This document summarizes a research paper that proposes and evaluates a prototype called Source Initiated Frame Restoration (SIFR) to improve video quality over the internet. SIFR employs frame-preserving policies and uses multiple alternative internet paths to restore lost video frames when outages are detected. The researchers deployed SIFR on PlanetLab nodes and compared its performance to the default internet routing. They found that SIFR was able to provide higher perceptual video quality by restoring lost frames from alternative paths when outages occurred on the primary path.
3 S W 2009 I E E E Abstracts Java, N C C T Chennaincct
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Multimedia streaming over Mobile Ad Hoc networks has been a very challenging issue due to the dynamic
behavior and uncertain nature of the channels. Transmission of real time video has bandwidth, delay and
loss requirements. However there are no Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees for video transmission in
today’s network. There are many challenging issues that need to be addressed in designing mechanisms for
video transmission, which include end-to-end Quality of Service, Bandwidth, Delay, Loss, Congestion, and
Heterogeneity. The Challenges of delivering Multi-media signals are even pronounced in Wireless
Networks (Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) and Cellular Networks) which are heavily
bandwidth constrained and have no fixed infrastructures. In this Research we provide a theoretical model
for minimum buffer size as a means of achieving smoother, higher quality streaming video. This Research
presents a general optimal video smoothing algorithm based on the concept of dynamically controlled
Coefficient of Variance (CV), which is the ratio of standard deviation of the end-to-end delay and the
expected value of the delay for each ensemble of packets being transmitted through the network. The results
discuss how the size of the “receive buffer” is affected by the allocated bandwidth for each source-pair end
users for supporting video streaming applications without any gaps. The simulation performance show that
the dynamic client buffer size based on measured bandwidth variation achieves negligible jitter in the video
streaming which is subjectively acceptable.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BARKER CODE BASED ON THEIR CORRELATION PROPERTY IN MU...ijistjournal
Spread-spectrum communication, with its inherent interference attenuation capability, has over the years become an increasingly popular technique for use in many different systems. They have very beneficial and tempting features, like Antijam, Security, and Multiple accesses. This thesis basically deals with the pseudo codes used in spread spectrum communication system. The cross-correlation and auto-correlation properties of the long Barker Code are analyzed. It has been seen that the length of the code, autocorrelation and cross-correlation properties can help us to determine the best suitable code for any particular communication environment. We have tried to find out the code with suitable auto-correlation properties along with low cross-correlation values. Barker code has good auto-correlation properties and we have found the pairs with the low cross- correlation so that they can be used in multi-user environment.
DATA TRANSPARENT AUTHENTICATION USING QOD IN HYBRID NETWORKSEditor IJMTER
Hybrid networks are next generation of wireless networks that could be a
combination of Mobile wireless adhoc (MANET) networks and Wireless Infrastructure
networks. They are increasingly utilized in wireless communications that are extremely
supporting real time transmission with restricted Quality of Service. Invalid reservation and
race condition issues happens in MANET. In existing system, QoS-Oriented Distributed
routing protocol (QOD) is employed to boost the QoS support capability of hybrid networks,
it transforms the packet routing problem to resource scheduling problem that has 5
algorithms. They are, QoS guaranteed neighbor selection algorithm, Distributed packet
scheduling algorithm, Mobility based segment resizing algorithm, Traffic redundant
elimination algorithm and Data redundancy elimination based transmission algorithm. The
main drawback of hybrid networks is so far examined in minimum transmission hops and has
less beneficial feature with restricted number of mobile access points, mobility speeds, and
mobile workloads and with different network sizes. It will extremely perform on random
way point model and less in real mobility model. This paper present Data Transparent
Authentication to authenticates data streams by adjusting interpacket delay. Data Transparent
Authentication while not Communication overhead is an approach which reduces breakdown
of original information or sends out of band authentication data.
Fuzzy Based Node Disjoint QoS Routing in MANETs by Using Agentsidescitation
Support for real time multimedia applications such
as, video telephony, financial stock quote services, and
multiplayer interactive games etc., is very essential in Mobile
Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Such applications require
multiple Quality of Service (QoS) parameters to be satisfied,
like bandwidth, end-to- end delay, packet loss rate, jitter, etc.
This paper considers the problem of finding node disjoint and
multi-constrained QoS multipaths from source to destination
by using agent based fuzzy inference system. The proposed
scheme, Fuzzy based Node Disjoint Multipath QoS Routing
(FNDMQR) operates in the following steps by integrating
static and mobile agents. (1) Determination of multiple paths
and picking up of resource information (available bandwidth,
link delay, and packet loss rate) of the intermediate nodes
from source to destination. (2) Recognition of node disjoint,
and multi-constrained QoS fit paths by using Takagi-Sugeno
Fuzzy Inference System (TSFIS). TSFIS extracts a fuzzy QoS
weight from available resource information of the
intermediate nodes. (3) Selection of the best path depending
on the fuzzy QoS weight. (4) Maintenance of QoS path when
path breaks due to mobility of node or link failure. To test the
performance effectiveness of the approach, we have analyzed
the performance parameters like packet delivery ratio, average
end-to-end delay and overall control overhead. The scheme
performs better as compared to a node-disjoint multipath
routing in MANETs.
3 S W 2009 I E E E Abstracts Java, N C C T Chennaincct
final Year Projects, Final Year Projects in Chennai, Software Projects, Embedded Projects, Microcontrollers Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, Matlab Projects, Java Projects, .NET Projects, IEEE Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, Software, IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded, Software IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded IEEE 2009 Projects, Final Year Project Titles, Final Year Project Reports, Final Year Project Review, Robotics Projects, Mechanical Projects, Electrical Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Power System Projects, Model Projects, Java Projects, J2EE Projects, Engineering Projects, Student Projects, Engineering College Projects, MCA Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, Wireless Networks Projects, Network Security Projects, Networking Projects, final year projects, ieee projects, student projects, college projects, ieee projects in chennai, java projects, software ieee projects, embedded ieee projects, "ieee2009projects", "final year projects", "ieee projects", "Engineering Projects", "Final Year Projects in Chennai", "Final year Projects at Chennai", Java Projects, ASP.NET Projects, VB.NET Projects, C# Projects, Visual C++ Projects, Matlab Projects, NS2 Projects, C Projects, Microcontroller Projects, ATMEL Projects, PIC Projects, ARM Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, FPGA Projects, CPLD Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Electrical Projects, Robotics Projects, Solor Projects, MEMS Projects, J2EE Projects, J2ME Projects, AJAX Projects, Structs Projects, EJB Projects, Real Time Projects, Live Projects, Student Projects, Engineering Projects, MCA Projects, MBA Projects, College Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, M.Sc Projects, Final Year Java Projects, Final Year ASP.NET Projects, Final Year VB.NET Projects, Final Year C# Projects, Final Year Visual C++ Projects, Final Year Matlab Projects, Final Year NS2 Projects, Final Year C Projects, Final Year Microcontroller Projects, Final Year ATMEL Projects, Final Year PIC Projects, Final Year ARM Projects, Final Year DSP Projects, Final Year VLSI Projects, Final Year FPGA Projects, Final Year CPLD Projects, Final Year Power Electronics Projects, Final Year Electrical Projects, Final Year Robotics Projects, Final Year Solor Projects, Final Year MEMS Projects, Final Year J2EE Projects, Final Year J2ME Projects, Final Year AJAX Projects, Final Year Structs Projects, Final Year EJB Projects, Final Year Real Time Projects, Final Year Live Projects, Final Year Student Projects, Final Year Engineering Projects, Final Year MCA Projects, Final Year MBA Projects, Final Year College Projects, Final Year BE Projects, Final Year BTech Projects, Final Year ME Projects, Final Year MTech Projects, Final Year M.Sc Projects, IEEE Java Projects, ASP.NET Projects, VB.NET Projects, C# Projects, Visual C++ Projects, Matlab Projects, NS2 Projects, C Projects, Microcontroller Projects, ATMEL Projects, PIC Projects, ARM Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, FPGA Projects, CPLD Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Electrical Projects, Robotics Projects, Solor Projects, MEMS Projects, J2EE Projects, J2ME Projects, AJAX Projects, Structs Projects, EJB Projects, Real Time Projects, Live Projects, Student Projects, Engineering Projects, MCA Projects, MBA Projects, College Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, M.Sc Projects, IEEE 2009 Java Projects, IEEE 2009 ASP.NET Projects, IEEE 2009 VB.NET Projects, IEEE 2009 C# Projects, IEEE 2009 Visual C++ Projects, IEEE 2009 Matlab Projects, IEEE 2009 NS2 Projects, IEEE 2009 C Projects, IEEE 2009 Microcontroller Projects, IEEE 2009 ATMEL Projects, IEEE 2009 PIC Projects, IEEE 2009 ARM Projects, IEEE 2009 DSP Projects, IEEE 2009 VLSI Projects, IEEE 2009 FPGA Projects, IEEE 2009 CPLD Projects, IEEE 2009 Power Electronics Projects, IEEE 2009 Electrical Projects, IEEE 2009 Robotics Projects, IEEE 2009 Solor Projects, IEEE 2009 MEMS Projects, IEEE 2009 J2EE P
Multimedia streaming over Mobile Ad Hoc networks has been a very challenging issue due to the dynamic
behavior and uncertain nature of the channels. Transmission of real time video has bandwidth, delay and
loss requirements. However there are no Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees for video transmission in
today’s network. There are many challenging issues that need to be addressed in designing mechanisms for
video transmission, which include end-to-end Quality of Service, Bandwidth, Delay, Loss, Congestion, and
Heterogeneity. The Challenges of delivering Multi-media signals are even pronounced in Wireless
Networks (Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) and Cellular Networks) which are heavily
bandwidth constrained and have no fixed infrastructures. In this Research we provide a theoretical model
for minimum buffer size as a means of achieving smoother, higher quality streaming video. This Research
presents a general optimal video smoothing algorithm based on the concept of dynamically controlled
Coefficient of Variance (CV), which is the ratio of standard deviation of the end-to-end delay and the
expected value of the delay for each ensemble of packets being transmitted through the network. The results
discuss how the size of the “receive buffer” is affected by the allocated bandwidth for each source-pair end
users for supporting video streaming applications without any gaps. The simulation performance show that
the dynamic client buffer size based on measured bandwidth variation achieves negligible jitter in the video
streaming which is subjectively acceptable.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BARKER CODE BASED ON THEIR CORRELATION PROPERTY IN MU...ijistjournal
Spread-spectrum communication, with its inherent interference attenuation capability, has over the years become an increasingly popular technique for use in many different systems. They have very beneficial and tempting features, like Antijam, Security, and Multiple accesses. This thesis basically deals with the pseudo codes used in spread spectrum communication system. The cross-correlation and auto-correlation properties of the long Barker Code are analyzed. It has been seen that the length of the code, autocorrelation and cross-correlation properties can help us to determine the best suitable code for any particular communication environment. We have tried to find out the code with suitable auto-correlation properties along with low cross-correlation values. Barker code has good auto-correlation properties and we have found the pairs with the low cross- correlation so that they can be used in multi-user environment.
DATA TRANSPARENT AUTHENTICATION USING QOD IN HYBRID NETWORKSEditor IJMTER
Hybrid networks are next generation of wireless networks that could be a
combination of Mobile wireless adhoc (MANET) networks and Wireless Infrastructure
networks. They are increasingly utilized in wireless communications that are extremely
supporting real time transmission with restricted Quality of Service. Invalid reservation and
race condition issues happens in MANET. In existing system, QoS-Oriented Distributed
routing protocol (QOD) is employed to boost the QoS support capability of hybrid networks,
it transforms the packet routing problem to resource scheduling problem that has 5
algorithms. They are, QoS guaranteed neighbor selection algorithm, Distributed packet
scheduling algorithm, Mobility based segment resizing algorithm, Traffic redundant
elimination algorithm and Data redundancy elimination based transmission algorithm. The
main drawback of hybrid networks is so far examined in minimum transmission hops and has
less beneficial feature with restricted number of mobile access points, mobility speeds, and
mobile workloads and with different network sizes. It will extremely perform on random
way point model and less in real mobility model. This paper present Data Transparent
Authentication to authenticates data streams by adjusting interpacket delay. Data Transparent
Authentication while not Communication overhead is an approach which reduces breakdown
of original information or sends out of band authentication data.
Fuzzy Based Node Disjoint QoS Routing in MANETs by Using Agentsidescitation
Support for real time multimedia applications such
as, video telephony, financial stock quote services, and
multiplayer interactive games etc., is very essential in Mobile
Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Such applications require
multiple Quality of Service (QoS) parameters to be satisfied,
like bandwidth, end-to- end delay, packet loss rate, jitter, etc.
This paper considers the problem of finding node disjoint and
multi-constrained QoS multipaths from source to destination
by using agent based fuzzy inference system. The proposed
scheme, Fuzzy based Node Disjoint Multipath QoS Routing
(FNDMQR) operates in the following steps by integrating
static and mobile agents. (1) Determination of multiple paths
and picking up of resource information (available bandwidth,
link delay, and packet loss rate) of the intermediate nodes
from source to destination. (2) Recognition of node disjoint,
and multi-constrained QoS fit paths by using Takagi-Sugeno
Fuzzy Inference System (TSFIS). TSFIS extracts a fuzzy QoS
weight from available resource information of the
intermediate nodes. (3) Selection of the best path depending
on the fuzzy QoS weight. (4) Maintenance of QoS path when
path breaks due to mobility of node or link failure. To test the
performance effectiveness of the approach, we have analyzed
the performance parameters like packet delivery ratio, average
end-to-end delay and overall control overhead. The scheme
performs better as compared to a node-disjoint multipath
routing in MANETs.
Selfish Node Isolation & Incentivation using Progressive ThresholdsIDES Editor
The problems associated with selfish nodes in
MANET are addressed by a collaborative watchdog approach
which reduces the detection time for selfish nodes thereby
improves the performance and accuracy of watchdogs[1]. In
the related works they make use of credit based systems, reputation
based mechanisms, pathrater and watchdog mechanism
to detect such selfish nodes. In this paper we follow an approach
of collaborative watchdog which reduces the detection
time for selfish nodes and also involves the removal of such
selfish nodes based on some progressively assessed thresholds.
The threshold gives the nodes a chance to stop misbehaving
before it is permanently deleted from the network.
The node passes through several isolation processes before it
is permanently removed. Another version of AODV protocol
is used here which allows the simulation of selfish nodes in
NS2 by adding or modifying log files in the protocol.
Standard Protocols for Heterogeneous P2P Vehicular Networksijtsrd
Vehicular Communication Systems are developing form of networks in which moving vehicles and side road units are the main communicating nodes. In such networks, vehicular nodes provide information to other nodes via Vehicle to Vehicle communication protocols. A vehicular communication system can be used to support smart road applications such as accidents and traffic congestion avoidance, collision warning forwarding, forensic accidents assistance, crime site investigation, and alert notification. However, current Vehicular Communication Systems suffer from many issues and challenges, one of which is their poor interoperability as they lack standardization due to the inconsistent technologies and protocols they use. This paper proposes several standard protocols and languages for P2P vehicular networks that are built using heterogeneous technologies and platforms. These standards consist of three protocols a Standard Communication Protocol which enables the interoperable operation between the heterogeneous nodes of a P2P Vehicular network an Autonomous Peers Integration Protocol which enables the self integration and self disintegration of functionalities and a Standard Information Retrieval Protocol which allows the P2P network to be queried using a standard high level language. In the experiments, a case study was presented as a proof of concept which demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed protocols and that they can be used as a standard platform for data exchange in P2P Vehicular Communication Systems. As future work, Service oriented architectures for vehicular networks are to be investigated while addressing security issues such as confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Youssef Bassil ""Standard Protocols for Heterogeneous P2P Vehicular Networks"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23025.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/23025/standard-protocols-for-heterogeneous-p2p-vehicular-networks/youssef-bassil
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AN ADAPTIVE DIFFSERV APPROACH TO SUPPORT QOS IN NETWORK MOBILITY NEMO ENVIRON...IJCNCJournal
Network Mobility Basic Support (NEMO BS) protocol (RFC 3963) is an extension of Mobile IPv6. The NEMO BS embraced by IETF working group to permit any node in the portable network to be accessible to the Internet despite the fact the network itself is roaming. This protocol likewise Mobile IPv6 doesn’t deliver any kind of Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees to its clients. It can barely offer the same level of services (i.e. Best-Effort) to all the users without obligation to the application’s needs. This propositions a challenge to real-time applications that demand a precise level of QoS pledge. The Differentiated Services has recently come to be the most widely used QoS support technology in IP networks due to its relative simplicity and scalability benefits. This paper proposes a new scheme to provide QoS to mobile network nodes within NEMO context. The proposed scheme intends to reduce handover latency for the users of MNN as well as alleviates packet losses. The feasibility of the proposed enhancement is assessed by measuring its performance against the native NEMO BS standard protocol using NS-2 simulator. The obtained results in the simulation study have demonstrated that the proposed scheme outperforms the standard NEMO BS protocol.
Using Bandwidth Aggregation to Improve the Performance of Video Quality- Adap...paperpublications3
Abstract: Smart phone provides many multimedia services for mobile users. Most of these smart phones are equipped with multiple wireless network interfaces (that support real time video processing. How to use efficiently and cost-effectively utilize multiple links to improve video streaming quality over multiple wireless access networks . In order to maintain high video streaming quality while reducing the wireless service cost, In Video quality-adaptive streaming, the optimal video streaming process with multiple links is formulated as a Markov Decision Process (MDP). The reward function is designed to consider the quality of service (QoS) requirements for video traffic, such as the startup latency, playback fluency, average playback quality, playback smoothness and wireless service cost. To solve the MDP in real time, Quality-adaptive streaming propose an Adaptive search Depth algorithm to obtain a sub-optimal solution.
Performance of MPLS-based Virtual Private Networks and Classic Virtual Privat...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is effective in managing and utilizing available network bandwidth. It has advanced security features and a lower time delay. The existing literature has covered the performance of MPLS-based networks in relation to conventional Internet Protocol (IP) networks. But, too few literatures exist on the performance of MPLS-based Virtual Private Networks (VPN) in relation to traditional VPN networks. In this paper, a comparison is made between the effectiveness of the MPLS-VPN network and a classic VPN network using simulation studies done on OPNET®. The performance metrics used to carry out the comparison include; End to End Delay, Voice Packet Sent/Received and Label Switched Path’s Traffic. The simulation study was carried out with Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) as the test bed. The result of the study showed that MPLS-based VPN networks outperform classic VPN networks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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Selfish Node Isolation & Incentivation using Progressive ThresholdsIDES Editor
The problems associated with selfish nodes in
MANET are addressed by a collaborative watchdog approach
which reduces the detection time for selfish nodes thereby
improves the performance and accuracy of watchdogs[1]. In
the related works they make use of credit based systems, reputation
based mechanisms, pathrater and watchdog mechanism
to detect such selfish nodes. In this paper we follow an approach
of collaborative watchdog which reduces the detection
time for selfish nodes and also involves the removal of such
selfish nodes based on some progressively assessed thresholds.
The threshold gives the nodes a chance to stop misbehaving
before it is permanently deleted from the network.
The node passes through several isolation processes before it
is permanently removed. Another version of AODV protocol
is used here which allows the simulation of selfish nodes in
NS2 by adding or modifying log files in the protocol.
Standard Protocols for Heterogeneous P2P Vehicular Networksijtsrd
Vehicular Communication Systems are developing form of networks in which moving vehicles and side road units are the main communicating nodes. In such networks, vehicular nodes provide information to other nodes via Vehicle to Vehicle communication protocols. A vehicular communication system can be used to support smart road applications such as accidents and traffic congestion avoidance, collision warning forwarding, forensic accidents assistance, crime site investigation, and alert notification. However, current Vehicular Communication Systems suffer from many issues and challenges, one of which is their poor interoperability as they lack standardization due to the inconsistent technologies and protocols they use. This paper proposes several standard protocols and languages for P2P vehicular networks that are built using heterogeneous technologies and platforms. These standards consist of three protocols a Standard Communication Protocol which enables the interoperable operation between the heterogeneous nodes of a P2P Vehicular network an Autonomous Peers Integration Protocol which enables the self integration and self disintegration of functionalities and a Standard Information Retrieval Protocol which allows the P2P network to be queried using a standard high level language. In the experiments, a case study was presented as a proof of concept which demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed protocols and that they can be used as a standard platform for data exchange in P2P Vehicular Communication Systems. As future work, Service oriented architectures for vehicular networks are to be investigated while addressing security issues such as confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Youssef Bassil ""Standard Protocols for Heterogeneous P2P Vehicular Networks"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23025.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/23025/standard-protocols-for-heterogeneous-p2p-vehicular-networks/youssef-bassil
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AN ADAPTIVE DIFFSERV APPROACH TO SUPPORT QOS IN NETWORK MOBILITY NEMO ENVIRON...IJCNCJournal
Network Mobility Basic Support (NEMO BS) protocol (RFC 3963) is an extension of Mobile IPv6. The NEMO BS embraced by IETF working group to permit any node in the portable network to be accessible to the Internet despite the fact the network itself is roaming. This protocol likewise Mobile IPv6 doesn’t deliver any kind of Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees to its clients. It can barely offer the same level of services (i.e. Best-Effort) to all the users without obligation to the application’s needs. This propositions a challenge to real-time applications that demand a precise level of QoS pledge. The Differentiated Services has recently come to be the most widely used QoS support technology in IP networks due to its relative simplicity and scalability benefits. This paper proposes a new scheme to provide QoS to mobile network nodes within NEMO context. The proposed scheme intends to reduce handover latency for the users of MNN as well as alleviates packet losses. The feasibility of the proposed enhancement is assessed by measuring its performance against the native NEMO BS standard protocol using NS-2 simulator. The obtained results in the simulation study have demonstrated that the proposed scheme outperforms the standard NEMO BS protocol.
Using Bandwidth Aggregation to Improve the Performance of Video Quality- Adap...paperpublications3
Abstract: Smart phone provides many multimedia services for mobile users. Most of these smart phones are equipped with multiple wireless network interfaces (that support real time video processing. How to use efficiently and cost-effectively utilize multiple links to improve video streaming quality over multiple wireless access networks . In order to maintain high video streaming quality while reducing the wireless service cost, In Video quality-adaptive streaming, the optimal video streaming process with multiple links is formulated as a Markov Decision Process (MDP). The reward function is designed to consider the quality of service (QoS) requirements for video traffic, such as the startup latency, playback fluency, average playback quality, playback smoothness and wireless service cost. To solve the MDP in real time, Quality-adaptive streaming propose an Adaptive search Depth algorithm to obtain a sub-optimal solution.
Performance of MPLS-based Virtual Private Networks and Classic Virtual Privat...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is effective in managing and utilizing available network bandwidth. It has advanced security features and a lower time delay. The existing literature has covered the performance of MPLS-based networks in relation to conventional Internet Protocol (IP) networks. But, too few literatures exist on the performance of MPLS-based Virtual Private Networks (VPN) in relation to traditional VPN networks. In this paper, a comparison is made between the effectiveness of the MPLS-VPN network and a classic VPN network using simulation studies done on OPNET®. The performance metrics used to carry out the comparison include; End to End Delay, Voice Packet Sent/Received and Label Switched Path’s Traffic. The simulation study was carried out with Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) as the test bed. The result of the study showed that MPLS-based VPN networks outperform classic VPN networks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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final Year Projects, Final Year Projects in Chennai, Software Projects, Embedded Projects, Microcontrollers Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, Matlab Projects, Java Projects, .NET Projects, IEEE Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, Software, IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded, Software IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded IEEE 2009 Projects, Final Year Project Titles, Final Year Project Reports, Final Year Project Review, Robotics Projects, Mechanical Projects, Electrical Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Power System Projects, Model Projects, Java Projects, J2EE Projects, Engineering Projects, Student Projects, Engineering College Projects, MCA Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, Wireless Networks Projects, Network Security Projects, Networking Projects, final year projects, ieee projects, student projects, college projects, ieee projects in chennai, java projects, software ieee projects, embedded ieee projects, "ieee2009projects", "final year projects", "ieee projects", "Engineering Projects", "Final Year Projects in Chennai", "Final year Projects at Chennai", Java Projects, ASP.NET Projects, VB.NET Projects, C# Projects, Visual C++ Projects, Matlab Projects, NS2 Projects, C Projects, Microcontroller Projects, ATMEL Projects, PIC Projects, ARM Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, FPGA Projects, CPLD Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Electrical Projects, Robotics Projects, Solor Projects, MEMS Projects, J2EE Projects, J2ME Projects, AJAX Projects, Structs Projects, EJB Projects, Real Time Projects, Live Projects, Student Projects, Engineering Projects, MCA Projects, MBA Projects, College Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, M.Sc Projects, Final Year Java Projects, Final Year ASP.NET Projects, Final Year VB.NET Projects, Final Year C# Projects, Final Year Visual C++ Projects, Final Year Matlab Projects, Final Year NS2 Projects, Final Year C Projects, Final Year Microcontroller Projects, Final Year ATMEL Projects, Final Year PIC Projects, Final Year ARM Projects, Final Year DSP Projects, Final Year VLSI Projects, Final Year FPGA Projects, Final Year CPLD Projects, Final Year Power Electronics Projects, Final Year Electrical Projects, Final Year Robotics Projects, Final Year Solor Projects, Final Year MEMS Projects, Final Year J2EE Projects, Final Year J2ME Projects, Final Year AJAX Projects, Final Year Structs Projects, Final Year EJB Projects, Final Year Real Time Projects, Final Year Live Projects, Final Year Student Projects, Final Year Engineering Projects, Final Year MCA Projects, Final Year MBA Projects, Final Year College Projects, Final Year BE Projects, Final Year BTech Projects, Final Year ME Projects, Final Year MTech Projects, Final Year M.Sc Projects, IEEE Java Projects, ASP.NET Projects, VB.NET Projects, C# Projects, Visual C++ Projects, Matlab Projects, NS2 Projects, C Projects, Microcontroller Projects, ATMEL Projects, PIC Projects, ARM Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, FPGA Projects, CPLD Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Electrical Projects, Robotics Projects, Solor Projects, MEMS Projects, J2EE Projects, J2ME Projects, AJAX Projects, Structs Projects, EJB Projects, Real Time Projects, Live Projects, Student Projects, Engineering Projects, MCA Projects, MBA Projects, College Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, M.Sc Projects, IEEE 2009 Java Projects, IEEE 2009 ASP.NET Projects, IEEE 2009 VB.NET Projects, IEEE 2009 C# Projects, IEEE 2009 Visual C++ Projects, IEEE 2009 Matlab Projects, IEEE 2009 NS2 Projects, IEEE 2009 C Projects, IEEE 2009 Microcontroller Projects, IEEE 2009 ATMEL Projects, IEEE 2009 PIC Projects, IEEE 2009 ARM Projects, IEEE 2009 DSP Projects, IEEE 2009 VLSI Projects, IEEE 2009 FPGA Projects, IEEE 2009 CPLD Projects, IEEE 2009 Power Electronics Projects, IEEE 2009 Electrical Projects, IEEE 2009 Robotics Projects, IEEE 2009 Solor Projects, IEEE 2009 MEMS Projects, IEEE 2009 J2EE P
final Year Projects, Final Year Projects in Chennai, Software Projects, Embedded Projects, Microcontrollers Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, Matlab Projects, Java Projects, .NET Projects, IEEE Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, Software, IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded, Software IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded IEEE 2009 Projects, Final Year Project Titles, Final Year Project Reports, Final Year Project Review, Robotics Projects, Mechanical Projects, Electrical Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Power System Projects, Model Projects, Java Projects, J2EE Projects, Engineering Projects, Student Projects, Engineering College Projects, MCA Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, Wireless Networks Projects, Network Security Projects, Networking Projects, final year projects, ieee projects, student projects, college projects, ieee projects in chennai, java projects, software ieee projects, embedded ieee projects, "ieee2009projects", "final year projects", "ieee projects", "Engineering Projects", "Final Year Projects in Chennai", "Final year Projects at Chennai", Java Projects, ASP.NET Projects, VB.NET Projects, C# Projects, Visual C++ Projects, Matlab Projects, NS2 Projects, C Projects, Microcontroller Projects, ATMEL Projects, PIC Projects, ARM Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, FPGA Projects, CPLD Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Electrical Projects, Robotics Projects, Solor Projects, MEMS Projects, J2EE Projects, J2ME Projects, AJAX Projects, Structs Projects, EJB Projects, Real Time Projects, Live Projects, Student Projects, Engineering Projects, MCA Projects, MBA Projects, College Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, M.Sc Projects, Final Year Java Projects, Final Year ASP.NET Projects, Final Year VB.NET Projects, Final Year C# Projects, Final Year Visual C++ Projects, Final Year Matlab Projects, Final Year NS2 Projects, Final Year C Projects, Final Year Microcontroller Projects, Final Year ATMEL Projects, Final Year PIC Projects, Final Year ARM Projects, Final Year DSP Projects, Final Year VLSI Projects, Final Year FPGA Projects, Final Year CPLD Projects, Final Year Power Electronics Projects, Final Year Electrical Projects, Final Year Robotics Projects, Final Year Solor Projects, Final Year MEMS Projects, Final Year J2EE Projects, Final Year J2ME Projects, Final Year AJAX Projects, Final Year Structs Projects, Final Year EJB Projects, Final Year Real Time Projects, Final Year Live Projects, Final Year Student Projects, Final Year Engineering Projects, Final Year MCA Projects, Final Year MBA Projects, Final Year College Projects, Final Year BE Projects, Final Year BTech Projects, Final Year ME Projects, Final Year MTech Projects, Final Year M.Sc Projects, IEEE Java Projects, ASP.NET Projects, VB.NET Projects, C# Projects, Visual C++ Projects, Matlab Projects, NS2 Projects, C Projects, Microcontroller Projects, ATMEL Projects, PIC Projects, ARM Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, FPGA Projects, CPLD Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Electrical Projects, Robotics Projects, Solor Projects, MEMS Projects, J2EE Projects, J2ME Projects, AJAX Projects, Structs Projects, EJB Projects, Real Time Projects, Live Projects, Student Projects, Engineering Projects, MCA Projects, MBA Projects, College Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, M.Sc Projects, IEEE 2009 Java Projects, IEEE 2009 ASP.NET Projects, IEEE 2009 VB.NET Projects, IEEE 2009 C# Projects, IEEE 2009 Visual C++ Projects, IEEE 2009 Matlab Projects, IEEE 2009 NS2 Projects, IEEE 2009 C Projects, IEEE 2009 Microcontroller Projects, IEEE 2009 ATMEL Projects, IEEE 2009 PIC Projects, IEEE 2009 ARM Projects, IEEE 2009 DSP Projects, IEEE 2009 VLSI Projects, IEEE 2009 FPGA Projects, IEEE 2009 CPLD Projects, IEEE 2009 Power Electronics Projects, IEEE 2009 Electrical Projects, IEEE 2009 Robotics Projects, IEEE 2009 Solor Projects, IEEE 2009 MEMS Projects, IEEE 2009 J2EE P
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Internet Path Selection on Video QoE Analysis and ImprovementsIJTET Journal
Abstract— Systematically study a large number of Internet paths between popular video destinations and clients to create an empirical understanding of the location, existence, and repetition of failures. Finding ways to lower a providers costs for real-time, Internet protocol television services through a Internet protocol television architecture and through intelligent destination-shifting of selected services investigate ways to recover from Quality of Experience degradation. Using Live Television and Video on Demand as examples, we can take advantage of the different deadlines associated with each service to effectively obtain these services. Designing and implementing a prototype packet forwarding module called source initiated frame restoration. We implemented source initiated frame restoration on nodes and compared the performance of source initiated frame restoration to the default Internet routing. We found that source initiated frame restoration outperforms IP path selection by providing higher on-screen perceptual quality. These failures are mapped to the desired video quality in need by reconstructing video clips and by conducting user surveys. We can then examine ways to recover from Quality of Experience degradation by choosing one hop detour paths that preserve application specific policies. Path ranking methodology is used to find the path which contain high quality videos with low cost and occupies very low memory space. By ranking videos according to their quality, size, and cost, the top ranking videos can be retrieved by the client.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
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visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
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locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
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Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
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stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
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the EFNARC.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 8, Issue 10 (October 2013), PP. 19-25
Multicast Routing and Bandwidth Analysis Using
Relay Node for Quality Video Transmission
R.Shanthi1, T.K.Revathi2, Dr.J.Vellingiri3,
1
M.E-Student, Department of CSE, Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India.
2
Asst. Professor, Department of CSE, Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology,
Tamil Nadu, India.
3
Associate Professor, Department of CSE , Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology,Tamil Nadu,
India.
Abstract:- This paper propose a novel scalable video broadcast/multicast solution that efficiently integrates
scalable video coding, broadcast and ad-hoc forwarding to achieve the optimal trade-off between the systemwide and worst-case video quality perceived by all viewers in the cell. In our solution, video is encoded into one
base layer and multiple enhancement layers using Scalable Video Coding (SVC). The large number of Internet
paths between popular video destinations and clients to create an empirical understanding of location,
persistence, and recurrence of failures. The optimal resource allocation problem for scalable video multicast in
networks. we design and implement a prototype packet forwarding module called source initiated frame
restoration (SIFR). This paper deployed SIFR on PlanetLab nodes and compared the performance of SIFR to the
default Internet routing. We show that SIFR outperforms IP-path selection by providing higher on-screen
perceptual quality.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Multimedia streaming over IP networks is poised to be the dominant Internet traffic in the coming
decade. As multimedia service providers deploy services on top of packet-switched networks that compete with
cable-based content providers, there is an ever-growing need to provide superior quality of experience (QoE). As
a result, a video source has limited routing options when sending its packets, especially during times of an
outage. However, the Internet itself comprises billions of interconnections, and the probability that there are
alternate paths that can perform better is high. This paper presents a large-scale measurement-based study on the
effects of Internet path selection on video-QoE and investigates ways to improve it using application-specific
policies and redundant Internet paths. We seek answers to the following questions: 1) What degrades video QoE
in the Internet, and where in the path do these outages frequent? 2) How does an Internet outage affect videoQoE? 3)What fraction of these outages are solvable by using redundant alternative Internet paths? 4) How can a
source select the right alternative path to improve Internet video-QoE without having to perform any prior path
quality measurements? To answer the first question, we probed a large number of popular Internet video
destinations from 62 geographically diverse PlanetLab vantage points for seven consecutive days. To measure
the perceptual degradation resulting from these outages, we reconstructed a variety of MPEG video samples
using the IP-traces collected from every destination set.
Fig. 1. QoE versusQoS:While both clips experienced the same loss rate (QoS), the perceived quality can be very
different depending upon what frame was impacted.
II.
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Performance Measurement and Analysis of H.323 Traffic
The popularity of H.323 applications has been demonstrated by the billions of minutes of audio and
video traffic seen on the Internet every month. Our objective in this paper is to obtain Good, Acceptable
19
2. Multicast Routing and Bandwidth Analysis Using Relay Node for Quality Video Transmission
and Poor performance bounds for network metrics such as delay, jitter and loss for H.323 applications based on
objective and subjective quality assessment of various audio and video streams H.323 is an umbrella standard
that de_nes how real-time multimedia communications, such as audio and video-conferencing, can be exchanged
on packetswitched networks (Internet). With the rapid increase in the number of individuals
in industry and academia using H.323 audio and video-conferencing systems extensively, the expectation levels
for better audio and video performance have risen signi_cantly. Our primary focus in this paper is to understand
how the various levels of network health,characterized by measuring delay, jitter and loss, can a_ect end user
perception of audiovisual quality. By systematically emulating various network health scenarios and using a set
of Videoconferencing 'Tasks' we determine
performance bounds for delay, jitter and loss The results of this paper could provide ISPs and
Videoconferencing Operators a better understanding of their end-user's experience of audiovisual quality for any
given network health diagnostics To obtain the necessary data to support the various conclusions in this paper,
we utilized the H.323 Beacon tool we have developed and a set of Videoconferencing tasks. There are two
popular methods to assess audiovisual quality: Subjective quality assessment and Objective quality assessment.
Subjective quality assessment involves playing a sample audiovisual clip to a number of participants. Their
judgment of the quality of the clip is collected and used as a quality metric. Objective quality assessment does
not rely on human judgment and involves automated procedures such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
measurements of original and reconstructed signals and other sophisticated algorithms such as Mean Square
Error (MSE) distortion, Frequency weighted MSE, Segmented SNR, Perceptual Analysis Measurement System
(PAMS) , Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ) , and Emodel , to determine quality metrics.
2.2 Symbiotic Relationships in Internet Routing Overlays
We propose to construct routing overlay networks using the following principle: that overlay edges
should be based on mutual advantage between pairs of hosts. Upon
this principle, we design, implement, and evaluate Peer-Wise, a latency-reducing overlay network. We design
and evaluate “virtual” network coordinates for destinations
not participating in the overlay, neighbor selection algorithms to find promising relays, and relay selection
algorithms to choose the neighbor to traverse for a good detour.
Finally, we show that PeerWise is practical through a wide-area deployment and evaluation. Several distributed
protocols and applications use mutual advantage as part of their design. BitTorrent peers that download the same
file trade blocks the other is missing. In backup systems nodes store replicas of files for each other. Autonomous
systems in the Internet negotiate peer-to-peer agreements to provide lowcost connectivity to each other’s
customers. Bringing mutual advantage into the design of routing overlays has several benefits. First, mutual
advantage induces better cooperation among nodes. Incentives to participate become simpler, and long-lived, fair
connections appear. Building systems grounded in incentives for cooperation makes them robust to misbehavior
and selfishness.
2.3 Resilient Overlay Networks
A Resilient Overlay Network (RON) is an architecture that allows distributed Internet applications to
detect and recover from path outages and periods of degraded performance within several seconds, improving
over today’s wide-area routing protocols that take at least several minutes to recover. A RON is an applicationlayer overlay on top of the existing Internet routing substrate. The RON nodes monitor the functioning and
quality of the Internet paths among themselves, and use this information to decide whether to route packets
directly over the Internet or by way of other RON nodes, optimizing application-specific routing metrics. The
Internet is organized as independently operating autonomous systems (AS’s) that peer together. In this
architecture, detailed routing information is maintained only within a single AS and its constituent networks,
usually operated by some network service provider. The information shared with other providers and AS’s is
heavily filtered and summarized using the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP-4) running at the border routers
between AS’s, which allows the Internet to scale to millions of networks. Resilient Overlay Networks (RONs) are
a remedy for some of these problems. Distributed applications layer a “resilient overlay network” over the
underlying Internet routing substrate. The nodes comprising a RON reside in a variety of routing domains, and
cooperate with each other to forward data on behalf of any pair of communicating nodes in the RON. Because
AS’s are independently administrated and configured, and routing domains rarely share interior links, they
generally fail independently of each other. As a result, if the underlying topology has physical path redundancy,
RON can often find paths between its nodes, even when wide-area routing Internet protocols like BGP-4 cannot.
The main goal of RON is to enable a group of nodes to communicate with each other in the face of problems
with the underlying Internet paths.
20
3. Multicast Routing and Bandwidth Analysis Using Relay Node for Quality Video Transmission
III.
INTERNET PATH SELECTION
The Internet is organized as an interconnection of thousands of ASs. Each AS is under the purview of an
Internet service provider (ISP), and neighboring ASs use the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) to exchange
reachability information. Ass apply individual policies in advertising and propagating reachability information to
neighboring ASs. In reality, reachability information advertised by an AS is often the result of various provider–
customer relationships between the governing ISP and other ISPs. Typically, ISPs are arranged in various
tiers,where tier-1 ISPs sell connectivity to other ISPs, while tier-3 ISPs buy connectivity from ISPs in higher
tiers while charging consumers. Though the model we present here is overly simplistic,it offers a basic overview
of how Internet routing works. ISP–ISP relationships are not limited to provider–consumer relationships: The
emergence of Internet exchange points (IXPs) allows peer ISPs to interconnect with each other, essentially
“flattening” the Internet hierarchy. Peering can also happen outside IXP, and IXPs can serve to connect
provider–customer relationships. Other complex relationships are also possible. Note also that not every AS is
necessarily an ISP; an AS could be owned by an enterprise, government agency, or educational institution. The
end result of this process is that a typical Internet route often (not always) traverses lower-tier ISPs to reach a
highertier ISP (“up” the valley), followed by a journey down to another lower-tier ISP (“down” the valley) to
reach a destination.
IV.
PROBING INTERNET DESTINATIONS
Streaming content on the Internet today is most commonly disseminated by VoD/IPTV service
providers or by P2P streaming (e.g., Joost, BBC iPlayer, PPLive, etc.)
Vantage Points and Destination Sets
Vantage Points: IP-based streaming services are currently popular in Germany, France, Belgium, the US,
Korea, and China, among other nations. All vantage points used are PlanetLab nodes.
Destination Sets: To create our destination set, we gathered a list of the 200 most popular IPTV/VoD service
providers from various Internet sources. To create a destination set for P2P video sharing hosts, we used 1200 IP
addresses of broadband hosts obtained from crawls of TVU networks and PPLive. In the end, our source–
destination pairs are representative of typical round-trip paths on the Internet used to disseminate streaming
content. Much work has been done on performance-based and faulttolerant routing within a single routing
domain, but practical mechanisms for wide-area Internet recovery from outages or badly performing paths are
lacking. Although today’s wide-area BGP-4 routing is based largely on AS hop-counts, early ARPANET routing
was more dynamic, responding to the current delay and utilization of the network. By 1989, the ARPANET
evolved to using a delay- and congestionbased distributed shortest path routing algorithm. However, the diversity
and size of today’s decentralized Internet necessitated the deployment of protocols that perform more
aggregation and fewer updates. As a result, unlike some interior routing protocols within AS’s, BGP-4 routing
between AS’s optimizes for scalable operation over all else. Overlay networks are an old idea; in fact, the
Internet itself was developed as an overlay on the telephone network. Several Internet overlays have been
designed in the past for various purposes, including providing OSI network-layer connectivity easing IP
multicast deployment using the MBone , and providing IPv6 connectivity using the 6-Bone.
Fig 2: The RON system architecture.
4.1Design
The conceptual design of RON, shown in Figure 3, is quite simple. RON nodes, deployed at various
locations on the Internet, form an application-layer overlay to cooperatively route packets for each other. Each
RON node monitors the quality of the Internet paths between it and the other nodes, and uses this information to
intelligently select paths for packets. Each Internet path between two nodes is called a virtual link. To discover
the topology of the overlay network and obtain information about all virtual links in the topology, every RON
21
4. Multicast Routing and Bandwidth Analysis Using Relay Node for Quality Video Transmission
node participates in a routing protocol to exchange information about a variety of quality metrics. Most of
RON’s design supports routing through multiple intermediate nodes, but our results (Section 6) show that using
at most one intermediate RON node is sufficient most of the time. Therefore, parts of our design focus on finding
better paths via a single intermediate
RON node.
V.
PATH EVALUATION AND SELECTION
The RON routers need an algorithm to determine if a path is still alive, and a set of algorithms with
which to evaluate potential paths. The responsibility of these metric evaluators is to provide a number
quantifying how “good” a path is according to that metric. These numbers are relative, and are only compared to
other numbers from the same evaluator. The two important aspects of path evaluation are the mechanism by
which the data for two links are combined into a single path, and the formula used to evaluate the path. Every
RON router implements outage detection, which it uses to determine if the virtual link between it and another
node is still working. It uses an active probing mechanism for this. On detecting the loss of a probe, the normal
low-frequency probing is replaced by a sequence of consecutive probes, sent in relatively quick succession
spaced by probe timeout seconds. If outage thresh probes in a row elicit no response, then the path is considered
“dead.” If even one of them gets a response, then the subsequent higher-frequency probes are canceled. Paths
experiencing outages are rated on their packet loss rate history; a path having an outage will always lose to a path
not experiencing an outage. The outage thresh and the frequency of probing permit a trade-off between outage
detection time and the bandwidth consumed by the (low-frequency) probing process.
VI.
IMPACT ON PERCEPTUAL QUALITY
This section analyzes the perceptual degradations caused by packet drops resulting from network
anomalies in the IP-traces obtained from the previous round of study. We begin with a brief overview of the
MPEG-2 encoding scheme and discuss our methodology of reconstructing MPEG-2 video clips using the IPtraces for subjective surveys.
MPEG-2 Overview
Streaming content in IP networks is commonly transported as a data stream encoded using the MPEG
standard and transported via the real- time protocol (RTP) over a UDP/IP stack. MPEG encodes video streams as
a series of Intra (I), Predictive (P) and Bidirectional (B) frames. I-frames carry a complete video picture, and as
such provide reference to the following Pand B-frames for decoding an MPEG stream. P-frames predict the
frames to be coded using a preceding I or P-frame. Lastly, B-frames use the previous or next I-frame formotion
compensation. Each frame is typically fragmented into multiple IP packets for transport over the Internet. The
frames are packed into a GOP, where each GOP consists of an I-frame at the start and a series of B- and Pframes that use it as a reference. Depending upon the motion complexity inherent in a clip, the structure of a
GOP can be very different: Low-motion clips (like a news program) have larger I-frames and a handful of P- and
B-frames to complete a GOP,while highmotion (sports clip) clips have smaller I-frames and relatively larger Pframes for motion compensation.
VII.
PROTOTYPE EVALUATION
Using the insights from Section VI, we now design and implement a prototype called SIFR, or source
initiated frame restoration. SIFR employs frame-preserving policies coupled with a random-5 path selection
strategy for improving perceptual quality of streaming content. We deploy SIFR on 32 PlanetLab nodes that
were used to obtain dataset D2. We evaluate the effectiveness of SIFR over the default
IP-path in restoring and improving perceptual quality for three source–destination pairs, one each in the US,
Europe, and Asia-Pacific.
7.1 Prototype Description
SIFR requires deployment at the source, the destination, and intermediate nodes. SIFR at the source
applies application-specific policies to packet generation following a degradation and chooses intermediate paths
based on the random-5 strategy to restore key frames. The receiver takes ingress packets and counts the number
of correctly received frames in a 1-s playout buffer. When losses that manifest in perceptual degradation are
observed, the destination issues an “outage” feedback to the source. Upon reception of this, the source tries to
recover from the degradation by sending the next set of key frames simultaneously through five randomly chosen
intermediaries. When the destination receives an intact GOP from a path after an outage, it reports of this
successful reception using this path back to the source.We use a custom header to capture feedback
22
5. Multicast Routing and Bandwidth Analysis Using Relay Node for Quality Video Transmission
from the destination. Finally, the intermediaries simply forward ingress packets to the announced destination. We
pass the motion complexity of a clip in our custom header (essentially hard-coded) because SIFR has no way of
distinguishing a video clip based on motion complexity.
7.2 Virtual Network Coordinates
Every PeerWise node must compute its own network coordinate before searching for detours. We use
Vivaldi for network coordinates. Every node maintains a set of neighbors that it probes periodically. It uses the
round trip time and the network coordinate of these neighbors to update its own coordinate. After each probe, the
node computes the coordinate that minimizes the squared estimation error to all of its neighbors. To help the
system converge quickly, nodes with uncertain coordinates can move farther with each measurement.
7.3 Neighbor Tracking
The success of our protocol depends on the ability of nodes to find other nodes to establish pairwise
peerings. There are many possible relays for a node, any of which may have high embedding error with respect
to the node.Recall that high embedding error for a pair of nodes indicates a higher probability that the pair is part
of a detour. We use neighbor tracking to find the nodes that are more likely to offer detours. With neighbor
tracking, a Peer-Wise node remembers extra neighbors and learns about good potential relays from its neighbors
or from nearby (in latency) nodes. The neighbors in this section are not relays; they are only candidates for
becoming so. When joining PeerWise, a node bootstraps its potential neighbor set from a known PeerWise node
and uses it to compute its network coordinate. Once the network coordinate is stable, the node asks its neighbors
about their own neighbors, remembering those nodes with high embedding error. For example, in Figure 8, A
asks for the neighbor set of B, formed of B1, B2 and B3. Node A then computes the embedding error from itself
to each of B1, B2 and B3 and adds those nodes to which the error is most positive to its neighbor list. These
nodes are the most likely to form a short side of a TIV with A. For scalability, we limit the number of neighbors
of each node. Neighbors with higher potential to offer the best detours replace less-efficient neighbors. We
considerand evaluate different methods for ranking potential neighbors in Section 6.1. Because PeerWise allows
a node to exchange information about neighbors with neighbors, we expect each node to have ample choices.
7.4 Choosing Neighbors
Each PeerWise node must be able to decide whether a new node would offer better detours than existing
neighbors. A new neighbor may provide relays toward a region of coordinate space or directly to known
destinations.Deciding upon future mutual advantage is a prediction of future accesses and future performance. In
this section, we evaluate the ability of a PeerWise node to predict, from coordinates and measurement, whether a
neighbor will contribute. If nodes were to contact only a few, known destinations,choosing neighbors would be
simple: replace a neighbor if the new one provides a better path to an interesting destination. However, we do not
expect access patterns to be nearly so predictable. Instead, we wish to determine, when a new neighbor arrives,
whether it is likely to provide a shortcut to a useful region in coordinate space.
7.5 Choosing Relays
Neighbor selection determines the set of neighbors that may provide a detour path. With relay selection,
a node attempts to discover quickly the neighbor that offers the best detour to a specific destination. Like
serverselection problems solved by network coordinates, relay selection seeks the shortest combination of the
direct path to the relay and the predicted path between relay and destination. Over time, this performance can be
measured, but to minimize latency, detour performance should be predicted. At the very least, we hope to reduce
the number of relays that we need to simultaneously contact to find a good detour when contacting a destination
for the first time. We consider the following policies for choosing relays for a destination. Direct prediction adds
the measured source-to-relay latency to the estimated relay-todestination distance in coordinate space, then
chooses the relay with the lowest sum. Because latency measurements may be more reliable than coordinates, we
evaluated a conservative prediction, which adds the source-torelay latency measurement again to increase its
influence in the prediction. This is based on the expectation that coordinates are inaccurate and seeks greater
likelihood of a good detour in preference to the best detour at the top of the list. A high-risk scheme chooses the
neighbor with the highest embedding error. Finally, random provides a baseline. We select 32 neighbors for each
node using the proximity-based algorithm and evaluate the four relayselection algorithms. The conservative
approach performs best: approximately 80% of the detours chosen are only 20% longer than the best detour
between the same pair of nodes.
7.6 Deciding Whether to Relay
Deciding whether to use a detour depends on a prediction of whether it will improve application
performance This has two components: whether the traffic is sensitive to latency and whether a known neighbor
is likely to provide a detour path. We evaluate the latter. Whether traffic is latency sensitive can be crudely
23
6. Multicast Routing and Bandwidth Analysis Using Relay Node for Quality Video Transmission
inferred by ports, by commercial packet scheduling products, or by application-based proxies that can
differentiate classes of traffic. In this section, we assume that the traffic is latency sensitive and attempt to predict
whether to relay.
VIII.
RELATED RESEARCH
Internet pathologies have been well investigated in the past. Researchers have consistently found that
Internet outages are unpredictable and, worse, can go undetected for a whil. BGP convergence times and IPrerouting following a path outage can take the order of minutes, while streaming services demand path switching
in the order of milliseconds. Overlay networks have been proposed as a solution to many of Internet’s problems:
from resilience in recovering from outages using RON to multicasting to providing higher QoS . Improving
Web-browsing experience using randomized load allocation to choose alternate paths was studied in. However,
the ensuing perceptual benefits for Web browsing were determined to be negligible. RON creates the possibility
of misuse or violation of AUPs and BGP transit policies. RON provides a flexible policy mechanism that allows
users to implement better network policies than those permitted by BGP. Because RONs are deployed between
small groups of cooperating entities, they cannot be used to find “backdoors” into networks without the
permission of an authorized user of that network. Users who violate network policy today are dealt with at a
human level, and that should remain unchanged with RON deployment. On the positive side, if an Overlay ISP
buys bandwidth from traditional ISPs and routes data using a RON, it can express and enforce sophisticated
policy routes.
IX.
CONCLUSIONS
This paper presented large-scale Internet measurements to understand the effects of Internet path
selection on perceptual quality of MPEG-2 video and investigated ways to improve it. We began by performing
repeated video “fetching” acts from top IPTV/VoD providers, PPLive hosts, and random
Internet destinations for one week from geographically diverse PlanetLab nodes.We mapped the probe
responses to perceptual quality by reconstructing numerous representative low- and high-motion video
sequences and conducted subjective surveys. PeerWise is based on building overlay networks from mutually
advantageous peerings; we show that such a simple, locally enforced mechanism is sufficient to provide detour
routes in the Internet using them. Resilient Overlay Network (RON) can greatly improve the reliability of
Internet packet delivery by detecting and recovering from outages and path failures more quickly than current
inter-domain routing protocols. A RON works by deploying nodes in different Internet routing domains, which
cooperatively route packets for each other. Each RON is an applicationlayer overlay network; nodes in a RON
monitor the quality of the underlying Internet between themselves and use this information to route packets
according to application-specified routing metrics either via a direct Internet path or by way of other RON nodes.
The performance bounds for network metrics such as delay, jitter and loss. We use these bounds to determine the
impact of network health on end-user perception of audiovisual quality of H.323 applications. By emulating
various network health scenarios both in the LAN and on the Internet and by using realistic Videoconferencing
tasks, we show that end-user perception of audiovisual quality is more sensitive to the variations in end-to-end
jitter than to variations in delay or loss. In the Internet tests, by considering almost every possible last-mile
connection, we demonstrated that the results we obtained in the LAN tests scaled consistently to the Internet. The
results of our studies could serve as trouble-shooting information during periods of suspected network trouble
affecting H.323 audio and video conferences. They can also foster broader understanding of the behavior of
audio and video traffic over the Internet which can then lead to better designed networks in the future.
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