The document summarizes the establishment and functions of several international financial institutions. It discusses how the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank were established at Bretton Woods in 1944 to promote global monetary cooperation and economic development after World War II. It also describes the roles of the IMF in managing exchange rates and providing temporary loans to countries, and the World Bank in providing long-term development loans. Additionally, it outlines other institutions like the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and rise of Eurocurrency markets.
Introduction to IMF, The Bretton Woods Agreement, Objectives of IMF, Functions of IMF, Members of IMF, Governance and Organizational Structure of IMF, Resources of Funds, Application of Funds by IMF, Advantages to India from IMF.
Introduction to IMF, The Bretton Woods Agreement, Objectives of IMF, Functions of IMF, Members of IMF, Governance and Organizational Structure of IMF, Resources of Funds, Application of Funds by IMF, Advantages to India from IMF.
Promote international monetary cooperation;
Facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade;
Promote exchange stability;
Assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments; and
Make resources available (with adequate safeguards) to members experiencing balance of payments difficulties.
The IMF is accountable to the governments of its member countries. At the top of its organizational structure is the Board of Governors, which consists of one Governor and one Alternate Governor from each member country.
The Board of Governors meets once each year at the IMF-World Bank Annual Meetings.
Twenty-four of the Governors sit on the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC) and normally meet twice each year.
The IMF's day-to-day work is overseen by its 24-member Executive Board, which represents the entire membership, this work is guided by the IMFC and supported by the IMF staff.
The Managing Director is the head of the IMF staff and Chairman of the Executive Board and is assisted by four Deputy Managing Directors.
a new multilateral bank, a key milestone of the cooperation among emerging economies and developing countries. that is by five emerging economies(Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), to an alternative to the World Bank and IMF. And their aim is to provide help for sustainable development projects.
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)Vishal Gupta
Objectives of International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
Goals of International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Organization Structure of International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
The Board of Governors
Executive Board
Organization Structure
Country Representation
Promote international monetary cooperation;
Facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade;
Promote exchange stability;
Assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments; and
Make resources available (with adequate safeguards) to members experiencing balance of payments difficulties.
The IMF is accountable to the governments of its member countries. At the top of its organizational structure is the Board of Governors, which consists of one Governor and one Alternate Governor from each member country.
The Board of Governors meets once each year at the IMF-World Bank Annual Meetings.
Twenty-four of the Governors sit on the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC) and normally meet twice each year.
The IMF's day-to-day work is overseen by its 24-member Executive Board, which represents the entire membership, this work is guided by the IMFC and supported by the IMF staff.
The Managing Director is the head of the IMF staff and Chairman of the Executive Board and is assisted by four Deputy Managing Directors.
a new multilateral bank, a key milestone of the cooperation among emerging economies and developing countries. that is by five emerging economies(Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), to an alternative to the World Bank and IMF. And their aim is to provide help for sustainable development projects.
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)Vishal Gupta
Objectives of International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
Goals of International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Organization Structure of International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
The Board of Governors
Executive Board
Organization Structure
Country Representation
This new year is starting, it's the year of change for PPPs. Compliments are strengthened, but the procedures are simplified. Faced with the ever-increasing number of scams, mainly caused by all internet scammers, PPPs have started to have a bad reputation. To offer greater transparency and 100% security, we offer in our trade programs the possibility of using a:
INTERACTIVE BROKAGE ACCOUNT
It is simply a trade account, owned and managed by the customer. At no time does he lose his money from sight ... everything is explained in the attached guide.
Cleo Bonny reading ambassador killer presentation skills international financ...Cleo Bonny
Cleo Bonny reading ambassador killer presentation skills international financial system
world first agenda presentation for international financial system
International economic integration is a fundamental aspect of globalization, although it's essential to remember that globalization encompasses more than just economics. While economics is a significant part of globalization, it's not the entire picture. Economic globalization plays a crucial role in facilitating global culture and politics. Trade allows for the exchange of cultural products, like movies and music, and is intertwined with political diplomacy, often serving as a basis for international relations.
Given the importance of economic globalization, it's vital to consider how to make the system more equitable. While some aspects of global free trade can be adjusted, it cannot be completely eliminated. International policymakers should focus on making trade deals fairer and ensuring that governments find ways to mitigate the negative impacts of economic globalization while making sure its benefits are accessible to all.
Notes on partnership accounting excellent for CPAs, Accounting, Finance and students taking introductory accounting classes. Notes are brief, clear and simple to understand.
Consolidated accounts or Group AcccountsWarui Maina
Lecture notes on Consolidated accounts or Group Accounts. They have illustrations, are brief and simple to understand. Excellent for revision and quick review for CPA, B.Com, Finance and Accounting students.
These lecture notes clearly explain the concept of shares in regards to Company Law. Excellent for revision and study for CPAs, Bcom or any students taking business related courses where business law is a course unit.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
Taurus Zodiac Sign_ Personality Traits and Sign Dates.pptxmy Pandit
Explore the world of the Taurus zodiac sign. Learn about their stability, determination, and appreciation for beauty. Discover how Taureans' grounded nature and hardworking mindset define their unique personality.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Explore our most comprehensive guide on lookback analysis at SafePaaS, covering access governance and how it can transform modern ERP audits. Browse now!
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
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"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
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3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
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1. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Introduction
After the First World War there was complete lack of monetary co-operation among the
countries of the world. The gold coin standard used before World War I, was abandoned
during the war. As a result of the breakdown in gold standard, the World lost the most
efficient automatic standard upon which nations had for a long time a vehicle for restoring
equilibrium in their balance of payments whenever it was disturbed.
It was therefore necessary that a concerted effort be made on international level to create
some effective international arrangement whereby exchange stability could be guaranteed.
A common plan evolved at United Nations Monetary and Fiscal Conference of 44 world
nations held at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire in July 1944. Out of the deliberation of
this conference sprang up the Brettonwoods twins - the International Monetary Funds
(IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).
Establishment of IMF
Beginning from 1914, when the First World War, most countries suspended the convertibility of
their currencies to gold. They financed their war operations by printing more money. This led to
transactional accumulations of currencies during the four years of war (1914 – 1918)
As a result the gold standard system declined by a half. The value of the paper money issued by
the central banks depreciated as prices continued to increase.
Exchange rates and interest rates experienced wide fluctuations. The German mark (DU) fell to
its record low as German lost the war. Even the winners in the war experienced great problems.
The old gold standard was re- established in the early 1920s but it failed leading to the financial
crash during the great depression.
During 1920 – 1935, production levels were very low and the levels of unemployment were very
high. Most countries resulted to protection tactics, by selling high tariffs, establishing Quotas
2. and banning certain imports. The situation led to the establishment of the gold exchange
standard system, where currencies were not directly convertible to gold but only their par value
were based on the value of gold.
A new system was established and the amount of gold in each central bank had to be fixed as a
fixed fraction or percentage of the total money supply in circulation.
In 1944, after the gold exchange standards had failed completely, the U.K. and U.S.A. laid down
the basis for an international monetary system at Breton woods, New Hampshire, U.S.A. This
was designed to prevent a recurrence of the hectic inter – war conditions in international trade
and Finance. It called for establishment of the international monetary fund (IMF) to see to it that
the nations kept the generally accepted code of rules in their conduct of international trade and
finance. IMF was expected to set up borrowing facilities for nations having deficits.
Requirements of I.M.F
1) Each member state, upon entering the IMF, was to fix the value of its Currency in terms of
gold or dollars and then keep its exchange rate within One % of this par value.
2) The par value could be changed only within the permission of the IMF, except where the
member state changed the value of its currency by less than 10%.
3) Temporary deficit were to be financed out of the nation’s reserves with IMF and firm direct
borrowing from the IMF. The World Bank was created to provide from long term development.
4) A Quota was assigned to each nation in the IMF. The size of the quota was based on the
nation’s economic importance it determined the nation’s voting power in the organization and its
ability to borrow from the fund.
NB/ Each nation was required to deposit 25% of its quota in gold and 75% in its own currency
with the IMF. The Breton woods system worked well until the period after 1950 when huge and
persistent deficit in the USA’s balance of trade caused it to collapse.
3. The major objectives of the IMF set by charter are:-
1. To promote cooperation among countries on international monetary Issues
2. Promote stability in exchange rates.
3. Provide temporary funds to member countries attempting to correct imbalances of
international payments.
4. To promote free trades. It’s clear from these objectives that the IMF goals encourage
increased internationalization of business.
Each member of IMF is assigned a quota based on a variety of factors reflecting the country
status and each country that a country can borrow from IMF is dependent on its particular
assigned quota.
The financing by IMF is measured in special drawing rights (SDRS). This is a unit of account,
an international reserve asset created by IMF and allocated to the member countries to
supplement currency reserves. SDR’s value fluctuates in accordance with the value of five
major currencies i.e. US Dollar, German Mark, French Franc, Japanese Yen and British Pound.
Each currency was assigned weight in accordance with their international importance to
determine the SDR value. U.S. dollar received 42% weight, German mark received 19% weight,
the following other currencies received 13% weight each.
World Bank
The international Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), also referred to as World
Bank was established in 1944. The primary objective of the World Bank is to make loans to
countries in order to enhance economic development. E.g. World Bank recently extended a loan
to Mexico about $4 billion over ten year period over environmental projects to facilitate
industrial development near U.S. border.
4. The philosophy behind the World Bank’s objective is profit- oriented. Therefore, loans are not
subsidized but are extended at market rates to government (and their agencies) that are likely to
make repayment.
One of the World Bank’s facilities is the structural adjustment loan (SAL) facility established in
1980. The SAL is intended to enhance a country’s long- term economic growth. Example SALS
have been provided to Turkey and to some other LDCs that are attempting to improve their
Balance of trade (B.O.T). Because the World Bank provides only a small portion of the
financing needed by developing countries, it attempts to spread its funds by a entering into co-
financing agreements. Such as:-
(a) Official Aid agencies
-Development agencies may join World Bank by financing development projects in low
income countries.
(b) Export credit Agencies
- World bank co-finances some capital intensive projects that are also financed through
export credit agencies.
(c) Commercial Banks
-World bank has joined with commercial banks to provide financing for private sector
development. In recent years 350 commercial banks have participated in financing with the
World Bank.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
The world trade organization was created as result of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations
that led to the GATT (General Agreement of Trade & tariffs) accord in 1993. This organization
was established to provide a forum for multilateral trade negotiations and to settle trade disputes
related to the GATT accord. It begun its operations in 1995 with a membership of 81 countries,
5. and more countries are joining. Member countries are given voting rights that are used to make
judgments about trade disputes and other issues.
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
Established in 1956 to promote private enterprise initiative within countries like IMF, it is
composed of a collection of nations as members. While it aims to enhance economic
development, it uses the private rather than government sector to achieve its objectives. It is not
only providing loans to corporations but also purchase stock, thereby becoming a part owner in
some cases rather than a creditor. The IFC typically provides 10 to 15% of the necessary funds
in the private enterprise projects in which it invests, and the remainder of the projects must be
financed through other sources.
In this, the IFC act as a catalyst, as opposed to a sole supporter, for private enterprise
development projects. It traditionally has obtained financing from the World Bank but can
borrow within the international financial markets.
Services provided by the international Banks
Risk sharing service
Liquidity services
Information services
The rise of Euromarkets
Before World War II, London was the leading global financial and commercial centre British
pond largely served as an international transaction currency. After World War II the United
States become the dominant financial and industrial nation. Thus, the US Dollar became the
international transaction currency, even in exchange in which neither the buyer nor the seller was
a U.S. firm. In certain markets, such as world oil market, trades are still made in dollars. During
the following World War II, the former Soviet Union and Eastern block countries accumulated
dollars reserves for international trade. For political reasons, they did not want to keep these
reserves in banks inside the United States. They had lost confidence with U.S. Currency as a
result of persistent deficit and balance of trade in U.S.A. Instead they deposited their US Dollars
6. reserves in European banks rather than converting them into European currencies, they kept them
dominated in dollars. These Accounts became known as Eurodollars.
Since 1960s the Euro market has grown from negligible size to a very big size. Much of current
international banking system is conducted in a relatively unregulated banking center known as
Euromarkets. Euro markets are markets for Euro currency deposits or time deposits dominated
in a currency rather than that of the issuing domestic financial center e.g. Dollar deposits at a
French bank.
Euro loans, Eurobonds or Euro commercial papers are bonds, loans and commercial papers
dominated in a currency other than that of the issuing financial centre.
Most of Euro currency deposits are negotiable certificates of deposits with maturities of at least
30 days.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOOSING BETWEEN EUROMARKETS OR
DOMESTIC MARKETS
(a) The currency that the borrower wants to obtain
Multinational companies usually want to borrow in foreign currency to reduce their
foreign exchange exposure and therefore borrow in Euromarkets rather than the
domestic market.
(b) The cost
There is often a small difference in interest rate between Eurocurrency and domestic
markets. On large borrowings, however, even a small difference in interest rate result
in a large difference in the total interest charged on the loan.
(c) Timing and speed
It may be possible to raise money on the Euromarkets more quickly than in the
domestic markets.
(d) Security
Euro market loans are usually unsecured. Whereas domestic market loans are more
commonly secured. Large borrowers may therefore prefer Euromarkets.
7. (e) The size of the loans
It is often easier for a large multinational to raise very large sums on the Euromarkets
than in a domestic financial market.