiotics do not work on viruses, so prevention through vaccination is important.
Wolbachia based strategies to control insect pests and disease vectors
Wolbachia is an intracellular bacteria that can manipulate the reproduction of insect hosts. It induces various effects including cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminization, parthenogenesis, and male-killing. These properties allow Wolbachia to spread through insect populations and are being explored for novel biocontrol strategies like incompatible insect technique, population replacement, and life-shortening of disease vectors. While the mechanisms behind various Wolbachia-induced effects are still being studied, some strategies have shown success in suppressing mosquito populations and reducing disease transmission.
Gm mosquitoes to fight malaria
Bill Gates says that genetically modified mosquitoes may be used to fight malaria within the next five years. Researchers are using a gene editing technique called a "gene drive" to alter mosquitoes so they are resistant to diseases like malaria and dengue. Gates believes this technology could dramatically reduce malaria deaths by suppressing mosquito populations. However, some scientists have raised concerns that unintended mutations in released mosquitoes could have unknown consequences.
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Virology lecture #1 - What is a virus?
This document provides information about the Biology W3310 Virology course at Columbia University. It lists the professors (Vincent Racaniello and Saul Silverstein) and teaching assistant (Esther Francisco) along with their contact information. It provides links to the course website, textbook, and virology blogs. It also states that the course materials can be accessed on Courseworks or the microbiology department website.
mycoviruses and pathogensis
Mycoviruses are viruses that infect fungi. They were first observed in cultivated mushrooms in the 1940s, causing a disease called La France Disease. Mycovirology is the study of viruses that infect fungi. Most mycoviruses have double-stranded RNA genomes, though some have positive-sense single-stranded RNA. They can infect fungi in all four phyla. While some mycovirus infections are asymptomatic, others can alter fungal phenotypes like reducing growth or sporulation. Transmission occurs through hyphal fusion or spores. Some mycoviruses like those in the families Reoviridae, Hypoviridae, and Totiviridae exclusively infect fungi. Hypovirulence is when a
List of insect vector transmitted plant diseases & Terminology
This document lists insect vectors and the plant diseases they transmit. It includes viruses that infect crops like cotton, papaya, banana, potato, tomato, chilli, rice, wheat, barley, fig, and maize. It also lists fungal diseases of mango, elm, and oak, as well as bacterial diseases of citrus, sesame, and potato. The terminology section defines terms like vector, disease, epidemiology, and Koch's postulates. It describes different modes of transmission including physical, biological, circulative, propagative, persistent, non-persistent, and semi-persistent.
Microbiology2 Pathogens: Notes on spread of infectious disease
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Virology: study of virus
Virology is the study of viruses, which are submicroscopic particles that contain genetic material within a protein coat. It focuses on virus structure, classification, evolution, infection of host cells, interaction with host physiology and immunity, diseases caused, isolation and culture techniques, and application in research and therapy. Viruses can be classified according to the nucleic acid type that makes up their genome and how they replicate - including DNA viruses, RNA viruses, and reverse transcribing viruses. Major branches of virology include classification of animal viruses, plant viruses, and bacteriophages.
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Wolbachia based strategies to control insect pests and disease vectors
Wolbachia based strategies to control insect pests and disease vectors
List of insect vector transmitted plant diseases & Terminology
List of insect vector transmitted plant diseases & Terminology
Microbiology2 Pathogens: Notes on spread of infectious disease
Microbiology2 Pathogens: Notes on spread of infectious disease
Plant viruses transmission through seed, sap and vegetative propagation
Plant viruses transmission through seed, sap and vegetative propagation
Similar to International journal of virology
Smallpox Vaccine
Here are the key points about smallpox:
- Caused by the variola virus, which only infects humans. There are two variants - variola major which has a higher mortality rate, and variola minor.
- Spread through inhalation of airborne variola virus released from infected individuals. It was estimated that one case of smallpox on average led to 15-20 new cases.
- Symptoms include high fever, fatigue, head and body aches followed by distinctive pustular rash on face/body that leaves scars. Fatality rates for variola major were around 30%.
- There is no cure for smallpox. Prior to the vaccine, variol
smallpoxdisease-121027140032-phpapp02.pdf
1. Smallpox was intentionally spread among Native American tribes in the 18th century by British forces providing smallpox-infected blankets.
2. Smallpox devastated Native American populations who had no prior exposure or immunity to the disease.
3. In the late 20th century, the Soviet Union developed smallpox as an aerosol biological weapon, posing a serious modern bioterrorism threat given widespread susceptibility.
Point Diameter
Microorganisms that are too small to see with the naked eye surround us and can have both beneficial and harmful effects. While some are used to produce foods and medicines, others can cause dangerous diseases. Microbiology studies these microscopic organisms, which exist virtually everywhere and can remain dormant in hosts for years before causing illness. Important early discoveries included bacteria and the role of microbes in fermentation. Though tiny, microbes can spread severe infectious diseases in plants and animals, sometimes causing large epidemics with high mortality. The invention of vaccines has helped prevent diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and other microorganisms such as cholera, tetanus, hepatitis and some cancers. Over time, continued study and discovery of new
VIROLOGY - INTRODUCTION
Viruses are found wherever there is life and have probably existed since living cells first evolved. There are millions of different types of viruses, although only about 5,000 types have been described in detail. There are more than 219 virus species that are known to be able to infect humans. The document then provides a history of early developments in virology including discoveries by Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Edward Jenner, Dmitry Ivanovsky, Martinus Beijerinck, and others. It discusses the structure, composition and classification of viruses.
Smallpox disease
Smallpox was intentionally spread among Native American tribes in the 18th century by distributing blankets exposed to smallpox. The disease devastated populations who had no immunity. In the late 20th century, smallpox was developed as an aerosol biological weapon by the Soviet Union. It remains a potential bioterrorism threat. Smallpox is caused by the variola virus and is highly contagious and potentially fatal if left untreated. It was declared eradicated worldwide in 1980 after global vaccination campaigns.
What Causes A Virus Pandemic and How to Prevent Future Ones.pdf
“The single biggest threat to man’s continued dominance on the planet is the virus”. Joshua Lederberg, Ph.D., Nobel laureate, Film introduction: Outbreak (1995).
What is Virus?
The human race was at its knees. You know how the Covid-19 virus pandemic impacted millions of lives worldwide. Viruses are the smallest and simplest infectious agents that can replicate only inside the living cells of an organism. As viruses lack their own structure, they are unable to replicate on their own and must infect a host cell to reproduce. When a virus infects a host cell, it inserts its genetic material in the host cell’s genes in order to create copies of itself. As the virus multiplies, the infected host cell bursts to release new viruses into the surrounding environment. These new viruses can then go on to infect other cells and even infect other organisms, leading to the spread of the virus and infection. Viruses can infect all life forms, from humans, animals, and plants to micro-organisms including bacteria and fungi. Most viral infections if occur in healthy individuals are usually asymptomatic or with mild symptoms.
Why do viruses mutate so frequently?
Like all other living forms, viruses also go through mutations throughout their lifespan. However, their genetic structure especially of RNA viruses lacks proofreading skills, which makes them undergo random “copying errors” (i.e., genetic mutations) during replication. This also makes them prone to high mutation rates. That’s why most pandemic infections are usually viral in origin. The more it circulates, the more it can change. However, the more virulent virus may be less transmissible, because it reduces the chances of transmission by killing the host. Viruses usually mutate in immunocompromised individuals. If viruses don’t get host cells, their population in the environment may decrease or remain stable.
Viruses may swap genetic material with the host to make a new “mixed” virus with unique properties. This may lead to horizontal gene transfer from a host to a virus or from a virus to a host, which plays an important role in the mutation and evolution of all organisms. All living forms including humans, plants, and animals are evolved from/by micro-organisms; however, micro-organisms are evolved to keep control of macroorganisms.
Why viruses are more dangerous?
Viruses are more unstable like an ion because they lack their own structure to reproduce. They must need a host to grow and replicate. Viruses enter the host cell by camouflaging and tricking it. They first incorporate their genome with the host genome and then multiply by “commandeering” and “hijacking” the host cell to produce more viruses. The infected cell doesn’t know that the commandeering is by the virus, and thus unknowingly becomes a virus factory. New viruses then burst out of a host cell and enter into new cells to repeat the process. This makes a host helpless, functionless, and even defenseless. You felt sick because your body is
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At the Department of Microbiology, Career College, Bhopal, India
Virus and its Identification in Modern Era
While discoveries about viruses, which carry the largest genetic information code in nature, have continued unabated for more than a century, viruses are constantly affecting the global biological balance. The main characteristics that make viruses important in this balance include epidemics and mass deaths, the risks of being used as biological weapons, and the continued lack of an effective vaccine or specific treatment for many viruses. However, viruses also offer incredible opportunities for the scientific world, due to biotechnological innovations that have gained momentum in recent years. The detection of viruses is of urgent importance for the early detection of pandemics and epidemics. In this chapter, we discuss the classification of viruses, the effects of viruses on biological balance of our planet, the importance of detecting viruses that have the potential to be used as biological weapons or that carry epidemic or pandemic risks, and the characteristics of such viruses. Dr. Hari Krishna Shriwas | Dr. Sandeep Singh Tiwari "Virus and its Identification in Modern Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52363.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/52363/virus-and-its-identification-in-modern-era/dr-hari-krishna-shriwas
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This document summarizes different types of infectious diseases and their causes. It discusses bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and how they are transmitted from person to person. It also outlines various methods for preventing the spread of infectious diseases, including maintaining clean food/water and hand hygiene, covering the mouth/nose, avoiding locations of infection, keeping wounds clean and disinfected, vaccinations, and quarantine.
The Deadly Ebola Virus Essay
The document discusses the current outbreak of Ebolavirus in West Africa. It is the largest outbreak to date, with over 5,000 deaths and 14,000 infections across Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. While some view Ebola as a major threat outside of West Africa, this is disputed. There is currently no approved treatment or vaccine. Controls and surveillance are in place in Europe to prevent an outbreak, though the question of one occurring is addressed.
13073_2020_Article_766.pdf
potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), magnesium, creatinine, glucose, and sometimes calcium. Tests that focus on cholesterol levels can determine LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, as well as triglyceride levels.[6]
Ebola biology investigatory project
1. The document is a biology project on the Ebola virus completed by a student. It includes an introduction to Ebola, its classification, symptoms, transmission, diagnosis and prevention.
2. The largest sections cover the epidemiology of Ebola, discussing its natural reservoir in fruit bats and outbreaks in West Africa.
3. Treatment of Ebola focuses on treating symptoms and several vaccine candidates are discussed, though none have been approved.
Black Death and plague: a new understanding
OMICS Group is an organization committed to making scientific research openly accessible. It hosts over 400 peer-reviewed open access journals and organizes over 300 international conferences annually. The organization has over 3 million readers for its journals. It aims to serve the scientific community by ensuring a rapid peer review process from its large editorial board of over 30,000 reviewers. OMICS Group also partners with over 1000 international societies to make healthcare information openly accessible. It welcomes high-quality research submissions and follows a peer review process to maintain journal excellence.
Virology Lecture 1.pdf12232134443213443220
This document provides an overview of the history and discovery of viruses. It discusses early evidence of viral diseases in ancient records and the use of vaccines to control smallpox by Jenner in the late 18th century. Landmark discoveries include Pasteur suggesting an ultramicroscopic causative agent for rabies in the 1880s, followed by Ivanowski and Beijerinck discovering that the agents causing tobacco mosaic disease and foot-and-mouth disease could pass through filters, implying they were smaller than bacteria. Twort and D'Herelle observed that certain bacteria could be lysed by transmissible agents in the early 1900s. Advances in electron microscopy in the 1930s-1950s allowed direct visualization and purification
General Sciencemicrobio.docx
Germs are microorganisms that can only be seen with a microscope. There are different types of germs including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can be helpful or harmful. Viruses are even smaller and can only reproduce inside living cells. Fungi are plant-like and get nutrients from other organisms. Protozoa are single-celled organisms that thrive in moist environments. Germs can spread through direct contact, contaminated food/water, airborne transmission, and contact with surfaces. Bacterial diseases are caused by bacteria and include diseases like tuberculosis, cholera, and tetanus. Viral diseases have different causes and symptoms and include diseases like
Microorganisms Friends and Foe Part 3
Viruses are microscopic organisms that can only reproduce inside host cells. They come in various shapes and sizes and can infect animals, plants, and bacteria. Useful microbes are used in food/beverage production, medicine, vaccine production, and environmental cleanup. Harmful microbes can cause communicable diseases in humans and plants via air, water, food, or contact. Antibiotics are drugs that kill germs and cure infections, while vaccines protect against diseases by triggering antibody production without causing illness. Proper vaccination prevents diseases like cholera, hepatitis, smallpox, and tuberculosis.
Cultivation of viruses general microbiology
This presentation explains how the viruses are cultivated in generalized manner and what are all the methods to inoculate the virus into animals
Cultivation of viruses uhf copy - copy
This document discusses viruses and methods for cultivating viruses. It describes viruses as obligate intracellular parasites that can only multiply inside living host cells. The three main methods for cultivating viruses discussed are inoculation of viruses into animals, embryonated eggs, and tissue culture. For animal inoculation, mice are commonly used and viruses can be introduced via different routes. Embryonated eggs provide a suitable environment for virus growth and isolation. Tissue culture involves culturing cells or tissue fragments, and cell lines provide indefinite growth. Detection of virus growth involves monitoring for cytopathic effects, hemadsorption, interference, and other methods.
Viruses and Viroids - Is There A Difference.pdf
A virus is an infectious microbe consisting of a segment of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. Viroids can impact a number of crop plants, including cannabis and hemp plants. Having the ability to test for viruses and viroids in the palm of your hand is possible with kits from Verne BioAnalytics. Using the I-Test and W-Test kits, growers can test their crops throughout the plant’s life cycle.
Visit: https://vernebio.com/
Ebolavirusbioproject conversion-gate02
The document is a project report on the Ebola virus submitted for a school examination. It includes an introduction that describes the origins and risks of Ebola, noting that it is caused by one of five virus strains found in several African countries with no known cure or vaccine. It then provides sections on the current West Africa outbreak which began in 2013, how Ebola is transmitted through contact with bodily fluids, the WHO response which includes surveillance and support for affected countries, current statistics on the outbreak from WHO, symptoms and current treatment approaches, and prevention methods such as proper hygiene practices.
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What Causes A Virus Pandemic and How to Prevent Future Ones.pdf
What Causes A Virus Pandemic and How to Prevent Future Ones.pdf
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JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
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Physics Investigatory Project on transformers. Class 12th
Physics investigatory project on transformers with required details for 12thes. with index, theory, types of transformers (with relevant images), procedure, sources of error, aim n apparatus along with bibliography🗃️📜. Please try to add your own imagination rather than just copy paste... Hope you all guys friends n juniors' like it. peace out✌🏻✌🏻
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A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Evaluation and Identification of J'BaFofi the Giant Spider of Congo and Moke...
ABSTRACT
The J'BaFofi, or "Giant Spider," is a mainly legendary arachnid by reportedly inhabiting the dense rain forests of
the Congo. As despite numerous anecdotal accounts and cultural references, the scientific validation remains more elusive.
My study aims to proper evaluate the existence of the J'BaFofi through the analysis of historical reports,indigenous
testimonies and modern exploration efforts.
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and ReplicabilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Hariyalikart Case Study of helping farmers in Bihar
Helping farmers all across India through our latest technologies of modern farming like drones for irrigation and best pest control For more visit : https://www.hariyalikart.com/case-study
Discovery of Merging Twin Quasars at z=6.05
We report the discovery of two quasars at a redshift of z = 6.05 in the process of merging. They were
serendipitously discovered from the deep multiband imaging data collected by the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC)
Subaru Strategic Program survey. The quasars, HSC J121503.42−014858.7 (C1) and HSC J121503.55−014859.3
(C2), both have luminous (>1043 erg s−1
) Lyα emission with a clear broad component (full width at half
maximum >1000 km s−1
). The rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) absolute magnitudes are M1450 = − 23.106 ± 0.017
(C1) and −22.662 ± 0.024 (C2). Our crude estimates of the black hole masses provide log 8.1 0. ( ) M M BH = 3
in both sources. The two quasars are separated by 12 kpc in projected proper distance, bridged by a structure in the
rest-UV light suggesting that they are undergoing a merger. This pair is one of the most distant merging quasars
reported to date, providing crucial insight into galaxy and black hole build-up in the hierarchical structure
formation scenario. A companion paper will present the gas and dust properties captured by Atacama Large
Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations, which provide additional evidence for and detailed measurements of
the merger, and also demonstrate that the two sources are not gravitationally lensed images of a single quasar.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Double quasars (406); Quasars (1319); Reionization (1383); High-redshift
galaxies (734); Active galactic nuclei (16); Galaxy mergers (608); Supermassive black holes (1663)
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
22PH503 - Astronomy and Astrophysics - Unit 2 - Spectral Classification of Stars
Undergrad Physics - BSc Physics
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International journal of virology
- 1. International Journal of Virology Studies & Research (IJVSR) ISSN:2330-0027 Microbial population is expanding its horizon, by transforming and duplicating itself into many new forms, in order to produce itself as a new variant. There are many such classifications under the microbes such as the Bacteria,Fungus, Virus, Protozoans and Algae. One such microbe classification, which is duplicating itself, and expanding its entire kingdom is Virus. The studies involved with Virus, is Virology. To name some of the present, deadly diseases caused by virus are - HIV, EBOLA, HPV, H1N1 etc. A microbiologist is attaining his complete knowledge about the Virus, through Virology studies. The world is thriving and dying, because of the above mentioned diseases. In order to maintain, a sustained, balanced and a healthy environment, ongoing research is done on Virology. Viruses are the smallest and simplest microbes, just a ball of genes wrapped in a shell - about a millionth of an inch across. No one knows exactly how long they've been on Earth or how they evolved. Once they are inside the body, viruses can spread and make people sick. They reproduce by injecting their genes into a cell to produce thousands of new viruses. In order to reduce the growth of viruses, preventive measures have been followed throughout the world. The host organism for a virus can vary from a small seed,to a large whale, in the due course, which includes plants, human beings, animals and even birds. Proper steps are taken by the researchers while preparing therapeutics in order to cure the Viral disease, such as they are involved in preparation of various Viral vaccines and therapeutics. To know further such ongoing research in the field of Virology, all the up-to-date, information, will be available at SciDoc Publishers LLC, USA. Various research,review based articles on virology, will be available at SciDoc Publishers. Related keywords for IJVSR: 1. Virology 2. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) 3. EBOLA 4. Viral Vaccines 5. HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) 6. Plant virus 7. Animal virus 8. Influenza virus – Humans, Animals, Avians 9. Vaccination 10. RNA virus enzyme 11. DNA virus 12. Gene Therapy 13. Bacteriophages Related links: http://scidoc.org/IJVSR.php Social networking related links: https://www.facebook.com/pages/International-Journal-of-Virology-Studies-Research- IJVSR/152788601546660