International Capitalism and Globalization

International Capitalism
Globalization may be an overused word, although the new version of international capitalism is still
so recent that the actual system on the ground has outrun the scientific and theoretical vocabulary
that describes it. As a system, international capitalism is rapidly eliminating geographical and
political boundaries, as Marx predicted in the 19th Century. In the global, postmodern economy,
branding also involves relentless synergy and tie–ins between various diverse lines of products.
Films and cartoons market their images to toy companies, fast–food restaurants and cereal
manufacturers, generating billions of dollars of revenue annually, as does the commerce in seeds,
genetic materials and even human body parts. Western science and technology have been
synonymous with modernization and development in India and other Asian nations, even though this
paradigm ignores the historical and cultural that has existed in many civilizations over the centuries.
In No Logo, Naomi Klein was highly critical of globalized capitalism and the consolidation of giant
corporations and highly standardized brands and chain stores like Wal–Mart, the Gap and Starbucks.
All of these companies are not attempting to become that "one overarching brand under which we
consume, make art, [and] even build our homes" (Klein 1999, 2009, p. 130). Even the retail outlets
are completely uniform and clone–like, with one Kinko's, Blockbuster or McDonald's looking
basically like any of the others. By 1998,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

International Trade As A Tool For International Business
The case study in chapter fourteen asks some very important questions regarding international trade
as SME and MNE evolve globally due to technology. Therefore as international business continues
to evolve companies are find easier ways to find importers and exporters from the comfort of their
offices without the costly methods of travel and due diligences trying to find reputable companies to
handle their needs. Using a variety of sources I will analyze international trade through the use of
websites and go into detail about the secureness and effectiveness of those sites.
The advancement of technology has created a network that has speed up globalization due to
customers, suppliers, and producers having access to each other all over ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore companies are able to benefit through e commerce by overcoming capital and
infrastructure limitations (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2015). Furthermore, there are additional
benefits of using Websites like alibaba .com such as being an improved mechanism for trade by
making information readily available and inexpensive. Therefore by creating a direct service to
international traders, gives companies the opportunities to grow in addition to an even playing field
among competitors. Although there are a good deal of benefits associated with international trade
using the internet there are still some things to watch for in which companies looking to use
websites like alibaba.com for their trade needs should look for. For example, Alibaba's reputation
among US consumers has been poor, including an "F" rating from the Better Business Bureau. The
low rating is due to Alibaba's failure to respond to 79 complaints against its businesses, including
Alibaba.com and AliExpress, BBB's ratings report said (Whitehouse, 2014). Over the last three
years the BBB has received 240 complaints about Alibaba with about half with problems pertaining
to product and service (BBB, 2016). Furthermore, as stated in (Meltzer, 2014) there are barriers
specific to Internet–enabled international trade, such as tariffs on imports, market

International Organisations Encouraged International Peace...
After the First World War, there had been immense destruction and loss of lives. The world existed
in anarchy, a solution was needed to prevent another disastrous war and maintain peace in the future.
The solution was the League of Nations that would ensure that there would be no scope for bias and
selfish needs of states to expand territories. The creation of the Leagues of Nations was the first step
towards what was going to become an integral part of International Society–International
Organisations in the form as we see them today. With the help of the theory of liberalism, the
purpose of this paper is to better understand how International Organisations encouraged
international peace and amity. I aim to explain how globalization has made the theory of realism
almost redundant, how a liberal theoretical approach is more significant and using this approach to
understand why this view made and continues to make International Organisations critical to peace
and how they have helped in the past. The paper will focus on the United Nations and Amnesty
International as key organisations.
The definitions of keywords that will appear repeatedly in this paper and are critical for
understanding the central idea of the paper. Firstly, an International Organisation is "a form of
institution that refers to a formal system of rules and objectives, a rationalized administrative
instrument (Selznick 1957: 8) and which has 'a formal technical and material organisation'
(Duverger 1972:

International Relations Essay
The first paradigm of international relations is the theory of Realism. Realism is focused on ideas of
self–interest and the balance of power. Realism is also divided into two categories, classical realism
and neo–realism. Famous political theorist, Hans Morgenthau was a classical realist who believed
that national interest was based on three elements, balance of power, military force, and self interest
(Kleinberg 2010, 32). He uses four levels of analysis to evaluate the power of a state. The first is
that power and influence are not always the same thing. Influence means the ability to affect the
decision of those who have the power to control outcomes and power is the ability to determine
outcomes. An example of influence and power ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The power of a state is always contextual and relative. The final level of analysis Morgenthau
considers to be important is whether or not the power is legitimate and moral or if it is illegitimate
and immoral. Legitimate and moral power carries considerable weight in the international
community. However, if the power of a state is derived from illegitimate sources such as a
dictatorship the international community will be less responsive to that state, weakening its power.
Weak or small states may enter into alliances with stronger states to increase their power and
influence within the international community (Kleinberg 2010, 33–34). Morgenthau also believed
that the charisma and personality of a leader was very important when reviewing the balance of
power and understanding a state's self interest (Kleinberg 2010, 32). Realism focuses on the balance
of power and how it impacts of actions of state actors within the international political system.
Morgenthau said that, "The aspirations for power on the part of several nations, each trying to either
maintain or overthrow the status quo, leads of necessity to a configuration that is called the balance
of power and to policies that aim at preserving it" (Morgenthau 1967,131). He goes on by explain
that not only is the balance of power and the policies that protect it inevitable but also that they are
essential for

International Law
The Role of an Individual in International Law
Student`s name:
Institution of Learning:
The Role of an Individual in International Law At a glance, one may assume that individuals do not
play a significant role in international law. International law may seem too broad to encompass
individuals in any society. This is because that international law has no jurisdiction. It applies
regardless of the local jurisdiction sometimes even overriding local legislation. Courts may use
international law to pass judgement on tricky cases. However, individuals play a significant role in
international law. International law focuses mainly on the individual. It ensures that individuals get
justice mostly in situations when the national ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because some parties – such as women – had limited rights compared to other citizens of the
same country. One of the rights that young sovereign nations denied women in their territory is
suffrage. However, parties that had limited rights gradually gained their rights albeit after
undergoing long durations of painful struggle.[2] However, the individual still played a significant
part in international law even before the formation of the United Nations. Even before the formation
of the United Nations, there was a humanitarian law that sought to reduce the effects of war on
civilians and combatants. Humanitarian law also had rules that dictated how states should treat
aliens by granting them protection. However, the individual was usually associated with the state of
residence and not regarded as an autonomous entity in international law. During the Second World
War, the link between sovereignty, citizenship and rights that citizens of sovereign states had was
apparent. Sovereign states did not always protect the rights of their citizens, as they did not prevent
other nations from inflicting atrocities on some of their citizens. However, the Second World War
made protection of human rights a core issue of various sovereign states and the international
community. The Second World War led to the formation of many sovereign states.[3] As more and
more states became sovereign, the

International Globalization
The process of globalisation creates various market prospects for businesses, and is one of the most
effective means through which a business can expand. While there are multiple reasons to trade
internationally, some of the most common include business growth, market diversification, increase
in sales, and the opportunity to create or dominate new markets. Organisations employ many tactics
in order to expand globally, and consider many factors before entering into trade agreements.
Overall, global trade is effective for both the small business and the Australian trade market. Before
entering the international market, it is vital for businesses to consciously understand the language,
culture, religion, demographics, political system, legal system, and economy of the foreign country.
Failing to recognise these factors may result in business failure or inability to operate in said
country. While these factors are important, additionally so are the market, supplies, investors,
locations, and competitors in the country of expansion, as they will affect business success. There
are multiple methods that businesses can employ in order to expand into the international market;
export (both direct and indirect), foreign investment, relocation of production, management
contracts and franchising. All these methods have advantages and disadvantages; however, a
commonly used method is exporting, with a 2016 Australian International Business Survey
discovering that 96% of respondents

International Relations
AIS 3121 Theories of International Relations
Are companies more powerful than nation–state in international relations?
Chak Shu Fai, 52626878
Introduction
This essay will focus on the influential relations between companies and nation–states in
international relations. It is a serious issue because companies have raised the importance in
international relations, especially non–governmental organizations (NGOs) and intergovernmental
organizations (IGOs). According to the data collected by the Union of International Associations,
there were over 66,000 international organizations, include NGOs and IGOs, in 300 countries and
territories in 2013. More approximately 1,200 new organizations are added each year (Sheldon,
2014). The major increasing numbers of the international organizations is one of the evidence to
show their powerful status in international relations. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, it functions as a response to problems of incomplete information, transaction costs and
other barriers to improve the efficiency and welfare for their members (Barnett & Finnemore, 1999).
The concept of powerful international organizations also can be found from professor Weiler (2003),
international organizations have increasingly themselves interpreted their powers in an expansive
manner that blurs the role of State consent, and States have increasingly conferred broader public
powers of governance on international organizations. There is no doubt that international
organizations have taken a deeper role in international relation, but it has different degrees of
influence toward small nation states and big countries. In order to have a clearer picture of
international organization's influence in international relations, the essay is divide in two part. First,
it comments on small nation–state would be largely affected by

International Trade
Fair Trade There is only one international organization that deals with global trade and that is The
World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO deals with the rules countries use when trading
between each other. "The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers
conduct their business" (WTO, 2011). The WTO helps with trade negotiations, implementation and
monitoring, dispute settlement, building trade capacity, and outreach. The WTO is a great
organization with the intent to organize fair trade between all countries. But what the WTO cannot
do is make a country join. And many countries are not involved with the WTO and some need
assistance and others are doing just fine on their own. Do more developed countries ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Industrial policy is more common in countries in Asia. Carbaugh used Japan as an example of
industrial policy by explaining how Japan did so with some of their key industries. According to
Schuman, "many analysts have made the mistake of believing Asia's ascent was crafted by its
bureaucrats, when in fact, it was created by its businessmen. The future of the American economy,
too, will be found in its private boardrooms, not government offices." Schuman may be onto
something. There are pros and cons to every approach. The key if finding the right balance that
creates a win–win situation for all involved.
Trade Problems of Developing Nations Many developing nations tend to try manufacturing as a way
to become active in the international trade market. These nations offer cheap labor to companies.
This cheap labor tends to give some of the population a better life and a way to provide for their
families. Issues that arise in developing countries is that if the demand for commodities is low and
the changes in price do not bring a change in demand, then prices can fall sharply. When prices fall,
so does revenue. If companies are not making money, they may move out of the country to another
area.
Import Substitution and Export–led Growth Import substitution is when industries producing goods
that are normally imported are protected from foreign competition. This allows an industry to have
growth and to establish themselves.

Why Is International Trade?
Why Trade?
Why is international trade even important? Why can't a country just use what it can produce? The
answers to these questions are varied in so many ways. International trade is important to different
countries for different reasons. Developed countries like the US could very well get by strictly get
by on products that they produced. When we think about the products that the US specializes in
though, we can get a clearer picture of all the amazing products we would be missing out on. If we
look at developing countries that don't have the resources the US does, or smaller countries whose
land mass is in all one climate zone we can get a better idea of the difficulties they would face trying
to farm all of their own products as the crops that would be available to them in that region may be
quite limited.
The European Commission published a 10–fact list regarding the importance of international trade
and the numerous benefits it brings to the countries involved. The EC pointed out that international
trade partners countries in a positive way creating a sense of unity. Trade also promotes innovation
of new products to bring to the market as well as more competitive pricing as well as foreign direct
investment. One of the most important facts that EC points out in their article is the benefit of open
trade to countries. Open trade provides wider business opportunities for local companies by
providing access to new and larger markets. Lowering trade barriers makes it

International Relations Concepts
International Relations 210
Midterm Assignment
1. What does it mean to study international relations?
The study of international relations pertains to the understanding of the rules of engagement
between the sovereign states. This study falls under the domain of political science and international
law studies. Based on the study of international relations, an individual gets an insight into the
foreign policies of a government, the political dynamics that are prevalent in a region and overall
global events awareness. It also enables understanding the entities of intergovernmental
organizations. Understanding of the international relations also pertains to comprehending the level
of declared and vested interests possessed by different states in the course of interaction with other
nations. Study of international relationship also pertains to finding amicable means towards the
resolution of the problems faced through diplomatic engagement of the parties (Wilkinson 2007).
2. How do realism and liberalism differ?
Realism is based on the mindset of military might, war hysteria and aiming to gain maximum
ground against the rivals. The military empowerment and use of force as a means to protecting
oneself makes up for the main idea of realism. In a practical scenario, the Cold war era depicted the
realism in terms of international relationship. In the light of realism, the countries aimed at
establishing their influence by providing military and other forms of

Advantages Of The International Baccalaureate
Although International Baccalaureate (IB) is a bit new, its popularity has been steadily rising in
Malaysia ever since 1989. Already, five schools are offering primary years programme, five others
are offering middle years programme while 16 other institutions are offering diploma programme.
You can now locate different international schools offering the IB programme within Malaysia for
your children with ease.
However, the question that is bound to arise is why more Malaysians are opting to join the
International Baccalaureate starting from an early age whereas there are many other programmes
they can choose including STPM, Matriculation, SAM, CAL, CPU and various foundation
programmes available.
Below are some of the top reasons as to why many students have been opting for the International
Baccalaureate over other available educational programmes: –
1. Students are trained how to learn
International Baccalaureate programmes assist students to ask tough questions, think outside the box
and come up with research skills that prove to be of great help to them in their higher education.
One of the special features of the international Baccalaureate programme is TOK which basically
stands for Theory of Knowledge. This is a thinking subject that encourages students to put together
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By so doing, it ensures that all the students are multi–faceted and therefore capable of viewing
problems from different angles. Additionally, IB provides flexibility and freedom to teachers since
educators are supposed to work closely with others within their departments with the aim to deliver
the best quality lessons to their students. Doing this brings diversified thinking within the school in a
way that echo the Malaysian slogan "Rakyat didahulukan, pencapaian diutamakan" translated in
English as "People first, achievements placed top

International Business Barriers
Business is an important aspect of American lives. We always work for a business or we could be
the one running the business. Businesses is one of the reasons a country is wealthy or not. They
meet the basic needs and the luxuries of everyday life. Though there are a lot of sole proprietor
businesses in America, we also have a fairly large sum of international business. International
businesses have barriers and trade agreements in order to make them more successful. In order to
have a good international business, you need some basic strategies. One of them is to "Build a
broader customer base" ("International Business Strategies"). If you accomplish this, then you will
have more people paying for your product. That's a higher demand for whatever you are selling,
which causes you to have more profits and the ability to expand your business. If you expand, you
will need to hire more workers and that helps out the entire economy. Another strategy is "Lower
production costs by using lower priced labor abroad" ("International Business Strategies"). This
helps lower your overall costs and helps you lower the market price for your item so more people
can buy it. That would increase demand and profits, having the same effect as the previous strategy.
If you don't want to lower the market price, it's simply a bigger profit for you for every item you
sell. If you were to lower the prices, it would give you an edge against the other international
businesses in the particular field.

International Business factor
Since the Second World War, international business appeared as the main economic factor
responding to postwar needs. Nowadays, globalisation has increased the facility of international
exchange and has risen the multicultural needs.The increase in demand for international products
has resulted in large possibilities to do business abroad. However, it is really complicate to import or
export without knowledge in this area. Global business is all of the commercial exchanges which
involve more than one country. Understanding and applying the major factors of overseas business
is crucial. In fact, it is clear that the most important factors involved in international exchange
include foreign culture, transport and payment transaction. This ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Dr. Nelson (2009, pp.121–2) agrees that air shipment is the fastest way of delivery; however, it is
the most expensive transportation. Freight by sea is more cost efficient and more convenient for
bulk and heavy products but it takes longer to transfer. (Nelson, 2009, pp.121–2 and Weiss, 2008,
pp.143–p7).
Finally, after finding the most suitable transport to distribute the merchandise, organisations need to
establish the incoterms to do international business. Radke (2012) describes that incoterms intended
to regulate, define the cost, reduce transfer of risk and also avoid misinterpretation of freighting
selling goods contract. He explains that there are 11 incoterms with different insurances, including
various covers for the risk of goods damage or loss. Hence, incoterms are crucial if an incident
happen when the goods are in transit and to determine who is responsible for the cargo among of the
seller and the buyer. For instance, The International Chamber of Commerce(2010, pp. 60–7)
explains that the incoterm Delivered Duty Paid (DDP) is all seller 's obligations, from "door to
door". In other terms, the seller is responsible/for packaging, insurance, taxes, duties and any
potential hazards (ICC, 2010, pp. 60–7). Those factors show the importance for an importer or an
exporter to send their product with the best transport method and anticipate the contractor 's
responsibilities. Moreover, these points are essential part of doing overseas

International Economics And The Field Of International...
I would like to mention some courses that I have taken at Knox College that not only have
encouraged me to take up the particular field of study as a major, but have also fortified me to
volunteer and intern in the field of international development. These courses are: International
Economics (Manisha Pradhananga, Professor), Business & Society (John Spittell, Professor)
Environmental & Natural Resource Economics (Steve Cohn, Professor) and Environmental Ethics
(Bill Young, Professor). These particular courses had a great impact on my decision to pursue a
major in Economics and a double minor in International Relations & Business.
In International Economics, I had written a research paper on low–income nations and their
dependence on primary commodities for exports and its vulnerability to price shocks. I had carried
out my research only keeping applied economics in perspective, therefore, I could not really
understand as to why these low–income countries, although having a wide variety of natural
resources readily available for production and consumption, still struggling to alleviate themselves
from poverty and poor health. The reality and the real–life scenario of such situations was explained
to me in the Environmental Economics class by Professor Steve Cohn. Toward the end of the term, I
was assigned to write another research paper on greenhouse gas abatement options for third world
nations. The ideal solution that came up while working on the project was developed

Md International
MD International is a private company that distributes medical equipment to government
institutions, agencies, and hospitals in countries located in Latin America and Caribbean. The main
reasons why MD International decided to work with this region were the falling trade barriers and
governments' investments on the healthcare Industry. Companies that act as intermediaries between
buyers and sellers of different countries, such as MD International, provide a variety of valuable
services for their vendors. Vendors can rely on MD International because they have a deep
knowledge and understanding on the Latin America market and the regulations they need to comply
with. Additionally, manufacturers can increase their sales and profits without spending the time and
resources they would use if they were to develop a market themselves. They want MD International
to export their products because it helps them bypass government rules and regulations, market
research, and other costs that could arise. By giving MD International the power to export their
products, they focus more on manufacturing.
Welch Allyn Merritt founded MD International, envisioning a great potential in Latin America. He
focused on Latin America because he had prior experience working in that market. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They have assured that MD International's products reach their respective destinations. Also, they
have facilitated their financial transactions with the Ex–IM bank. Overall, the U.S government
makes trade easier by having their back when they face challenges. In my opinion, having the
government help MD International with the use of taxpayer money is a good idea because it creates
more jobs as exporting increases. Creating more jobs directly impact the whole Economy in a
positive manner as unemployment decreases. Also, the government can get money back as it earns
interest over time, and numbers could increase if exporting continues to

International Strategy.
What is international strategy? "An international strategy is a strategy through which the firm sells
its goods or services outside its domestic market" (Hill 378). One of the primary reasons for
implementing an international strategy (as opposed to a strategy focused on the domestic market) is
that international markets yield potential new opportunities. Raymond Vernon captured the classic
rationale for international diversification (Vernon 191). He suggested that, typically, a firm discovers
an innovation in its home–country market, especially in an advanced economy such as that of the
United States. Some demand for the product may then develop in other countries, and exports are
provided by domestic operations. Increased demand in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Expected returns from the investments represent a primary predictor of firms moving into
international markets. Still, firms from different countries have different expectations and use
different criteria to decide whether to invest in international markets. Economies of scale, scope, and
learning By expanding their markets, firms may be able to enjoy economies of scale, particularly in
their manufacturing operations. "To the extent that a firm can standardize its products across country
borders and use the same or similar production facilities, thereby coordinating critical resource
functions, it is more likely to achieve optimal economies of scale" (Mauri & Phatak 234). "Firms
may be able to exploit core competencies in international markets through resource and knowledge
sharing between units across country borders" (Hill 384). This sharing generates synergy, which
helps the firm produce higher–quality goods or services at lower cost. In addition, working across
international markets provides the firm with new learning opportunities. Multinational firms have
substantial occasions to learn from the different practices they encounter in separate international
markets. Even firms based in developed markets can learn from operations in emerging markets.
Location Advantages Firms may locate facilities in other countries to lower the basic costs of the
goods or services they

International Management
Chapter 1 Q1. What are the differences between international, global, and multidomestic
companies? Multinational company : An organization with multi country affiliates, each of which
formulates its own business strategy based on perceived market differences. Global company : An
organization that attempts to standardize and integrate operations worldwide in all functional areas.
International company : Either a global or a multi domestic company Q2. Give examples to show
how an international business manager might manipulate one of the controllable forces in answer to
a change in the uncontrollable forces. Uncontrollable forces(External forces) : ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Managers' unfamiliarity with other cultures, to make matters worse, some managers will ascribe to
others their own preferences and reactions. For example, selling beefs by self–reference criterion
business in Muslim countries will be failed. Q9. You have decided to take a job in your hometown
after graduation. Why should you study international business? Owing to globalization trends in the
worlds, and importance of relationship between domestic and foreign country, we have to study hard
international business. I will take a job in home country. But I might have opportunities for business
in overseas and meeting foreign buyers. Thus, to obtain other countries values, cultures, policies,
and trends by studying international business is very important for me. Q10. Although forces in the
foreign environment are the same as those in the domestic environment, they operate differently.
Why is this so? I think that domestic environmental and foreign environmental are different in terms
of domestic and foreign's culture, and international environmental. When comparing with domestic
environmental, operating company in the foreign country has different environments such as
company's market share, foreigner's own culture, and growth in global. And domestic environmental
is also originated in home country's culture which effect on the companies. Q11. What examples of
globalization can you identify

International Trade: Advantages And Disadvantage Of...
International trade is the exchange of goods and services between the countries. As it is concerned
with UK, an import is the UK purchase of goods and services made from overseas. An export is a
sale of UK to goods and services made overseas. An export is the sale of a UK made goods or
services overseas.
The reason for international trade is really an extension for good relation with other country or
providing the other nation with financial aids etc. the reason for any company to go global is
because of the following reasons.
Reason for any company to go international
The importance of international trade to Uk based organization is that it can trade feely within the
European union zone with the member nations. To U.K. based ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are now 13 nations who have joined this treaty where in which they have adopted a common
currency between them that is EURO. The implication if UK joins the EMU has both advantages
and disadvantages.
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Long–term economic stability will bring by having a common currency. 1. The country, like other
outsiders, will be very much affected by the policies adopted by the EMU member.
2. No exchange rate losses for companies who are EMU body. 2. All decisions which relate to
monetary and exchange rate policy will be to reflect primarily the interests of the EMU participants.
3. Abolition of barriers to single European market. 3. Its trading partners would dominate decisions
making in key areas of EU policy.
4. There will be a price transparency in the whole zone 4. The gain in competitiveness of the Emu
group would, other things being equal, be equivalent to loss of competitiveness among countries
outside.
Advantages and Disadvantages of joining common

International Law
The Role of an Individual in International Law
Student`s name:
Institution of Learning:
The Role of an Individual in International Law At a glance, one may assume that individuals do not
play a significant role in international law. International law may seem too broad to encompass
individuals in any society. This is because that international law has no jurisdiction. It applies
regardless of the local jurisdiction sometimes even overriding local legislation. Courts may use
international law to pass judgement on tricky cases. However, individuals play a significant role in
international law. International law focuses mainly on the individual. It ensures that individuals get
justice mostly in situations when the national legislation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is critical to note is that state sovereignty is far much different from individual sovereignty.
State sovereignty is more concerned with the formation of a state after the struggle for
independence, while individual sovereignty is a result of struggles for recognition of various human
rights of individuals, whether nationally or internationally. Therefore, individual sovereignty leads
to respect and recognition of the individual, which is the fundamental maxim of any modern day
society. Legal positivism has various features that are critical in any legal system that forms its basis
on the rule of law. However, law – especially – international law is not static, complete or
unequivocal. The law keeps undergoing changes to enable it fulfil the social function of the
community. The modern day international legal order has a system of values that have the backing
of majority sovereign states. Treaties like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Charter,
and other treaties for peaceful resolution of disputes express the system of values of international
law.[5] However, it is essential to note that international law is not the source of these values.
International law has incorporated these values for the assurance of the treaties. Principals of
humanity and justice form the foundation of the entire legal system. Elementary considerations of
justice form the echelon of

Mcdonald International Marriott International Hotels
In this report I will be comparing two different hotel companies. The first brand will be Marriot and
the Second will be Hilton. Both brands have several hotels under their corporate umbrella and both
brands have an array of different options at different price points. I will compare the hotels in a table
form though out the paper to make it easier to see the comparisons as they line up next to each other.
CATERGORIES Marriott International Hilton WorldWide
Brief History – Opened in 1927 J.Willard Marriott opened a rootbeer stand which later evolved into
Marriott International Hotels.
– Has over 4,000 properties across 72 countries and 18 different brands under the Marriott name.
– Courtyard by Marriott was built in 1983 in Atlanta GA ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They thrive on Innovation.
–Integrity: They believe that how they do business is just as important as the business they partake
in.
–Serving the world: Marriott International helps the Community by focusing on five global issues,
poverty, the environment, the workforce, wellbeing of children, and global diversity and inclusion. –
Hiltons driving force is hospitality.
– Hilton believes that we should "fill the earth with the light and warmth of hospitality."–Conrad
Hilton.
– Hilton developed an acronym for its brands name that encompasses where the brands core values
lye: Hospitality, Integrity, Leadership, Teamwork, Ownership, Now.
–There mission: "To be the preeminent global hospitality company – the first choice of guests, team
members, and owners alike."
Financial Status and Forcast – As of 2013 Marriott has more than 4,100 properties across 79
countries.
– They reportedly have nearly $13 billion in revenue over 18 different brands. There are
approximately 330,000 employees.
– –the company sold 195,000 rooms in the 2013 year
– For 2014 they expect a 4–6% increase in RevPar
– Marriott added 47 new properties ( 7,681 rooms) to its company in 2013.
BRANDS INDIVIDUAL FINANACIAL STATS:
–Marriott:
BRAND PERFORMANCE
Occupancy(1,3) 68.3%
ADR(1,3) $143.43

RevPAR(1,3) $97.89
RevPAR Index(1,3) 108.5%
Channel Contribution(2,3) 58.5%
Marriott Rewards Paid Room Nights(2,3) 62%

International Organizations And International Trade...
When it comes to the political set up of the international organizations that positively and negatively
affects poorer nations can be classified in realist's point of view as powerful nations lobbying the
international organizations to pass their agenda that affects smaller countries in the interests of
promoting national hegemonic power. As a results, of this, regardless of the debts accumulated by
powerful international organization's veto power, they are still on top of the average poor nation
because of its political hegemonic power and influence over International Organizations. The
economic policies set by hegemonic powers to be passed down to the small nations by the
international organizations sometimes keep them on the hook of a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If Gambia failed to secure that assistance, it will further hurt its economy because the country was
running with deficit and the IMF described the then current economic state of the Gambia as
"external and fiscal sustainability are at a grave risk. Moreover, in the absence of urgent action, the
social progress made in recent years is also under threat." When it comes to the interaction of the
United Nations and the Gambia, many sustainable achievement were secured and was able to help
develop Gambia physically and environmentally. There were United Nations children's fund that
helped young children of the poorer nations to benefit from basic needs like education,
infrastructure, human rights improvements and bias and draconian media laws that targets private
media journalists. Gambia government lost many of its reputation as a result of not living up to
expectations of the international organizations in protecting the fundamental human rights of its
citizens irrespective of the individual's political affiliation. Draconian media Laws results in the
shooting death of Gambia prominent journalist Deyda Hydara, the owner of 'ThePointNewspaper'.
He was shot to dead and the Gambia government denied the allegation and they refused to
investigate it and also refused international organizations to coinvestigate the matter. The Gambia
president was

International Paper
Assignment Two: Final Paper Heather Smith
Jour 3400 April 28, 2010
The largest paper company in the world sits right here in Memphis, Tennessee, International Paper
Company. They manufacture in North America, Europe, Latin America, Asia and North Africa.
International Paper was established in 1898 and has grown to house 113,000 employees. The
company achieves their success from the goals they stand for: "Good corporate governance is the
foundation upon which we build and achieve our goals. We create an awareness of the importance of
diversity, ethical behavior and personal integrity, which are our foundation. We support hundreds of
community–based educational, civic and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The company has become more and more successful as the years progress. In 2007, International
Paper was named one of the "worlds most ethical companies" in Ethisphere Magazine. They were
one of twelve companies throughout the world to receive this award, which was based on their
adherence to the standards and principles of morality in their profession. John Faraci, chairman and
CEO of International paper responded to this honor by stating, "We're very proud to be recognized
as one of the world's most ethical companies. We believe strongly in operating according to the
highest ethical standards, and that is reflected in the way we do business across the globe" (World's
Most Ethical Companies, 2007).
One of International Paper's slogans is very comprehendible and to the point: "More dependable.
More efficient. More reliable" (http://www.internationalpaper.com). On their homepage the message
"A global leader in paper and packaging products, International Paper can partner with you to create
solutions in any industry, anywhere we're needed" (http://www.internationalpaper.com). Both of
these slogans back up and support their companies mission statement, "through the power of people
we will succeed with customers and deliver operational excellence to achieve our goal of making
International Paper one of the best companies worldwide" (http://www.internationalpaper.com). As

International Financial Institutions
The world economy is becoming more global in regards to its underlying operations each successive
year. International trade has had a profound impact on global wealth while also increasing the
quality of life for societies around the world. Banking, and in particular, international banking
facilities the exchange of capital to areas of the world that need it. These inflows of capital help to
foster ingenuity, creativity, and innovation to help spur international growth. As such, each year,
globalization plays a more profound role in regards to the national economies of the world.
Globalization has allowed for the expansion of corporate operations beyond their natural domestic
boundaries. As such it has contributed to an increased standard of living for those who embrace its
presence and are therefore willing to take risks (Stiglitz, 2007).
Free trade therefore, is a welcomed addition within the overarching trend of globalization.
International financial institutions, both directly and indirectly facilitate free trade among
international countries. Free trade allows for the transfer of goods and services when demanded by
specific economies. This is much like the exchange of capital needed to help individual companies
to grow. It also allows the countries best suited for such activities to flourish. For example, China is
proficient in manufacturing which allows the country to export far more goods than it imports. This
is partly due to free trade and international

India And The International Trade
1.1Background
Since gaining liberalization, India has been active in international trade, and is today one of the
major trading nations in the world. The Indian economy has been highly dependent on external
trade; presently, India's major trading partners were China, United Arab Emirates, United States,
Saudi Arabia Switzerland, Singapore and Germany.
As a shining, modern, and well developing country, India has been actively promoting trade
expansion and enhancement with all the European countries especially with Germany. In view of
this, India has been actively promoting bilateral trade to achieve this target by implementing
different strategy. One of them is by expanding trade relation with the European countries.
Within the European ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To date, the EU is India's largest trading partner, accounting for 20% of Indian trade. However India
accounts for only 1.8% of the EU's trade and attracts only 0.3% of European Foreign Direct
Investment, although still provides India's largest source for India (Bilateral Trade, n.d.).
Trade between the two has more than doubled from 25.6 billion euros ($36.7 billion) in 2000 to 55.6
billion euros in 2007, with further expansion to be seen (Bulls Eye, n.d.). According to a report in
2010, India, at that time, was the eighth largest trading partner of the European Union, behind China
and Russia (India–EU Relations, 2012).
Given the fact that India is in the process of facilitating the international trade with all over the
world. European and Asian countries seems to be the potential partners for trade exchange. At the
same time, several companies and organizations have been established in India over the last ten
years which have created more opportunities for both European and Indian companies to run their
business in the region. Furthermore, Germany trading policy also brings a good opportunity to
Indian economy and for the Indian export trading companies. As the trade relations between these
two countries are increasing, it will helpful to the Indian economy and its overall development and
growth. India shares their experiences and also can learn from Germany and become expertise in
bilateral trades. Besides that, trade

Marriott International
Analysis of Marriott International:
A closer look
Marriott International was founded on May 15, 1927 by J. Willard Marriott in Washington D.C. It
started out as a root beer stand which grew into a chain of restaurants and hotels (Marriott
International Inc., 2013). Now Marriott International has around 3,150 properties for lodging in the
United States and 67 in other countries (Marriott International Inc, 2012). The Executive Chairman
is Bill Marriott and the President and CEO is Arne Sorenson. Marriott International was also ranked
217 in the Fortune 500 in 2012 but ranked number one in the fortune 500 for its industry (hotels,
casinos, resorts) (Cable News Network, 2012). The organizational structure of Marriott International
is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using SWOT analysis is a good way to analyze the product make up of Marriott International. One
of the main strengths for this company is the brand name. Marriott International is a strong brand
name and is known for their mid to higher end hotels. All of the nicer hotels bear the Marriott name
while the lower end hotels have only the specific hotel name on them (Pashia, 2012). Marriott
International has many different brands including: the Ritz–Carlton, Renaissance hotels, AC hotels,
JW Marriott, Bulgari hotels and resorts, Edition, Autograph collection, Marriott hotels and resorts,
Courtyard by Marriott etc. (Ersayar, 2012). Because of Marriott's diversified brands and all types of
hotels, from luxury and high end to the lower end, it has a strong market presence. Good employee
retention is also a strength of Marriott International. The total workforce for this company is over
150,000 with a good promotion program from within (Pashia, 2012). IT solutions are a large way to
bring in business and are another one of their strengths. According to Christy Pashia in her Marriot
overview article, "Marriott International is upgrading its properties with technology that responds to
the needs of business and leisure travelers. It has transformed its public areas to encourage guests to
work and socialize through the adoption of the latest design, technology, food and beverage
offerings" (Pashia, 2012). With the new

International Business Analysis
1. The importance of international business: International business is all business dealings isolated
and governmental–that include two or more nations. The modest response is that international
business includes a great and rising share of the world's whole business. Today, virtually all
corporations, major or minor, are affected by world–wide actions and opposition because maximum
wholesale production to or safe contractors from overseas nations or contest against goods and
facilities that originate from overseas.
More establishments that take part in some type of worldwide business are associated with sending
out and bringing in than in some other kind of business exchange. Many the universal business
specialists contend that sending out is a legitimate procedure with a characteristic structure, which
can be seen fundamentally as a technique for understanding the objective nation's condition,
utilizing the proper showcasing merger, building up an advertising design considering the utilization
of the mixture, executing an arrangement through a methodology lastly, utilizing a control strategy
to guarantee the system is clung to. This sending out process is explored and assessed consistently,
and adjustments are made to the utilization of the blend, to assess advertise changes affecting upon
intensity. This view appears to recommend that a significant part of the worldwide business
hypothesis identified with endeavors, which are universally based and have worldwide

The World Of International Relations
Just as this book serves as a great introduction to the world of international relations, the first
chapter does a great job of exploring what the book will cover. It covers the many viewpoints of
international relations. There are many concepts and terms that the chapter covers which can help
one understand politics. Some of these key concepts are cognitive dissonance, mirror images, and
enduring rivalries. Many key terms that increase one's knowledge of world politics that are covered
in this chapter are actors, power, and sovereignty. World politics can affect us more than we may
think. In the siege of Lebanon during the 1982 Lebanon War a US backed Israeli army gave Osama
Bin Laden inspiration for an event that changed the world. "As I ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
International organizations and courts were even established. Sadly these organizations did not hold
up in the years following their creation. The rather quick demise of liberalism contributed to World
War II which would go on to have massive effects on the world for years to come. In chapter three
the many theories of international decision making are covered. There are many influences on the
decision making process and they are the current global conditions, internal characteristics of the
state, and an actor's leadership. The three models of decision making are also covered and they are
decision making as a rational choice, bureaucratic politics, and impactful leaders. There are also
factors, domestic and global, that affect policy decisions and they include military capabilities,
economic conditions, types of government, global distribution of power, and geopolitical powers. In
1962 during the Cuban missile crisis President Kennedy was faced with a situation that, if handled
wrong, could end the world. When deciding on proper responses he would have to consider many of
the factors that are discussed in the chapter like military capabilities. Thankfully Kennedy
considered the factors and decided on actions that would not lead to a conflict with the Soviet
Union. Rivalries and relations of the great powers are explored in chapter four. It begins by
explaining long–cycle theory and hegemons. Then the causes and consequences of world war

International Trade and Finance
Linda Luc Duong
ECO/372
August 27, 2012
Matthew J. Angner
When there is a surplus of imports brought into the United States it means that the price of the
products will drop. Companies in the United States are competing with the Chinese made products
will suffer from price drops on goods. Lower prices on goods will benefit consumers. Large screen
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and High Definition Television (HDTV) is a good example. Because
of the recession there has been a surplus of large screen LCD and HDTV. Not many people can
afford or buy them with the high prices. Large screen LCD/HDTV is much cheaper than what it was
four years ago.
The effect of international ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The dollar must be raised so that there is a high–demand for the United States dollar. The
government must promote the qualities and products made in the United States of America. All
companies must be able to compete with companies based in China. What this mean is that all goods
made in the United States of America are given high priority over Chinese made goods.
Questions
· What happens when there is a surplus of imports brought into the U.S.? Cite a specific example of
a product with an import surplus, and the impact that has on the U.S. businesses and consumers
involved. When there is a surplus of imports brought into the U.S. it means that the price of the
product(s) will drop. U.S. companies that are competing with the Chinese made products will suffer
from price drops of the goods. With consumers it will benefits the consumer with the lower price on
goods. Large screen LCD/HDTV is a good example. Since the recession there has been a surplus of
large screen HDTV. Not many people can afford or buy them since the prices were high. Now large
screen LCD/HDTV is much cheaper than what it was 4 years ago. · What are the effects of
international trade to GDP, domestic markets and university students? The effects of international
trade on GDP are that GDP and employment goes hand in hand. What this mean is that as
employment move out of the United States it create smaller GDP in return. As international trade
with imports of goods also

International Business Strategy : International Marketing...
Name : Alexandra Sepideh Estibals
Student ID : 567334
Course Title : International Business Strategy
Due Date : 11 August 15
Course code : 151030008
Word Count : 2500
Discuss this statement :
" While Dunning's OLI model provides a general paradigm for explaining the determinants of
Foreign Direct Investment , its use in designing an international corporate strategy , as defined by
Head is limited and requires more specific models for the task "
B.Sc. International Management in MENA Coursework assignment 2014 – 2015
The Eclectic model , or most commonly know as the OLI model is a framework used by MNC (
multinational ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However , many have criticised the paradigm and Dunning himself said that it wasn't complete
enough , as it is branded " too eclectic " and not specifically related to the formation of
Multinational Corporate Strategy . Furthermore, Head seems to have the upper hand as his model is
considered to be more specific in determining International Corporate Strategy's through four main :
Factor advantages , Trade costs , Market advantage and Plant level economies of scale .
This essay will first explore the OLI model and its components towards the establishment of the FDI
. We will then continue with defining multinational corporate strategies, followed by comparing the
OLI model with Head's one.
The determinants of FDI
FDI stands for Foreign Direct Investment ; it is an investment from one country into another
(normally by companies rather than governments) that involves establishing operations or acquiring
tangible assets, including stakes in other businesses ( Financial Times ) .
FDI is a type of

The Importance Of International Adoption
Imagine in a country far, far away there sits a little boy out on the streets with nothing but the
clothes on his back and a torn up blanket in his hand that attempts to keep him warm at night, yet
every time he tries to sleep he can't because he is cold, sad, and alone. He has no home and has no
family to look after him, love him, and take care of him. He needs a family and a home. He needs
someone to adopt him. Millions of kids in the world are alone and without parent, always wandering
around and constantly living in a state of fear from torture, abuse, war, and slavery. These kids could
have a home with a loving family to look after them and take care of them. This is why all potential
adoptive parents in the U.S. should be required to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"International adoption is a life–saving form of care for children who do not otherwise have
families. Yet, professionals and families find ourselves increasingly on the defensive from an
unwarranted amount of scrutiny and criticism, both abroad and in the United States"(Spivack 1).
There is so much "Bad" media going around about international adoption portraying it as an evil
system and therefore scaring potential adopting parents from adopting internationally. For example,
television shows in the United States, show foreign press, and foreign politicians bombard the public
with stories of kidnapping, corruption, body part sales. When people see this they believe it and then
are scared to go and adopt from certain countries. By supporting international adoption you are
instilling a certain type of confidence that other people can see. This type of confidence radiates off
of you and encourages others to go and take the same risk even though the risk may be scary and
dangerous. "Country adoption programs are closing everyday due to disproportionately negative
media, misinformation and ultimately tainted public perception of international adoption. The time
has come for adoption professionals and adoptive families to put an end to the propaganda and use
our collective power to correct public perception. Otherwise, international adoption could soon
become extinct, dooming millions of children around the world to childhoods languishing in
underfunded orphanages, or on the streets, with dim prospects for adulthood beyond drug
dependency, crime and prison"(Spivack 2). Just remember that your actions are for a greater

International Global Organization : Heifer International
Heifer International is a global organization that focuses on providing communities in developing
counties with better farming techniques and education, allowing them to pull away from the never–
ending cycle of poverty. Founder Dan West came up with the idea for Heifer International when he
was an aid worker during the Spanish Civil War. During his time as an aid worker, one of his tasks
was to provide hungry refugees with a single glass of milk. While doing this he suddenly had the
thought "What if they had not a cup of milk, but a cow"(World Hunger and Poverty). From this one
thought Heifer International was born. Since its creation in 1944, Heifer International has grown
tremendously, operating on four continents and tailoring their ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Nepal also has a high adolescent fertility rate, 68 per 1,000 live births, for women ages 15–19. A
small portion of these pregnant women (less than 50%), are estimated to have had at least one
prenatal exam. This high adolescent fertility rate and lack of prenatal care are two of the main
reasons for Nepal's high maternal mortality rate. Additionally, Nepal is in the "worst 25% of
countries" (Chianca, Balcom, & Robertson, 2011) for infant mortality, due to its rate of 45 deaths
per 1,000 live births. A vast majority of the children in Nepal experience malnutrition, with 40% of
them categorized as underweight. On top of all of this, 70% of the population in Nepal does not
have access to sanitation facilities and 12% of the population lack clean water sources (Chianca,
Balcom, & Robertson, 2011). All of these issues can be linked back to the intense poverty and lack
of education in Nepal. The poverty gap ratio is estimated to be 20%, making it one of the largest in
Asia. While there is no quick fix to the poverty issue in Nepal, Heifer International's work has made
vast improvements in the lives of the participants.
In the country of Nepal, Heifer International has the program Heifer Project International Nepal
(HPI–Nepal), which is considered to be one of their strongest programs. They first began their work
in Nepal in 1957, when Nepal's government requested "assistance with introducing

International Macroeconomics : International Trade
International macroeconomics is the study of how nations cooperate through trade of goods and
services, through movements of money and by investment based on the idea that resources are less
transportable internationally than goods. During the semester, we learned that a primary motivation
behind a nation's participation in international trade is the belief that resources are not circulated
equally among all trading nations. International trade is the foundation upon which American
prosperity resides. Free trade policies have produced a level of competition in today 's open market
that stimulates recurrent improvement leading to superior products, better–paying jobs, new
markets, increased savings and investment, and an inordinate range of consumption choices. Free
trade allows added products and services to make it to American buyers at reduced prices, thereby
significantly raising the standard of living. The benefits of international trade are numerous as
evident in the positive effects illustrated by the growth of the U.S. economy including job growth all
of which offset its challenges involving fair labor standards and apprehensions about the
environment.
International trade theories are merely different concepts to describe international trade with a
primary focus on how and why goods exchanged between countries happens. Over the past century
a variety of theories pertaining to trade have been introduced, including mercantilism, absolute
advantage, comparative

International And International Law And Policy
The International community: developments in International law and policy.
(Kirsti Samuels, 2007)
Civil war has become the dominant type of war in death tolls and severity. It has caused
humanitarian destruction on a vast scale, as well as serious disruption of regional and international
peace and security. The author Samuels states that her purpose of this work was that she has written
this to collate and analyse a broad range of international community practice with respect to civil
conflicts and coup d' etat, and to investigate how this practice, which has changed in the past 15
years, is shaping international law and policy. (Samuels, 2007). Since the end of the World War II,
and especially in the last decade, states, regional organizations, and the UN have become involved
in situations of civil conflicts and coups d' etat. The international community has also formulated a
series of rationales for its actions, ranging from rejecting violence against civilians to rejecting the
use of force against domestic governments. The author states that for many years, such responses to
civil conflicts and coups took place in the cold war context, and they were largely governed by
geopolitical ideology and superpower motives rather than international policy or legal norms. This
piece of work will focus on the chapter called ' The nature and impact of the emerging norms'. I
chose this particular chapter as it's the most relevant to what Samuel's is trying to address in her
book.

International Marketing Essay
IDISCUSSION QUESTIONS Chapter 1: 1. To what extent is a global approach to international
marketing appropriate to firms in the Asia–Pacific? Global approaches are not always relevant to
firms in the Asia–Pacific apart from alerting them to the nature of the international competitive
environment in which they are likely to operate. A global approach is not an operating strategy for
Indigenous small and medium scale exporters (SMEs) and is only partially appropriate for local
subsidiaries of transnational firms. 2. Do the driving forces always outweigh the restraining forces in
ensuring the attractiveness of international marketing to the Asia–Pacific firm? 3. Why is it
necessary to adopt a holistic approach in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
6. Describe the way in which cultural differences can act to impede communication between
business people of different nationality. 7. What are the shortcomings of Hoftsede's criteria for
assessing differences on a global basis? Do you consider that his fifth factor adequately caters for
the underlying differences between Asian and Western cultural values? Chapter 12: 1. Prepare a
Matrix showing the following countries along the horizontal axis: Canada, Vietnam, Thailand and
Japan. On the vertical axis list each of the six factors to be taken into account when redefining the
business and considering international markets. In the cells indicate how these factors would differ
for each of the four countries. 2. How would leveraging capabilities with respect to the Indonesian
market differ between an Australian/New Zealand producer of computer software and an
Australian/New Zealand manufacturer of automotive parts? 3. Modifying a product to facilitate its
sale internationally will involve extra costs. To what extent are these costs discretionary and how
would you assess whether the costs are worthwhile. 4. For what kinds of products do you expect
customer needs to be worldwide? Why? 5. In what ways does the product's packaging need
changing when the product is being marketed in another country? 6. You have been asked to develop
a product for sale throughout the ASEAN region. What are the criteria you would apply in the

International Economics : International Macroeconomics
International macroeconomics is the study of how nations cooperate through trade of goods and
services, through movements of money and by investment based on the idea that resources are less
transportable internationally than goods. During the semester, we learned that a primary motivation
behind a nation's participation in international trade is the belief that resources are not circulated
equally among all trading nations. International trade is the structure where upon American wealth
rests. International trade is the structure upon which American prosperity resides. Free trade policies
have produced a level of competition in today 's open market that stimulates recurrent improvement
leading to superior products, better–paying ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of this approach was to achieve a trade surplus while avoiding a trade deficit. By
growing exports and trade utilizing a strategy known as protectionism, rulers were able to
accumulate more gold and affluence for their countries. While mercantilism is one of the earliest
trade theories, it is a method for present–day thinking as many Asian countries and even Germany
still prefer exports and discourage imports through a system of neo–mercantilism in which the
countries encourage a mixture of protectionist strategies and limitations accompanied by domestic–
industry appropriations. It is important to note that approximately every country has at one time,
executed some form of protective rule to safeguard critical commerce in its economy. Although
export–oriented companies characteristically back protectionist procedures that indulge their
industries, trade barriers, hurt others. It is remarkable that a theory introduced back in the sixteenth
century gave way to free enterprise or capitalism giving us insight into the evolution as well as the
importance of the concept of international trade this is as important today to the stability of a nation
as it was back when it was introduced. The one drawback of the mercantilism system was the
oversupply produced that had to result in serious inflation.
In 1776, Adam Smith, frequently referred to as the father of modern economics, strongly differed

International Relations And Applying From An Anarchic...
rspective are useful in analyzing international relations and applying them to events that are relevant
to its respective theory. The focus of analysis in realism is the struggle for power among states in an
anarchic international system. Realists view states as dominant actors. These states are insecure,
selfish, unitary, and rational in the sense that they make decisions in an organized manner that will
produce the greatest utility. The states are always looking out for their own national interests and are
naturally antagonistic against other states. Because realists are only concerned with the survival of
the state in an anarchic international system, the most important goal of the state is to enhance their
power to ensure security. The security dilemma, power politics, anarchy, and the self–help system
all characterize the realist perspective. The challenge to realism is liberalism which encompasses a
broad set of liberal theories. Liberalism's focus of analysis is on enhancing global economic and
political cooperation. Besides just the state the main actors also include nongovernmental groups
and international organizations. Liberalists believe that human nature is basically good which leads
to their belief that states are not always seeking rational behavior so much as they are seeking
compromise and cooperation. International law, collective security, and economic interdependence
characterize the liberal perspective. In Dr. J. Morgenthau's article, A Realist

International Currency And International Trade
International currency basically means the currency that is used and held beyond the borders of the
issuing country, not merely for transactions with that country's residents but also, and importantly,
for transactions between nonresidents (Kenen 2009). For a country that have an international
currency, it would meet various benefits and costs which could be analyzed from both economic and
political dimensions.
It has be argued (Cohen 2012)that the main advantages is related to transactions costs, international
seigniorage macroeconomic flexibility, political leverage and reputation.
With the internationalization of the currency .the domestic currency can be directed used for
international trade valuation, payment and settlement. The foreign trade sector can use domestic
currency settle the import and export business, the domestic financial Institutions and enterprises
can borrow, make up international deficit with domestic currency to reduce the risk of exchange
rate. So both the transactions costs in trade and for residents can be reduced.
Seigniorage could be counted as revenue for a government when the money that is created is worth
more than it costs to produce it, the issuers of an international currency can gain extra seigniorage
because foreigners hold large amount of domestic currency in exchange for traded goods and
services .And the issuing country raises asset price and creates liquidity premium–interest rate
subsidy.
The country can enhance its international

The International System And The Anarchism Of The...
According to the neo realism, the international system is structured by 'anarchy', in contrast to
domestic structure that is structured by 'hierarchy'. The anarchy this term does not mean chaos or
disorder, but it means the absence of the world government or higher authority above the states that
provides security and stability and rule of law. This structure is the outcome of the sovereignty of
the states, as the unites of the international system are the states, and they are equals. This concept of
the anarchy has its roots in Thomas Hobbes` arguments about the individual in the state of nature,
which means the people `s life in a condition without government. In the state of nature, people will
struggle for resources and they rationally plan to hit first as an anticipatory defense because they
fear that others invade them. Neo– realism consider that Anarchism of the international system is
permanent and stable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fear leads the state to maximize its power, to protect its security, these attempts of state to look
after their security needs, regardless of its intention, decrease the insecurity for others, which mean
each state, interprets its own measures as protecting and measures of others as potentially alarming,
all of which leads to perpetual security competition. Waltz argues that it is not enough security, that
state interest and wish to exert power will always

International Students Advantages
Another advantage coming from international students is that they bring cultural values to university
life as well as local communities. American students achieve benefits from studying and interacting
with foreign students. Monroe France, assistant vice president of Student Diversity of New York
University, points out that his students can "engage with people who are different from themselves"
and "it creates a much more interesting campus community." (qtd. in Haynie). The domestic
students who have more international interaction can enhance their cultural knowledge and develop
set of life skills. They see the world outside America through different points of view and gain the
deeper understanding of unwritten cultural values. For example, most students know that Asians use
chopsticks to get food, but they cannot recognize that each country have special features for their
chopsticks. Moreover, they increase the ability to learn and speak a new language. It is clearly
understandable because the best way to learn a new language is to learn the culture and
communicate with native speakers. As an international student, I value the opportunities to master a
different language by the help of others F–1 students. I have been speaking four languages up to
now and I am planning to learn more in my free time; this clearly broadens my mind and becomes
my strength in the worldwide workforce. Besides, building international friendships helps these
students have great advantage in the

International Capitalism and Globalization

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Stephanie Clark

More from Stephanie Clark (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

International Capitalism and Globalization