The document discusses various aspects of consumer financing in India including the growth of consumer financing markets such as auto financing, housing financing, and retail credit/durable goods financing. It notes that southern and western states account for 75% of the consumer finance market. It also discusses innovations and opportunities in rural financing, educational financing, and financing through large retail outlets. The use of credit bureaus and credit scoring to assess risk is also summarized.
This presentaiton contains about what are the banks products and what are strategies should made by the bank to promote the bank products in rural area...
This document discusses strategies for retail banks to expand into rural markets in India. It recommends that banks segment the rural market geographically and demographically. It also suggests that banks expand their reach through partnerships with India Post and NGOs/MFIs. Additionally, it advises banks to use low-cost technologies like kiosk banking with biometric authentication to better serve rural customers in a cost-effective manner. The document also calls for educating rural customers and focusing on microfinance through self-help groups.
A major weapon in banking sector of bangladesh to attract the limited income ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses consumer credit schemes offered by banks in Bangladesh. It aims to understand customer attitudes toward such schemes. Consumer credit schemes allow people to purchase goods and pay later, improving their standard of living. Most large commercial banks in Bangladesh offer consumer credit. Eligible customers include salaried individuals and business owners. Popular items financed include vehicles, appliances, and furniture. Customer satisfaction surveys found that factors like interest rates, loan limits, and processing speed did not meet expectations, while location, available products, and employee assistance did. Overall, consumer credit schemes are popular among limited-income groups as a way to enhance quality of life through financing purchases.
This document provides an overview of rural banking in India. It discusses the various products offered by rural banks, including agriculture credits, financial inclusion programs, and loans for MSMEs and deposits. It then covers the sources of rural finance such as nationalized banks, cooperative banks, and NABARD. NABARD plays an important role in facilitating credit flow for rural development through refinance functions, direct financing, developmental activities, and supervising rural financial institutions.
The document summarizes priority sector lending in India. It defines priority sectors as areas of the economy that are prioritized for funding by the government and central bank. Banks are directed to provide loans to these sectors at reduced interest rates to promote their development. The priority sectors include agriculture, small businesses, education and housing. The document outlines the sectors and challenges they face, as well as the role of priority sector lending in addressing issues like unemployment and poverty. It discusses targets for priority sector lending and how the Reserve Bank of India monitors compliance.
Assigment on rural banking and infrastructureMahesh Kadam
The document discusses the importance of rural infrastructure and banking for rural development in India. It notes that rural infrastructure plays a key role in increasing agricultural yields and market access for farmers, as well as enabling non-farm employment opportunities. Specific types of rural infrastructure discussed include roads, storage facilities, irrigation, and electricity. The document also examines the role of regional rural banks in mobilizing savings and providing credit to rural communities. An example is provided of a rural banking initiative in Assam that built bridges to connect remote villages to city markets, improving farmers' access to sell their produce. The conclusion emphasizes the need for continued investment in rural infrastructure and banking to reduce rural poverty and encourage agricultural and economic growth.
This document discusses microfinance and rural banking in India. It explains that microfinance aims to help economically excluded communities achieve greater asset ownership and income security. It is usually provided through small loans and financial services to micro-entrepreneurs and businesses lacking access to banks. Microfinance and regional rural banks are development tools that provide financial access like savings, credit, and insurance to low-income populations. The document also outlines achievements, social rating components, impact assessment methods, functions and performance phases of regional rural banks in India.
This presentaiton contains about what are the banks products and what are strategies should made by the bank to promote the bank products in rural area...
This document discusses strategies for retail banks to expand into rural markets in India. It recommends that banks segment the rural market geographically and demographically. It also suggests that banks expand their reach through partnerships with India Post and NGOs/MFIs. Additionally, it advises banks to use low-cost technologies like kiosk banking with biometric authentication to better serve rural customers in a cost-effective manner. The document also calls for educating rural customers and focusing on microfinance through self-help groups.
A major weapon in banking sector of bangladesh to attract the limited income ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses consumer credit schemes offered by banks in Bangladesh. It aims to understand customer attitudes toward such schemes. Consumer credit schemes allow people to purchase goods and pay later, improving their standard of living. Most large commercial banks in Bangladesh offer consumer credit. Eligible customers include salaried individuals and business owners. Popular items financed include vehicles, appliances, and furniture. Customer satisfaction surveys found that factors like interest rates, loan limits, and processing speed did not meet expectations, while location, available products, and employee assistance did. Overall, consumer credit schemes are popular among limited-income groups as a way to enhance quality of life through financing purchases.
This document provides an overview of rural banking in India. It discusses the various products offered by rural banks, including agriculture credits, financial inclusion programs, and loans for MSMEs and deposits. It then covers the sources of rural finance such as nationalized banks, cooperative banks, and NABARD. NABARD plays an important role in facilitating credit flow for rural development through refinance functions, direct financing, developmental activities, and supervising rural financial institutions.
The document summarizes priority sector lending in India. It defines priority sectors as areas of the economy that are prioritized for funding by the government and central bank. Banks are directed to provide loans to these sectors at reduced interest rates to promote their development. The priority sectors include agriculture, small businesses, education and housing. The document outlines the sectors and challenges they face, as well as the role of priority sector lending in addressing issues like unemployment and poverty. It discusses targets for priority sector lending and how the Reserve Bank of India monitors compliance.
Assigment on rural banking and infrastructureMahesh Kadam
The document discusses the importance of rural infrastructure and banking for rural development in India. It notes that rural infrastructure plays a key role in increasing agricultural yields and market access for farmers, as well as enabling non-farm employment opportunities. Specific types of rural infrastructure discussed include roads, storage facilities, irrigation, and electricity. The document also examines the role of regional rural banks in mobilizing savings and providing credit to rural communities. An example is provided of a rural banking initiative in Assam that built bridges to connect remote villages to city markets, improving farmers' access to sell their produce. The conclusion emphasizes the need for continued investment in rural infrastructure and banking to reduce rural poverty and encourage agricultural and economic growth.
This document discusses microfinance and rural banking in India. It explains that microfinance aims to help economically excluded communities achieve greater asset ownership and income security. It is usually provided through small loans and financial services to micro-entrepreneurs and businesses lacking access to banks. Microfinance and regional rural banks are development tools that provide financial access like savings, credit, and insurance to low-income populations. The document also outlines achievements, social rating components, impact assessment methods, functions and performance phases of regional rural banks in India.
The document discusses the PESTEL analysis of the banking sector in India. It outlines several political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors influencing the banking industry. The banking sector has grown significantly in recent years due to strong economic growth, regulatory intervention, and declining non-performing assets. However, factors like population growth, literacy rates, and technology continue to impact opportunities and growth in the sector. The Reserve Bank of India and government policies play a key role in regulating the industry.
This course focuses on commercial banking management including liabilities management, credit management, capital adequacy management, investment management, and risk management such as liquidity risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, and operational risk. It provides an overview of the Indian banking sector including its evolution, nationalization, financial reforms, policies, and current institutional structure. Key trends in the banking industry include increased competition, consolidation, globalization, technology adoption, and initiatives for financial inclusion.
Rural banking in India faces several challenges. NABARD plays an important role by providing refinance to rural banks, promoting rural development, and supervising cooperative banks. It offers long-term and short-term loans for agriculture and allied activities, as well as financial products for rural infrastructure, MSMEs, and deposits. However, rural banking faces challenges like competition, high investment needs due to scattered customers, inadequate rural infrastructure, irregular repayments, operational difficulties in rural areas, and achieving profitability. NABARD aims to overcome these challenges and promote sustainable rural prosperity through its various developmental and financial functions.
Nair committee report on priority sector advancesPankaj Baid
The committee recommended expanding the definition of priority sectors to include additional activities like off-grid renewable energy and increasing certain lending limits, suggested streamlining bank reporting systems to improve data quality and consistency, and proposed increasing priority sector lending targets for foreign banks to be in line with domestic banks.
Indian Banking Industry - Challenges, Opportunities and Growth Driver of Bank...Resurgent India
Indian banks face challenges such as low banking access rates and rising customer expectations, but also opportunities for growth. Key challenges include implementing Basel III capital requirements, increasing competition, and rising non-performing assets. However, opportunities exist in expanding mortgage lending, wealth management, and rapid ATM/branch growth. Economic development, favorable demographics, and policy support can further drive the banking industry's growth in infrastructure financing, financial inclusion, and technological innovation.
The document discusses priority sector lending in India. It defines priority sectors as agriculture, small scale industries, and other identified sectors of economic importance. It provides details on categories of lending covered under priority sectors such as short term crop loans, medium and long term agriculture loans, small scale industry loans, and loans to weaker sections. It also outlines priority sector lending targets for domestic and foreign banks in India and monitoring of priority sector lending by the Reserve Bank of India.
Rural banking in India aims to provide financial services to customers in rural areas. The objectives include saving rural people from money lenders, accelerating economic growth, and encouraging entrepreneurship. Currently, rural populations have limited access to services, with many relying on informal sources. Regional Rural Banks were established to increase credit flow, but commercial bank branches still only cover 7% of rural sectors. Microfinance is an important approach, with self-help groups being a major model. Issues include regional imbalances, poor management, lack of support, and ensuring sustainability. Expanding reach through partnerships and technology, as well as financial literacy, are keys to further progress.
pestel Analysis of Banking Sector in bangladesh Arich hasan
The document analyzes the PESTEL factors affecting the banking sector in Bangladesh. It discusses the political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors. In the upcoming national elections, there could be some political instability and slowing of investments. Economically, GDP growth has been strong but the liquidity crisis may continue. Socially, technology is changing customer needs and expectations. Technological advancements require continued investment in new technologies. Environmentally, there is increased focus on sustainable finance and reporting. The banking industry also faces a highly regulated legal environment.
The document discusses the need for consolidation in the Indian banking industry due to factors such as increased competition from foreign banks, changes in banking regulations, and the need for Indian banks to grow in order to finance large acquisitions by Indian companies. It proposes merging IDBI Bank, which has a large MSME and infrastructure lending portfolio and strong technology, with Canara Bank, which has a large retail customer base and a strong presence in South India. This merger could create synergies and benefit both banks. The document provides an overview of the Indian banking sector and macroeconomic conditions in India, and discusses the types and benefits of bank mergers in India.
This document analyzes the strategic environment of Equity Bank. It provides an overview of the banking industry and regulations in Kenya. It then summarizes Equity Bank's history and business model of providing accessible banking services. The analysis examines the macroeconomic, industry, and competitive factors in Kenya, as well as Equity Bank's internal environment, performance, and strategy of expanding across East Africa. It concludes that rising inflation and currency fluctuations present challenges for Kenyan banks amid intensifying competition in the industry.
HDFC Bank Investor presentation: June 2013HDFC Bank
The document is an investor presentation for a bank that discusses:
- The bank is well positioned across various sectors of the Indian economy like private consumption, government, and investment.
- It has a wide range of banking products and services to meet the needs of diverse customer segments in both retail and wholesale banking.
- The bank has a strong national presence with a large branch network and uses technology to improve efficiencies and provide better services.
Marketing strategies for rural banking servicesSachin7443
This document discusses marketing strategies for rural banking services in India. It notes that rural banking started with the establishment of the banking sector in India and mainly focused on the agricultural sector. There are over 14475 rural banks in India, with over 2126 located in remote rural areas. The document recommends that banks provide more financial inclusion and use of microcredit/self-help groups. It also suggests using new technologies, alternative distribution channels, and improving service levels in rural areas. The government is asked to establish an authority for rural banking and a strategic action plan for remittance facilities between banks and post offices. Banks should expand their reach through partnerships and kiosk banking, educate customers, be cost-effective through low-cost AT
rural banking india: initiatives taken by sbiamangarg2510
Rural banking in India aims to promote financial inclusion through various initiatives by the State Bank of India and Reserve Bank of India. The State Bank of India has established over 6,473 rural and semi-urban branches and works with 30 regional rural banks to expand access to banking services. It has also launched programs like tiny accounts, smart cards, and self-help groups to provide savings and credit options tailored to rural communities. The Reserve Bank of India has implemented priority sector lending, Kisan credit cards, regional rural banks, and a financial inclusion plan to boost rural credit and extend banking connectivity across India. Significant progress has been achieved, though expanding access through new technologies and education remains an ongoing priority.
The document discusses rural banking in India. It outlines the objectives of rural banking as poverty alleviation and financial intermediation. It describes the limited banking presence pre-independence, nationalization of banks post-independence, and the rural branch expansion program of the 1970s that increased rural access to banking. It also discusses the establishment of NABARD to provide rural credit and changes post-liberalization, along with ongoing challenges and opportunities in rural marketing.
A Perspective: Role of Commercial Banks in Financing Achievement of Sustainab...Dr. Ravi Chandra
The target audience are students and general population interested in Sustainable Development Goals 2030. They will learn about the scale of financing needs of India required to achieve SDG 2030. They will learn about the importance of domestic resource mobilisation to achieve the SDG 2030. They will get a perspective on gross domestic savings, foreign capital flows, public private partnerships and their role towards achievements of SDG 2030.
The need is to sensitize towards the role of savings towards achievement of SDG 2030.
This document provides a 13,716 word analysis of the strategies of Canada's "Big Five" banks - RBC, BNS, TD, BMO, and CIBC. It begins with a literature review on industry analysis, strategy analysis frameworks, and various strategic perspectives. The methodology section outlines a 3-step approach: 1) industry analysis using Porter's Five Forces, 2) individual bank strategy analyses, and 3) strategic evaluations. The results section finds that while the banks have comparable domestic strategies, their international strategies differ significantly. It also determines that the banks formulate and implement stable, long-term strategies. The conclusion is that the banks increasingly differentiate themselves, particularly regarding international growth strategies.
This document discusses the role of banks, credit, and consumer credit in the Bangladesh economy. It provides background on commercial banks and their role in lending money and processing transactions. It describes how banks in Bangladesh, like Dhaka Bank, provide various types of consumer credit to help develop people's living standards. The document outlines the history of banking in Bangladesh and the role of specialized financial institutions. It also discusses issues with credit administration in the past, as well as the success of the Grameen Bank in providing loans to the poor.
The housing finance industry in India has a total market size of around ₹6.3 trillion with many commercial banks, housing finance companies, and other organizations involved in providing housing finance. While non-performing assets are still a challenge, housing finance companies generally have lower NPA rates than public sector banks. The industry is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India and National Housing Bank and has experienced significant growth due to factors such as urbanization and changing family structures.
The document provides an overview of the Indian banking industry. It discusses advances, deposits, investments, non-performing assets, operating expenditures, net profit margins, and major players like SBI and ICICI Bank. The banking industry has grown at a healthy pace with advances increasing at a 17% CAGR. Deposits have also increased steadily. While NPAs pose some challenges, the future outlook remains positive due to government initiatives and increasing penetration of banking services.
The document provides an overview of Nigeria's banking industry, including its history, major players, products/services offered, and growth drivers. It analyzes the industry's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Some key points are:
- The industry has experienced consolidation and now includes commercial banks, merchant banks, microfinance banks, and more. Major players include FirstBank, Zenith, UBA, and GTBank.
- Products and services include deposits, loans, trade finance, portfolio management, and more. Competition is high among rivals while buyers have significant bargaining power.
- Growth is driven by factors like expanding lending scope and customer trust, but high costs and economic instability pose threats.
This document provides an overview of venture capital and private equity, including:
1. Venture capital refers to equity investments made for launching or expanding businesses, while private equity provides funding to non-public companies.
2. Growing companies often need external financing for activities like product development, market expansion, and maintaining liquidity until cash flow turns positive.
3. Acquiring venture capital involves investors thoroughly assessing business plans and management teams before potentially providing funding after 3-4 years of due diligence.
This document provides an overview of consumer credit, including the advantages and disadvantages of using credit, different types of credit sources and loans, how to apply for and protect your credit, and how to manage debts. The key topics covered are types of consumer credit, calculating interest rates and costs of credit, choosing credit cards, applying for loans, maintaining good credit, and dealing with debt issues through credit counseling or bankruptcy.
The document discusses the PESTEL analysis of the banking sector in India. It outlines several political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors influencing the banking industry. The banking sector has grown significantly in recent years due to strong economic growth, regulatory intervention, and declining non-performing assets. However, factors like population growth, literacy rates, and technology continue to impact opportunities and growth in the sector. The Reserve Bank of India and government policies play a key role in regulating the industry.
This course focuses on commercial banking management including liabilities management, credit management, capital adequacy management, investment management, and risk management such as liquidity risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, and operational risk. It provides an overview of the Indian banking sector including its evolution, nationalization, financial reforms, policies, and current institutional structure. Key trends in the banking industry include increased competition, consolidation, globalization, technology adoption, and initiatives for financial inclusion.
Rural banking in India faces several challenges. NABARD plays an important role by providing refinance to rural banks, promoting rural development, and supervising cooperative banks. It offers long-term and short-term loans for agriculture and allied activities, as well as financial products for rural infrastructure, MSMEs, and deposits. However, rural banking faces challenges like competition, high investment needs due to scattered customers, inadequate rural infrastructure, irregular repayments, operational difficulties in rural areas, and achieving profitability. NABARD aims to overcome these challenges and promote sustainable rural prosperity through its various developmental and financial functions.
Nair committee report on priority sector advancesPankaj Baid
The committee recommended expanding the definition of priority sectors to include additional activities like off-grid renewable energy and increasing certain lending limits, suggested streamlining bank reporting systems to improve data quality and consistency, and proposed increasing priority sector lending targets for foreign banks to be in line with domestic banks.
Indian Banking Industry - Challenges, Opportunities and Growth Driver of Bank...Resurgent India
Indian banks face challenges such as low banking access rates and rising customer expectations, but also opportunities for growth. Key challenges include implementing Basel III capital requirements, increasing competition, and rising non-performing assets. However, opportunities exist in expanding mortgage lending, wealth management, and rapid ATM/branch growth. Economic development, favorable demographics, and policy support can further drive the banking industry's growth in infrastructure financing, financial inclusion, and technological innovation.
The document discusses priority sector lending in India. It defines priority sectors as agriculture, small scale industries, and other identified sectors of economic importance. It provides details on categories of lending covered under priority sectors such as short term crop loans, medium and long term agriculture loans, small scale industry loans, and loans to weaker sections. It also outlines priority sector lending targets for domestic and foreign banks in India and monitoring of priority sector lending by the Reserve Bank of India.
Rural banking in India aims to provide financial services to customers in rural areas. The objectives include saving rural people from money lenders, accelerating economic growth, and encouraging entrepreneurship. Currently, rural populations have limited access to services, with many relying on informal sources. Regional Rural Banks were established to increase credit flow, but commercial bank branches still only cover 7% of rural sectors. Microfinance is an important approach, with self-help groups being a major model. Issues include regional imbalances, poor management, lack of support, and ensuring sustainability. Expanding reach through partnerships and technology, as well as financial literacy, are keys to further progress.
pestel Analysis of Banking Sector in bangladesh Arich hasan
The document analyzes the PESTEL factors affecting the banking sector in Bangladesh. It discusses the political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors. In the upcoming national elections, there could be some political instability and slowing of investments. Economically, GDP growth has been strong but the liquidity crisis may continue. Socially, technology is changing customer needs and expectations. Technological advancements require continued investment in new technologies. Environmentally, there is increased focus on sustainable finance and reporting. The banking industry also faces a highly regulated legal environment.
The document discusses the need for consolidation in the Indian banking industry due to factors such as increased competition from foreign banks, changes in banking regulations, and the need for Indian banks to grow in order to finance large acquisitions by Indian companies. It proposes merging IDBI Bank, which has a large MSME and infrastructure lending portfolio and strong technology, with Canara Bank, which has a large retail customer base and a strong presence in South India. This merger could create synergies and benefit both banks. The document provides an overview of the Indian banking sector and macroeconomic conditions in India, and discusses the types and benefits of bank mergers in India.
This document analyzes the strategic environment of Equity Bank. It provides an overview of the banking industry and regulations in Kenya. It then summarizes Equity Bank's history and business model of providing accessible banking services. The analysis examines the macroeconomic, industry, and competitive factors in Kenya, as well as Equity Bank's internal environment, performance, and strategy of expanding across East Africa. It concludes that rising inflation and currency fluctuations present challenges for Kenyan banks amid intensifying competition in the industry.
HDFC Bank Investor presentation: June 2013HDFC Bank
The document is an investor presentation for a bank that discusses:
- The bank is well positioned across various sectors of the Indian economy like private consumption, government, and investment.
- It has a wide range of banking products and services to meet the needs of diverse customer segments in both retail and wholesale banking.
- The bank has a strong national presence with a large branch network and uses technology to improve efficiencies and provide better services.
Marketing strategies for rural banking servicesSachin7443
This document discusses marketing strategies for rural banking services in India. It notes that rural banking started with the establishment of the banking sector in India and mainly focused on the agricultural sector. There are over 14475 rural banks in India, with over 2126 located in remote rural areas. The document recommends that banks provide more financial inclusion and use of microcredit/self-help groups. It also suggests using new technologies, alternative distribution channels, and improving service levels in rural areas. The government is asked to establish an authority for rural banking and a strategic action plan for remittance facilities between banks and post offices. Banks should expand their reach through partnerships and kiosk banking, educate customers, be cost-effective through low-cost AT
rural banking india: initiatives taken by sbiamangarg2510
Rural banking in India aims to promote financial inclusion through various initiatives by the State Bank of India and Reserve Bank of India. The State Bank of India has established over 6,473 rural and semi-urban branches and works with 30 regional rural banks to expand access to banking services. It has also launched programs like tiny accounts, smart cards, and self-help groups to provide savings and credit options tailored to rural communities. The Reserve Bank of India has implemented priority sector lending, Kisan credit cards, regional rural banks, and a financial inclusion plan to boost rural credit and extend banking connectivity across India. Significant progress has been achieved, though expanding access through new technologies and education remains an ongoing priority.
The document discusses rural banking in India. It outlines the objectives of rural banking as poverty alleviation and financial intermediation. It describes the limited banking presence pre-independence, nationalization of banks post-independence, and the rural branch expansion program of the 1970s that increased rural access to banking. It also discusses the establishment of NABARD to provide rural credit and changes post-liberalization, along with ongoing challenges and opportunities in rural marketing.
A Perspective: Role of Commercial Banks in Financing Achievement of Sustainab...Dr. Ravi Chandra
The target audience are students and general population interested in Sustainable Development Goals 2030. They will learn about the scale of financing needs of India required to achieve SDG 2030. They will learn about the importance of domestic resource mobilisation to achieve the SDG 2030. They will get a perspective on gross domestic savings, foreign capital flows, public private partnerships and their role towards achievements of SDG 2030.
The need is to sensitize towards the role of savings towards achievement of SDG 2030.
This document provides a 13,716 word analysis of the strategies of Canada's "Big Five" banks - RBC, BNS, TD, BMO, and CIBC. It begins with a literature review on industry analysis, strategy analysis frameworks, and various strategic perspectives. The methodology section outlines a 3-step approach: 1) industry analysis using Porter's Five Forces, 2) individual bank strategy analyses, and 3) strategic evaluations. The results section finds that while the banks have comparable domestic strategies, their international strategies differ significantly. It also determines that the banks formulate and implement stable, long-term strategies. The conclusion is that the banks increasingly differentiate themselves, particularly regarding international growth strategies.
This document discusses the role of banks, credit, and consumer credit in the Bangladesh economy. It provides background on commercial banks and their role in lending money and processing transactions. It describes how banks in Bangladesh, like Dhaka Bank, provide various types of consumer credit to help develop people's living standards. The document outlines the history of banking in Bangladesh and the role of specialized financial institutions. It also discusses issues with credit administration in the past, as well as the success of the Grameen Bank in providing loans to the poor.
The housing finance industry in India has a total market size of around ₹6.3 trillion with many commercial banks, housing finance companies, and other organizations involved in providing housing finance. While non-performing assets are still a challenge, housing finance companies generally have lower NPA rates than public sector banks. The industry is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India and National Housing Bank and has experienced significant growth due to factors such as urbanization and changing family structures.
The document provides an overview of the Indian banking industry. It discusses advances, deposits, investments, non-performing assets, operating expenditures, net profit margins, and major players like SBI and ICICI Bank. The banking industry has grown at a healthy pace with advances increasing at a 17% CAGR. Deposits have also increased steadily. While NPAs pose some challenges, the future outlook remains positive due to government initiatives and increasing penetration of banking services.
The document provides an overview of Nigeria's banking industry, including its history, major players, products/services offered, and growth drivers. It analyzes the industry's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Some key points are:
- The industry has experienced consolidation and now includes commercial banks, merchant banks, microfinance banks, and more. Major players include FirstBank, Zenith, UBA, and GTBank.
- Products and services include deposits, loans, trade finance, portfolio management, and more. Competition is high among rivals while buyers have significant bargaining power.
- Growth is driven by factors like expanding lending scope and customer trust, but high costs and economic instability pose threats.
This document provides an overview of venture capital and private equity, including:
1. Venture capital refers to equity investments made for launching or expanding businesses, while private equity provides funding to non-public companies.
2. Growing companies often need external financing for activities like product development, market expansion, and maintaining liquidity until cash flow turns positive.
3. Acquiring venture capital involves investors thoroughly assessing business plans and management teams before potentially providing funding after 3-4 years of due diligence.
This document provides an overview of consumer credit, including the advantages and disadvantages of using credit, different types of credit sources and loans, how to apply for and protect your credit, and how to manage debts. The key topics covered are types of consumer credit, calculating interest rates and costs of credit, choosing credit cards, applying for loans, maintaining good credit, and dealing with debt issues through credit counseling or bankruptcy.
This document discusses features of credit cards and comparing sources of consumer credit. It outlines key factors to consider when analyzing credit cards, such as annual percentage rates, fees, rewards, and risks. A decision model can help consumers establish criteria to select the credit card best suited to their financial planning needs. Borrowers should also compare terms and conditions, like interest rates and fees, across various sources of consumer credit, including credit cards, banks, retailers, and risk-based lenders.
Inonvate Finance_Membership and Regulatory Sandboxes_15DecInnFin
This presentation was used by Innovate Finance in a first response to how the FCA Sandbox Project might map onto Innovate Finance Programmes and Policy Work and how a Virtual and an Umbrella Sandbox might be delivered.
Global Custody Forum The Evolution of Segregation Models 29 November 2016 BBByron Baldwin
1) The document discusses various models for segregating client assets at central counterparties (CCPs), including omnibus segregated accounts, individual segregated accounts, and a new "ISA Direct" model that allows buy-side clients direct access to the CCP.
2) Before 2008, most CCPs used an omnibus segregated account model where clients shared collateral pools, but clients faced risks around uncertainty of porting assets in a member default. New regulation now requires options like individual segregation to protect each client.
3) The new "ISA Direct" model combines elements of direct clearing membership and traditional client clearing, allowing buy-side clients to directly clear trades while an agent handles operations, reducing
This document discusses auto loans and proposes a mobile app solution to address problems faced by auto loan salespeople and customers. It begins by defining what a loan is and why customers may need one. It then explains what an auto loan is and how the repayment process works. It outlines options for obtaining auto loans and common loan terminology. It describes challenges faced by salespeople in managing customer data and finding new clients, as well as difficulties customers face in understanding loans. The proposed mobile app would help salespeople perform calculations, access customer information, and be notified of updates, while allowing customers to submit interest and request information. It would have separate guest and salesperson modes with different feature access.
This document discusses consumer credit, credit cards, and debit cards. It defines consumer credit as money, goods, or services provided in lieu of payment for non-investment purchases that depreciate quickly, excluding real estate or investment debts. Credit cards allow cardholders to make purchases on credit and pay later, while debit cards provide electronic access to bank accounts. The key differences are that credit cards involve revolving balances and interest charges, while debit cards deduct funds directly from existing balances.
Regulatory sandbox and financial innovation hub – case FCA, UKFinanssivalvonta
The document discusses the UK Financial Conduct Authority's (FCA) Project Innovate initiative, which was launched in October 2014 to encourage financial innovation. Some key points:
- Project Innovate has supported over 300 firms and 76% of firms rated their experience positively.
- The regulatory sandbox allows firms to test innovative products with real customers in a safe space, reducing time-to-market and costs while ensuring appropriate consumer protections.
- The FCA cooperates internationally to facilitate innovative firms and promote pro-innovation regulation globally. This includes agreements with regulators in Australia, Singapore, and South Korea.
- The objectives of the regulatory sandbox are to encourage more innovative products reaching consumers with reduced costs
Secret for success in Retail Banking - connected and automated from lead to saleMisys
Alex Kwiatkowski, Banking Strategist for Misys, presents the 5 things you need to know in order to achieve total connection and automation from lead to sale.
Tomorrow's technology today - The Misys Software Vision and Strategy (FusionB...Misys
Here we explain how our software family vision can respond to the challenges seen today in the industry. FusionBanking Essence is our newest solution for retail banking, and we also explore this offering in more detail.
Digitised Trade: connecting markets and supply chain financeMisys
This webinar presentation was hosted by both Misys and the ICC Academy. We explore the driving forces, challenges and opportunities for digitised trade. And The future of digital trade and supply chain finance.
Venture capital financing provides funding for startups, small businesses, and risky ventures. A business plan is essential for obtaining venture capital and must convince investors of the company's goals, market opportunity, management team, and financial projections. The plan should summarize the business, products, market analysis, marketing strategy, operations, management, and provide 3-5 years of financial projections. It must demonstrate the need for funding and how investors will achieve a return on their investment.
The document provides an overview of the interim permission and full authorization processes firms must go through to be regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) for consumer credit activities. It discusses what interim permission allows, how to register for it, and obligations during the interim period. It then outlines the full authorization application process, including required documentation, threshold conditions, alternatives to authorization, and timelines firms should expect. The document aims to help firms navigate the transition to the new regulatory regime for consumer credit which begins on April 1, 2014.
Consumer credit refers to short-term loans for personal or household goods and services, such as credit cards, vehicle leases, and installment loans. There are two main types of consumer credit: closed-end credit which specifies repayment terms for loans or contracts, and open-end credit which has no spending limit or repayment deadline. While consumer credit provides convenience and allows for emergencies and large purchases, it can also enable unrealistic lifestyles and ruin credit if misused or abused. Proper credit management through understanding one's budget and debt obligations is important.
Digitisation in Corporate Banking - the next steps...Misys
Alex Kwiatkowski, Senior Banking Strategist, Misys presents the road to digitisation in corporate banking. Discover how you can digitise the enterprise.
The document provided an overview of a Misys BankFusion analyst and investor event. Key points included:
1. BankFusion was presented as a new core banking solution from Misys that allows flexibility and cost reduction for banks.
2. Industry analysts views on BankFusion highlighted its potential as a modern banking system and highest integration score.
3. The event outlined BankFusion's strategic focus on internal renovation of existing Misys customers and providing an external renovation platform for other legacy systems.
4. Customer examples demonstrated BankFusion upgrades from Bankmaster and Equation as well as a new implementation at TIME Bank.
Equinox Advisory Ltd. Tourism & Hospitality ServicesBernard Mallia
The document provides an overview of tourism services offered by Equinox Advisory across the public and private sectors. Some key services included destination planning, marketing and promotion, digital strategies, tourism training, cultural tourism development, meetings and events planning, and new product development. The services are aimed at improving destinations' economic, social and environmental goals while increasing tourism revenues and quality of offerings.
Gs503 venture capital financing intro 120115Stephen Ong
This document provides an introduction to venture capital financing for technology startups. It discusses various sources of equity financing like venture capital and business angels. Venture capital firms invest large sums of money in high-growth potential companies, but undergo a rigorous review process and only fund a small percentage of proposals. Business angels provide an important source of early-stage "seed" capital. The document also examines the characteristics that venture capitalists look for in potential investments, such as strong management teams and large market opportunities. It uses examples and case studies to illustrate different funding scenarios.
Digital Corporate Banking for the Connected Corporate Customer Misys
Learn how your bank can meet the demands of the connected corporate customer. These slides will focus on how to improve the commercial banking customer experience, generate a 720 degree view of the client and bank operations, and provide real-time reporting capabilities to customers.
Consumer finance refers to granting credit to consumers to purchase goods for everyday use through installment plans. There are different types of consumer credit like revolving credit (credit cards), fixed credit (loans), and cash loans. Sources of consumer finance include traders, commercial banks, credit card companies, NBFCs, and credit unions. Factors driving demand for consumer finance are increasing income, installment payment plans, and growth in households. Products covered include cars, appliances, and electronics. Terms of financing evaluate borrowers' income, employment, guarantees, interest rates, and fees. While consumer credit allows purchases and economic growth, it can also lead to overspending, insolvency, high costs, bad debts, and economic instability.
This document discusses various types of banking products and services offered by banks. It covers wholesale banking, international banking, retail banking, and specific retail products. Wholesale banking refers to banking services for large corporations and includes loans, trade finance, and advisory services. International banking involves facilitating cross-border transactions through foreign exchange, letters of credit, and treasury management. Retail banking targets individual customers through deposit accounts, loans for homes, vehicles, education, and credit cards. Specific retail loan products like home loans, personal loans, and their terms are also outlined.
Micro-finance In India, Opportunity and Challenges Mayank Singh
The Economic Pyramid of India is being explained with Analysis on the role of Microfinance through the special case of Bandhan Financial service Pvt. limited.with Formulated current and future challenges and their solutions to the business model.
Agricultural credit is an important input for agricultural development programs in India. It is needed to purchase seeds, fertilizers, equipment and manage risks. However, small and marginal farmers often do not receive enough institutional credit. Some reasons for this are loose definitions that allow large companies access to subsidized loans, and non-compliance by banks with targets for lending to small farmers. Reforms are needed to streamline the system and better facilitate credit to small farmers through organizations and technology.
BFSI Sector MBA Powerpoint presentation on BAJAJ FINANCE LTD.pptxavirals122
Bajaj Finance plays a key role in consumer durable sales through financing options like EMI cards. It has over 57 million customers and assets under management of over Rs. 197,000 crore. It offers consumer durable loans and personal loans. Through innovative products like the EMI card, Bajaj Finance has helped boost consumer durable sales by allowing customers to purchase goods through installment payments. However, it faces competition from other NBFCs and needs to address customer complaints to improve service and protect market share.
Retail banking refers to banking services offered directly to consumers rather than other banks or corporations. It is characterized by multiple products, distribution channels, and customer groups. Common retail banking products in India include loans for housing, vehicles, education, and consumption. Growth in the Indian retail banking sector is supported by factors such as rising incomes, changing demographics, and technological advancement.
This document provides an overview of various types of financial institutions in India. It defines financial institutions as institutions that collect funds from the public and invest in financial assets rather than tangible assets. It then describes the main functions of financial institutions as liability-asset transformation, size transformation, risk transformation, and maturity transformation. The document proceeds to describe the major types of financial institutions in India, including commercial banks (public sector banks, private sector banks, foreign banks), non-banking financial companies, payment banks, and development banks such as IFCI and IDBI. It discusses some of the challenges facing India's financial system such as non-performing assets and cyber threats.
The document discusses the structure and functions of Indian financial institutions, specifically commercial banks. It outlines commercial banks' primary functions of accepting various types of deposits like fixed deposits, recurring deposits, and demand deposits. It also discusses banks' role in advancing loans through overdrafts, cash credits, term loans, and other types of loans. Secondary functions of commercial banks include collecting payments, paying bills, and dealing in foreign exchange.
The document discusses financing options for eco-housing and affordable housing in India. It describes an innovative model called EcoTRA that establishes escrow accounts to finance climate-friendly improvements to common areas of housing societies, with loan repayments aligned to energy savings. It also proposes an equity-based housing finance model involving informal savings pools, mezzanine financing, and securitization to help low-income households purchase homes. Additionally, it outlines recent RBI initiatives like relaxed norms for home loans up to Rs. 10 lakh and an interest subsidy scheme launched by the government to promote affordable housing.
This document discusses the role of commercial banks in microfinance in Pakistan. It notes that while microfinance traditionally served those without access to formal financial services, involving commercial banks could help expand access to millions more. Commercial banks provide a widespread branch network and expertise in financial services that could better reach the microfinance market. While commercial bank rates may be higher, the costs of serving many small, rural customers justify this. The document also outlines the regulatory framework for microfinance in Pakistan and the State Bank of Pakistan's efforts to develop the industry.
The document discusses various agricultural credit schemes and issues in India. It notes that the volume of agricultural credit is insufficient given rising input costs, and farmers often rely on informal credit at high interest rates due to inadequate banking infrastructure and outreach. It then describes various types of agricultural credit (short, medium, and long term), and key schemes like Kisan Credit Cards which provide loans for inputs, production needs, and investment. Requirements, application processes, and other details are provided for KCC and other financing programs aimed at improving access to affordable credit for farmers.
Priority sector lending refers to preferential lending by banks to sectors like agriculture, micro, small and medium enterprises, housing and education. The Reserve Bank of India mandates that 40% of banks' lending goes to priority sectors. Priority sector targets include 18% of lending to agriculture and related activities, 7.5% to micro enterprises, and 10% to weaker sections. Priority sector lending aims to promote inclusive economic development by increasing access to credit for productive and employment-generating sectors that may otherwise struggle to obtain bank financing.
This document provides an overview of the Service Management Project for Group 3 at Ujjivan Financial Services. It includes an agenda that covers information about MFIs, an introduction to Ujjivan, the nature and types of services offered, strategic vision, growth rate, service blueprint, demand forecasting and capacity management, and HR policies. Ujjivan is an Indian MFI that provides collateral-free loans and other financial services to low-income customers. It has a presence in 24 states with over 6,500 employees. The document outlines Ujjivan's loan products, service delivery processes, strategies for growth and customer retention, and approaches to demand forecasting, capacity management, and developing employees.
This document provides information about Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) in Pakistan and focuses on two specific DFIs - Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited (ZTBL) and House Building Finance Company (HBFC). It outlines the roles and functions of DFIs, describes some challenges faced by DFIs in Pakistan, and then provides detailed information about the services, deposit schemes, loan schemes and operations of ZTBL.
The document discusses microfinance features such as providing small loans and financial services to low-income individuals without collateral. It describes microfinance objectives like providing access to financial services to help poor households finance business activities and stabilize consumption. Majority of microfinance clients are self-employed, low-income individuals, including many women near the poverty line. The status and evolution of microfinance in India is examined, along with the roles of institutions like NABARD in promoting rural development through microfinance initiatives.
This document provides an overview of rural lending programs of commercial banks in India. It discusses the importance of rural credit for farmers and small businesses. It then describes the role of commercial banks in providing rural credit and their various loan programs targeted at agriculture and rural populations. It also discusses the types of commercial banks in India including private banks, public sector banks, foreign banks, and regional rural banks. Finally, it covers policies around branch expansion and sectoral allocation targets for priority sector lending.
About the housing finances in India. About the national hosing bank and the functions of it. Then about the micro housing finance corporation and the types of loans, housing and its development. Discussion on the urban infrastructure.
This document discusses financial services available in rural India, including banking, microfinance, and insurance. It notes that rural India currently has over 32,000 bank branches and 135,000 post offices serving rural households that save an average of Rs. 22,960 annually, primarily in cash and gold. Approximately 185 million rural Indians do not use formal banking due to lack of access or understanding of services. The document then outlines business correspondent and self-help group models that are working to expand access to banking, credit, insurance, and other financial products in rural areas.
Cooperative and commercial banks in indiaNirav Shah
Commercial banks provide services like deposits, loans, and investments to large businesses while cooperative banks are owned by their members who are both customers and owners. Recent trends in cooperative banks show that many are facing issues with minimum capital requirements and license cancellations, while commercial banks are adopting new technologies and pursuing financial inclusion. Both bank types play important roles in India's economic development through capital formation, banking services to various sectors, and expanding access to more customers.
The document discusses the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), a national financial inclusion mission launched in India in 2014. It aims to provide universal access to banking services like basic savings accounts, need-based credit, remittances and insurance. The key benefits of accounts under PMJDY include interest on deposits, accidental insurance of Rs. 1 lakh, no minimum balance requirement, life insurance of Rs. 30,000 and easy money transfers. Microfinance is also discussed as a tool to provide financial services like credit, savings and insurance to low-income households for self-employment and poverty alleviation. The evolution, key players and models of microfinance in India are outlined.
This document provides an overview of major data mining algorithms, including supervised learning techniques like decision trees, random forests, support vector machines, naive Bayes, and logistic regression. Unsupervised techniques discussed include clustering algorithms like k-means and EM, as well as association rule learning using the Apriori algorithm. Application areas and advantages/disadvantages of each technique are described. Libraries for implementing these algorithms in Python and R are also listed.
These technologies are gradually reshaping the financial services industry:
- Artificial intelligence, deep learning, analytics, blockchain, and robotic process automation are emerging technologies applied in finance.
- Analytics has been a top technology trend for over a decade and is going through four stages from basic business intelligence to real-time streaming analytics.
- Blockchain uses distributed ledger technologies and consensus algorithms to securely record transactions in a decentralized manner, having applications for cryptocurrency, smart contracts, and identity management.
Blockchain is a distributed database that records transactions in blocks that are linked using cryptography. It uses consensus algorithms to ensure participants agree on the state of transactions and uses data structures like linked lists and Merkle trees to organize transactions. Blockchain was designed to maintain a consistent state across distributed systems in the presence of faults or failures.
Hyperloop is a proposed high-speed transportation system that would use reduced pressure tubes and linear induction motors to propel passenger capsules at over 600 mph. Capsules would ride on a cushion of air within the tubes and be accelerated by linear induction motors powered by solar panels. Key advantages include using open source technology, being energy efficient and non-polluting, and employing linear induction motors which have no moving parts and propel the capsules through electromagnetic fields rather than friction.
The document summarizes the key highlights of the Indian government's 2018 budget. It outlines differences between government and business accounting, the major components of government expenditures and receipts, and defines fiscal deficit. It then details several new major expenditure initiatives in areas like agriculture, welfare, education, and healthcare. Other initiatives include infrastructure projects and reforms in taxation, banking, and markets. The analysis suggests the budget aims to boost growth through fiscal expansion and reforms while maintaining a fiscal deficit of 3.5% of GDP. It is expected to increase investment, employment, consumption, and GDP.
The document provides an overview of key changes and definitions in the CGST Act related to Budget 2018. Some important points include:
- Chapter 1 covers introductory provisions including important definitions like casual taxable person, non-resident taxable person, composite supply, mixed supply, exempt supply, non-taxable supply, and goods and services.
- Chapter 2 deals with tax officers and their powers. Important officers include those appointed by the central and state governments.
- Chapter 3 covers levy and collection of tax including the scope and time of supply, tax liability on composite/mixed supplies, the charging section, reverse charge, and the composition scheme.
- Chapter 4 defines the time and value
The document provides information on various health and nutrition topics. It discusses that the human body needs over 100 vitamins and minerals to stay healthy, and balanced portions of protein, grains, and fruits and vegetables are important. Calorie needs vary by individual based on factors like lean mass and activity level. Therapeutic diets are prescribed to address specific health conditions. The body is 60-70% water and it is crucial to drink water daily to replace losses from activities. Exercise benefits include improved cardiovascular health, muscle building, weight loss, and reduced aging. Moderate exercise for 30 minutes daily is recommended. The effects of exercise on the brain include increased neuroplasticity, blood flow, growth of new brain cells, and mood benefits that can
This document discusses nonlinear dynamical systems and modeling techniques. Nonlinear dynamical systems have multiple inputs, feedback loops, and sensitivity to initial conditions. They can be modeled using techniques like state space models, principal component analysis, neural networks, and chaos theory. Modeling nonlinear dynamical systems involves accounting for their emergent behavior from component interactions, distributed nature, and potential to evolve into chaotic states.
GST aims to simplify India's indirect tax system by introducing one indirect tax to replace multiple taxes. It faces challenges in balancing revenue sharing between the central and state governments. The new system introduces IGST to address inter-state transactions. It reduces compliance burdens by providing a single registration and return filing point. However, input tax credit claims are only allowed if matching invoices show the seller paid taxes, which may require contract modifications. Dual empowerment of central and state authorities to audit returns could lead to conflicting assessments.
The document discusses the evolution of the finance function from the 1960s to present and future. It describes how the finance function has transformed from a focus on "creative accounting" and scorekeeping to prioritizing compliance, efficiency, decision support, and becoming a business partner. The future of finance is outlined as providing predictive insights into performance, growth, and risk to help drive business decisions as a true strategic partner. Finance is utilizing new technologies and analytical skills to integrate diverse data sources and provide real-time insights beyond just financial data.
Transfer pricing provisions in India revolve around international transactions between associated enterprises. The key concepts are international transaction, associated enterprise, and arm's length price. Tax authorities require documentation to establish that transfer prices are at arm's length. Non-compliance can result in income adjustments and penalties. Safe harbour rules provide certain transactions predefined arm's length pricing.
This document provides an introduction to risk and discusses key concepts related to predicting and modeling risk. It defines risk as a set of measured uncertainties where some outcomes could result in significant loss. It discusses factors that can increase the risk of a heart attack and challenges in predicting who specifically will have one. The document also introduces concepts like stochastic processes, Markov processes, Monte Carlo simulation, and the random walk hypothesis which are used to model and predict risk. It notes the components that contributed to past financial crises and how simulation methods can be used to analyze risk. The overall objective of risk management is to take care of uncertainty and allow for better planning and more secure outcomes.
Transfer pricing regulations aim to ensure multinational companies pay appropriate taxes based on real economic activity in each country. When tax rates differ between countries where a multinational operates, there is an incentive to shift profits to low tax jurisdictions. To prevent tax losses, many countries have introduced transfer pricing laws governing prices on cross-border transactions between related entities. The arm's length principle requires related party transactions be priced as if they occurred between unrelated parties. Various transfer pricing methods, like comparable uncontrolled price method and cost plus method, can be used to determine the arm's length price applicable to related party deals.
This document discusses various tax issues that arise in mergers and acquisitions under Indian tax law. It covers topics like the meaning of amalgamation, capital gains tax exemptions for amalgamations, treatment of losses and depreciation for the amalgamated company, international tax issues like transfer pricing and thin capitalization. It provides an overview of the key domestic tax provisions around amalgamations, demergers and slump sales. It also gives a brief introduction to concepts of international taxation like offshore financial centers and their implications.
Long Term Capital Management (LTCM) was a hedge fund founded in 1994 by John Meriwether that utilized quantitative models and leverage to profit from convergence trades. While initially successful, LTCM lost billions in 1998 during the Russian financial crisis as markets became volatile and liquidity dried up. To prevent systemic risk, the Federal Reserve orchestrated an emergency bailout. The crisis showed that highly leveraged positions are vulnerable to shifts in market liquidity and correlations between assets. Key lessons include incorporating liquidity as a risk factor, stress testing models, and relying more on judgment than purely quantitative analysis.
Asset liability management (ALM) aims to match assets and liabilities to control sensitivity to interest rate changes and limit losses. Key concepts discussed include liquidity risk, interest rate risk, gap analysis, duration gap analysis, and the role of the ALCO in managing risks. Liquidity and interest rate risks can arise from mismatches between asset and liability cash flows and interest rate sensitivities. ALM techniques assess risks and seek to balance risks from both sides of the balance sheet.
This document provides an overview of global financial markets and their terminology. It discusses how trading occurs both on formal exchanges and over-the-counter markets. Financial exchanges provide price information, counterparty protection, and facilitate trading. OTC markets allow customization but lack exchange protections. Major debt, foreign exchange, and derivatives markets operate via OTC arrangements and inter-dealer brokers.
This document summarizes key provisions around deductions allowed under business and professional income in the Income Tax Act. It discusses sections related to deductible expenses like depreciation, preliminary expenses, scientific research, etc. It also covers inadmissible expenses and special provisions for certain industries. Specific deductions are outlined for tea/coffee development funds, site restoration funds, voluntary retirement schemes, and insurance premiums. The document categorizes the various deduction sections and provides explanations of select concepts like block of assets and mandatory claiming of depreciation.
This document discusses tax planning strategies for salaried individuals, dividing them into salary restructuring and investing in tax-saving devices. For salary restructuring, it recommends structuring salary to include tax-exempt allowances like housing, uniforms, education, etc. It also discusses commuting pension and transferring provident funds. For tax-saving investments, it lists options under sections 80C, 80D, 80E, 80G, etc and explains how to claim deductions and maximize tax savings within the specified limits.
The document discusses various aspects of taxation related to salaries in India such as taxation of retrenchment compensation, provident funds, perquisites, and more.
It summarizes that retrenchment compensation up to Rs. 500,000 is tax exempt. For provident funds, statutory and recognized funds provide various tax exemptions while payments from unrecognized funds are partially taxable. Perquisites are taxable benefits provided in addition to salary, and some like rent-free housing are taxable for all employees while others only for specified employees.
The document also covers topics like voluntary retirement schemes, superannuation funds, health insurance premiums paid by employers, and various tax exemptions for allowances like education, food
More from Vikram Sankhala IIT, IIM, Ex IRS, FRM, Fin.Engr (20)
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
2. The Consumer Financing Business
in India
• There are 300 million middle-income earners
in India, bringing home US$2,000 to $4,000 a
year
• The National Council of Applied Economic
Research reckons that the impact of consumer
finance first began to be felt in 1999-00.
• In that year, demand for financed white goods
rose 23.9 per cent while the overall market
grew just 18.9 per cent.
3. • In the rural markets the availability of cheap
finance was an even bigger factor in growth.
• While rural demand for white goods grew
22.4 per cent in 1999-00, the growth of
financed white goods rose a phenomenal 39.6
per cent.
4. • Southern states accounted for 45 percent of
consumer finance market and western states,
30 percent.
5. Auto Finance
• There are several private finance companies in
India specializing in auto finance, both at the
regional and national level.
• Apart from these companies, automobile
loans are offered by most private and public
sector banks.
6. • ICICI Bank disburses over Rs300 crore per
month in the car financing business.
• It is also the largest financer in the 2-wheeler
industry.
7. • Auto loan industry is growing at 30 percent
per annum.
• Also, consumers are upgrading their cars by
borrowing from auto financing companies.
• Automobile finance companies tend to focus
on personal automobiles, while banks cater
more to commercial vehicles.
8. Housing Finance
• India has several housing finance companies
offering loans for construction, renovation,
and purchase of residential accommodation.
• Recently, banks have also started offering
housing finance, and are seen as significant
competition to housing finance companies.
9. • ICICI Bank and State Bank of India leads in
home loan segment among banks
• while Housing Development Finance
Corporation and LIC Housing Finance leads the
HFCs.
10. • Maximum number of housing loans is of the
size less than Rs5 lakh with a repayment
period of 10-15 years.
11. • India currently faces a large shortage of adequate
housing in the country.
• Overall, there is a shortfall of 19.4 million dwelling
units in the country, of which 16 million are in rural
areas.
• The government is initiating various programs and
policies to bridge this shortage.
• The availability of adequate housing finance will
remain a key factor in their success.
12. Some of the common issues facing housing
finance companies in India are:
• - Lending decisions are conservative and restricted to the high income
group consumers due to the lack of facilities to establish credibility, and
foreclosure regulations.
• - Rural and semi-urban markets have remained largely untapped due to
high down payment requirement and non availability of title deeds in the
absence of land records in the rural areas.
• - For new construction, finance is generally offered for construction only,
and not for purchase of land. This makes new housing less affordable.
13. • - Recovery of defaults is difficult due to the
lack of an effective legal framework.
• - Processing of loan applications is time-
consuming and expensive.
• - Interest rates are high because of poor
recovery.
14. • The default rate in the housing finance sector
is about 1.47 percent.
15. Retail Credit/ Durable goods financing
• India has a large consumer goods
manufacturing base.
• It has several major players in the luxury and
semi-luxury segments that boast of
nationwide retail and distribution networks.
• A number of consumer goods manufacturers
have started offering loans to consumers for
purchase of their products.
16. • These loans are normally processed at the
retail location level.
• Color televisions (CTVs), refrigerators and air
conditioners, generate 80 percent of business
for consumer durable financiers.
17. • There are several finance companies that
offer consumer durable finance.
• Countrywide Personal Finance and The
Associates are two companies that have
percolated to a very large number of
consumer durables dealers.
18. • Apart from this, housing finance companies
also offer consumer durable finance at
attractive interest rates to existing home loan
customers.
• Since repayment capacity has already been
appraised by the concerned HFC, getting a
consumer finance loan through this channel
could be fast and easy.
19. • Some banks (both public sector and private),
also offer consumer loans.
• These are generally offered to existing
account holders of the bank.
20. • Personal loans offered by some banks and
finance companies (like Citibank and Kotak
Mahindra) may also be used for financing your
consumer durable purchase.
• The eligibility criteria for these loans,
however, tend to be more stringent, since no
security for the loan is asked for.
• Also, interest rates tend to be a little higher
than those for consumer finance schemes.
21. • Some of the important players in the field include
• Countrywide,
• HDFC,
• The Associates,
• ICICI,
• Allahabad Bank,
• Corporation Bank,
• Bank of Baroda,
• Central Bank,
• and HDFC Bank.
22. Innovations in lending – Avenues
for Growth
• Banks and finance companies have came up
with various innovative products and services
to lure the consumer-
– from 0% interest schemes,
– to 100% finance schemes
– to instantaneous loan approvals,
• all leading to a spurt in the Consumer Finance
market in India.
23. Rural Financing
• The rural demand for financial services can
roughly be divided into two segments, based
on different orientation and perspectives:
24. The “agricultural segment
• (Composed of farmers who make most of
their living from agricultural activities)
• Agricultural loans finance purchase of tractors
and other farm machinery, production,
processing and marketing of enterprises
specialized in agriculture.
25. The “transitional segment”
• (Significant portion of their income comes from non-
agricultural sources like wages, rearing livestock, remittances,
commerce, etc.)
• Rural loans generally have a variety of repayment schedules
which include bullet payments (i.e. a single payment of
interest and principal at maturity), loans with monthly
payments of interest and repayment of principal at maturity,
or even loans in which the timing and size of payments are
not constant but irregular, based on the borrower’s projected
seasonal income pattern.
26. • Tailoring payment plans to the expected cash
flows of individual households is essential for
rural lending since rural clients usually have
substantial income from agriculture and more
diversified income sources than urban clients.
27. • Another subset of Multi-Purpose rural credit
products are loans which are granted or
rescheduled in emergency situations.
• Emergency loans can be used for individual
emergencies such as accidents, illnesses or
other individual events and disasters caused
by natural catastrophes like earthquakes,
draught or flooding
28. • These include rescheduling of existing loans,
grant of small and standardized loans during
this critical phase to help clients cover basic
needs and loans for financing repair or
replacement of damaged or destroyed farm
property (real and chattel) and supplies lost or
damaged as a direct result of a natural
disaster.
29. • State/Central Governments have also realized
the need for rural financing and have been
taking steps to make it more attractive for a
risk averse lender.
• Banks/HFCs on the other hand have been
cautious of lending to farmers without
sufficient security to enforce in case of
defaults in repayment of dues.
30. Innovations in Educational finance
• Educational finance in India is restricted to
higher education loans by banks.
• These loans are typically given by banks for
higher technical education at the graduate
and post graduate level.
31. • However, there exists a huge demand for loans for
school education.
• There has been a large improvement in the standard
of primary education in India which has led to an
increase in the basic fee of medium rung schools in
urban and semi urban India.
• With the increasing emphasis on education, even the
low income families strive to educate their children
in good, expensive schools even if it is too expensive
for them.
32. Customer Financing by large retail outlets
• Large retail stores and multi brand outlets are
becoming increasingly popular in urban and
semi urban India.
• Retails chain store like Westside, Pantaloons,
Music world, Lifestyle, Foodworld are getting
increasingly popular.
• These stores have an increasing customer
base and are growing at a fast rate.
33. • Most of these stores have a huge electronic database
of customers.
• Most of these stores also have membership
programs for their customers and issue them cards
to track their purchase and reward them.
• As more and more people from lower middle class
families migrate to these stores, the demand for
credit purchases have been increasing.
34. • There exists a huge market for financing the
purchases from these big stores.
35. • Lets illustrate this with the help of an example.
• Lets say, on the basis of a credit check and study,
Pantaloons grant their customers a credit facility on
purchase on a single bill over Rs 5000.
• Now this Rs 5000 can be returned in 3,6,9 or twelve
months , depending upon the credit needs of the
customers.
• Now Pantaloons will get this arranged through a
financing company.
36. • This is extremely beneficial to Pantaloons as well as to the
consumers.
• The sales of retail outlets like Pantaloons, will experience a
substantial growth through this programme.
• This will prove to be a better source of financing than credit
cards to the consumers because of convenience and lower
interest payments.
• Thus their exists a huge demand for financing in this
segment , which will turn out to be a major growth driver for
finance companies.
37. Expanding Gamut of Credit Cards
• Aided by technology and innovation fuelled by the
market needs and underlying growth propositions, a
wide range of credit card offerings are now possible
that are structured to meet the
requirements/demands/life style of consumers.
• Innovations in the Cards market have resulted in the
evolution of the card from being a “convenient
alternative to Cash” to becoming the “financial
window” for lenders to offer bundled services to
consumers.
38. Some of the offerings that have
become possible are:
• - Co-branded Cards aimed at maximizing benefits to
the Card Holder by both the issuing and Co-branding
partners.
• - Installment Loans with EMI linked to Card outside
the Credit Limit.
• - Personal Loan linked to a Card
39. Risk Mitigation Strategies - Use of
Credit Reporting
• The significant decrease in lending costs
achieved in developed countries with the use
of credit bureaus and credit scores has
induced regulators and financial institutions to
assess and promote the use of such
instruments to enhance credit processes.
• Credit scoring can be provided by the credit
bureaus or with information provided by
these.
40. Credit bureaus
• Credit bureaus are public or private firms
using large databases containing the history of
financial transactions of individuals and firms
of all economic activities.
• These histories are used by lenders and
insurances in order to assess applications of
potential clients in different ways, depending
on the lender’s or the insurance’s criteria
which are usually reflected in scores.
41. Credit bureaus fulfill for lenders
two important functions:
• They allow appreciating the risk which is
incurred when lending to a specific individual
or firm and they help enforce the repayment
of the loans.
• The more complete the information in a credit
bureau with respect to its scope and the
number of information sources, the more
comprehensive the analysis which can be
performed by a lender.
42. • Repayment of loans is enforced by credit bureaus by making
an even temporary breach of a lending contract become
public.
• When such information becomes public about a client, other
lenders may restrict lending to him or her or they may
increase the interest rate charged for loans to this individual,
who is now perceived as a higher risk.
• The higher costs of lending or the exclusion from further
lending sets for clients a strong incentive to repay loans in
time.
43. Credit scoring
• Scoring is widely used in developed countries to
assess repayment risk.
• It is based on the assumption, that the past
performance of the different client segments is a
valuable tool to predict the future repayment
patterns and even loyalty to a given institution.
• As such, credit scoring analyses the past
performance of different client segments and tries to
predict future repayment based on this information.
44. • In the United States, credit scoring, based on
the extensive databases and is used as the
sole tool to select potential clients and to
determine whom to lend and whom to reject.
• Scoring and additional information on the
applicant’s income is also used to determine
loan size and to determine the interest rate
charged to each client.
45. • Credit scoring is a management tool which
entails assigning weights or points to bits of
information and the total score of the
customer is arrived at.
• The model facilitates a more rational
approach to credit decisions and is based on
portfolio behavior - it has proved to help
reduce delinquencies.
46. • Setting up a scoring scheme to predict future
repayment conduct or loyalty can only be
undertaken if accurate information exists for
large numbers of clients over several years.
• Setting up a scoring scheme requires
specialized expertise as the existing
information has to be assessed using
statistical models and mathematical forecast
models have to be set up.
47. • In India, Currently, banks are prohibited from sharing
positive data by secrecy provisions governing their
operations.
• Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has recommended
enacting umbrella legislation, Credit Information
Bureau Regulation Act, to pave the way for setting
up of credit information bureaus and easing the
process of sharing information on individuals and
corporate companies.
48. • A database of customer accounts is also being drawn
up by the Credit Information Bureau of India (CIBIL),
which can be used to spot serial defaulters. Potential
users of these credit reports are:
• - Banks & financial institutions
• - Consumer & mortgage finance companies
• - Credit card companies & other service providers
e.g. mobile phones etc.
49. • Cibil aims to provide complete and reliable
credit information to its members.
• It has 75 members, consisting of 53
commercial banks, 7 housing finance
companies and six FIs and 7 non-banking
finance companies.
• Member institutions are asked to submit
returns of all existing non-suit-filed accounts
50. Conclusion
• Consumer financing business in India has been
on an uptrend recently and is expected to
remain so in the future fuelled by the
sweeping changes in the consumption habits
of the Indian middle class.
51. • Till now most of the growth has come from
traditional channels of financing like auto
finance, housing finance, consumer durable
financing etc.
• But going forward, banks and NBFC alike need
to search for other avenues for sustaining the
momentum.
52. • This growth can come from areas like
developments in rural finance, widened
gamut of credit card offerings, education,
partnerships with Multi Brand Outlets etc.
53. • While targeting growth, financial institutions
also need to be equally weary of how to
mitigate the extra risk involved in exploring
untapped market.
• This involves setting up of credit bureaus and
development of credit scoring models to
gauze the credit worthiness.
54. • If credit scoring coupled with credit bureaus
providing in-depth databases is employed,
promising results may be achieved in reducing
transaction and risk costs, as lending decisions
can be automated and as repayment is
reinforced.
55. Credit Cards
• India has now become the third largest card market for Visa
International in Asia-Pacific, after Japan and South Korea.
• With payment gateways becoming more secure and
convenient, the confidence of people in using the Internet as
a shopping channel has also been on the rise.
• Card-based Internet transactions are predominantly used for
booking air and railway tickets, along with on-line bill
payments.
• This trend is on the rise not only in the elite metropolitan
cities but also in other high-income cities and towns.
56. • Total spending on cards accounts for only around 1%
of the country’s personal consumption expenditure.
• India remains primarily a debt-averse economy.
• The Indian middle classes tend to view credit cards
as a potential debt trap, and increasing the
acceptance of credit cards among the middle class
population is a major task for financial cards
companies in India.
57. • . There has been a move away from plain
“vanilla” cards in favour of co-branded credit
cards.
• Most of the card-issuing companies now have
co-branded cards, with airlines, petrol
companies and retailers.
58. • Market for credit cards in India is made up of
18 major banks and financial institutions
providing credit card products and services.
59. Major Credit Card Providers in India
• ABN Amro
• HDFC
• American Express
• ICICI Bank
• Axis Bank
• SBI
• Bank of Baroda
• Canara Bank
• Citibank
• Visa
60. Major Credit Card Providers in India
• HSBC
• MasterCard
• Deutsche Bank
• Amex
• Barclays Bank
• Diners Club
• Standard Chartered
• Kotak Mahindra
61. • The use of Credit Cards originated in the USA
in the 1920s when individual firms, such as oil
companies and hotel chains began issuing
them to customers for purchases at their
outlets.
• Mobil Oil issued the world’s first credit card in
1940.
62. International Banking system
• Initially cardholders could only use their cards in
their geographical area and only with those
merchants who had agreement with their banks.
• For the successful operation of credit cards, the card
issuing banks felt the need for an acceptable system.
63. • In 1960, Bank of America developed the
present credit card operating system.
• This system was subsequently licensed to
some other banks which led to the
establishment of an international banking
system called visa International.
64. • Competition among the US Banks resulted in
another international Banking system being
introduced called ‘ Mastercard’
• A group of 16 banks which were left out of the
Bank Americard License, combined and
formed the Interbank Card Association (CA) in
New York.
• This later became ‘ MasterCard International’
66. Facilities and Services
• Some banks insure the cardholder free of cost
for a particular sum.
• Emergency Cash withdrawal of upto 60% of
the credit limit.
• Tie ups and special privileges.
• Supplementary Cards
• Etc.
68. Based on Mode of Recovery
• Revolving Credit Card: A limit is set on the
amount of money one can spend on the card
for a particular period.
• A Minimum percentage of the outstanding
credit at the end of the period has to be paid.
• Interest varying from 30 to 36 per cent is
charged on the outstanding amount.
69. Charge Card
• A charge card is not a credit instrument.
• It does not give a revolving grace period.
70. Standard Card
• It offers only limited privileges to cardholders.
• Some banks issue standard cards under the
Brand Name ‘ Classic’ cards.
• These cards are generally issued to salaried
people.
71. Business Card
• These cards enjoy higher credit limits and
more privileges than standard cards.
• These cards are also called ‘executive cards’
and are issued in the names of executives of
the firms.
72. Gold Cards
• Offers many additional benefits and facilities
such as higher credit limits, more cash
advance limits etc. that are not available with
standard or executive credit cards.
74. International Card
• Have international Validity
• Cardholder can make purchases in foreign
currencies subject to RBI sanction and FEMA
rules and Regulations.
75. Proprietary Card
• Issued by Banks themselves without any tie
up.
• Examples are SBI Card, CanCard etc.
76. Master Card
• Issued under the Umbrella of MasterCard
International.
• The issuing bank has to obtain a franchise
from Mastercard corporation of USA.
• The franchised card will be honoured in the
Master Card Network.
77. Visa Card
• By a bank having tie up with VISA
International Corporation, USA.
• The banks that issue VISA card are said to
have a Franchise of VISA International.
• The advantage of having a VISA Franchise is
that one can avail the facility of the VISA
Network transactions.
79. Corporate Cards
• Issued to corporate and Business Firms
• The executives and officials use these cards
• The card bears the name of the firm and the
bills are paid by the firm.
80. ATM Cards
• An ATM Card allows customers to access their
accounts at any time.
81. Debit Card
• A debit card is a hybrid of ATM and Credit
card.
• The card directly debits a designated savings
bank account.
• There is no grace period for making payment.
• These can be used at ATMs as well as
Merchant locations.
82. Bank Card Associations
• Two International card associations,
MasterCard International and Visa
International are actively involved in the
Indian Credit Card Industry.
• American Express is another major player in
the Global Market
83. • These associations perform several functions
such as:
– Processing of cardholder and merchant
transactions
– Licensing
– Setting operating regulations
– Conducting research and analysis
– Developing and promotion of various types of
cards
84. • MasterCard International has 23,000 and Visa
Card International has 21,000 member
Financial Institutions around the Globe.
85. • The first credit card to enter India was Diners
Club card in 1964.
• The first Indian banks to launch credit cards
were Andhra Bank and Central Bank.
• The first credit card introduced by Andhra
Bank was VISA Classic in 1981, followed by
Central Bank of India’s credit card in
collaboration with MasterCard Corporation in
the same year.
86. Questions for Revision
• What is a credit card ? How is it different from
an ATM card and from a debit card?
• What are the facilities and Services provided
by credit card issuers?
• What are Bank card associations ?
• Give a brief account of credit card business in
India?
• Write a note on ‘Credit Information Bureau’ ?
87. Questions for Revision
• Discuss the potential of Consumer Finance in
India ?
• What are the different types of consumer
Finance ? Write a short note on each type ?