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Energy Transition and Wind Energy
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3053 Energy Transition and Wind Energy Rishabh Upadhyay Student, Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, School of Studies in Engineering and Technology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur(C.G.) ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------- Abstract – Energy security and sustainable developmentare on the top of the global agenda due to the impact of volatile energy prices, high demand for energy security, and concerns about environmentalsustainabilityandglobalclimatechange. The new and renewable energy technologies address the challenge of achieving sustainable development while conserving the natural resources depletedbyrapidpopulation growth, urbanization and fossil fuel consumption fuel. The expansion of wind power is increasingly based on the urgent need to combat global climate change. Most countries now recognize the need to significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in order to avoid environmental disasters Wind energy not only provides an energy source that completely avoids the emission of carbon dioxide, the most important greenhouse gas, but also does not produce fossil fuels or other contaminants related to nuclear energy. Key Words: Renewable Energy, Wind Energy, Energy Transition, Fossil Fuels 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Energy Transition In general, energy transformation means a shift in energy sources that covers global energy demand. The current energy conversion from fossil fuels to low carbon energy is not the first energy conversion the world is experiencing. In fact, this is the fourth major shift to other energy sources. The first (1830-1950) is the transition from traditional biofuels (mainly wood) to coal, the second (1950-1980) consists of the development and introduction of refined oil products, and the third. (1980-2020) was accompanied by increased dependence on natural gas. [5][6] Fig-1.1: Global energy sources (%) and previous energy transitions While today's energy shifts are driven primarily with the help of sustainability motives, previous energy shifts were primarily the result of a quest for economic prosperity, which in turn is for access to and consumption of electricity. It is closely related. To demonstrate this last point, the average per capita energy intake in OECD countries is 183 GJ, while the average in non-OECDcountries is54gigajoules. [7] Economic prosperity,especiallyfordevelopingcountries, is as important as the desire for decarbonization when it comes to electricity migration. And this is an important factor. Over 800 million people (mainly sub-Saharan Africa) still live without electricity, and thousands, have access to very limited or unreliable power supplies. [8] Therefore, increased energy supply and electricity rights are good aspects. However, this must be addressed in parallel with emission reductions. Over the last decade, renewable energy systems have seen the largest growth of over 30% per year, as well as the growth of coal and sub-coal power systems due to the depletion of natural resources andtheconsequentincreased levels of fossil fuel and nuclear pollution. Shows the rate. Power usage [2]. Increasing energy demand can cause problems for distributors, such as grid instabilityandpower outages [3]. The importance of producing more energy and the interest in friction-free techniques have led to an increase in the development ofrenewableenergystructures. European momentum began in March 2007, when EU leaders adopted a binding target of 20% of energy production from renewable energy sources by2020.Indiais
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3054 also preparing for a change with a Herculestargetof450 GW by 2030. This leads to the concept of energy conversion. 1.1.1 What is Energy Transition? Energy conversionisa more comprehensive,sustainable and affordable security that provides solutions to global energy- related challengeswhile providing economic andsocial value without compromising the balance of the energy triangle. It can be defined as "a timely transition to an energy system." In other words, despite the fact that state-of-the-art energy conversion is particularly hampered by environmental sustainability concerns it will only succeed if it provides energy security and access at the same time and contributes to the recovery and development of the economy. [1] Fig-1.1.1.1: Energy Transition [1] 1.1.2 Need of Energy Transition The transition of appliances to low carbon energy is being driven by the need to address meteorological trade. The science that contributes to the need for decarbonization begins with the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC), the UN framework for assessing technical expertise related to meteorological change. A special file for 2018 [9] suggests that human activity is likely to be the cause of global warming of about 1 ° C above pre-commercial levels, global warming between 2030 and 2052. Is likely to reach 1.5 ° C. Current interest applies to maintenance. Simply put, global warming presupposes that "more energy is emitted from this planet than is reflected by the environment." [21] This amount of retained energy, along with greenhouse gases (GHG), aerosols (each artificial, that is, of human interest, natural,thatofvolcanic eruptions), etc., is a factor of climatic factors. Motivated by expansion. [22] The least simple model means that there is a strong correlation between the detected temperature rise and the extended region of such radiative forcing, but the factor that has the strongest influence on the temperature rise. It also shows that is an artificial greenhouse gas.[23] At this point, the focus is only on electricity-related CO2 emissions, as greenhouse gases in the electricity transition debate are not just CO2, but cause about two-thirds of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. It should be pointed out that. [24] Other energy-related emissions are methane (6% of CH4-average GHG emissions)emittedprimarilybynatural volatile oil leaks and flaring, andsome nitrogenoxides(N2O- average GHG). 1% of emissions). The final non-energy GHG emissions are primarily from agriculture. 1.2 Wind Energy Wind is a free, abundant and sustainable energy that occupies the largest share of renewable energy areas [10], [11]. The electricity generatedusingwindpoweriscleanand environmentally friendly, as the flowers of wind energy no longer emit air pollutants. Once the turbines are built, their operating costs will be nearly zero [12]. Wind turbines convert the kinetic electricity (motion) of the wind into the mechanical energy used to generate the electricity. It is supplied by the generator, converted to electricity a second time, and then supplied to the grid for transmission to the power plant. Wind power has many advantages, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions by using a mill that produces electricity andstarchwhendrivenbythewind, and can reduce electricity costs. All turbines need wind as needed. It's just natural air, and air is everywhere. Fig-1.2.1: Schematic of a wind turbine The first wind power was produced by a machine manufactured by CharlesF.BrushinCleveland, Ohioin1888. The rated output was 12kW (DC). DC power generation continued in the form of a small, self-contained (off-the- grid) system until the 1930s, when the first large ACturbine
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3055 in the United States was built. Modern wind turbine generators are sophisticated machines that can generate megawatts of power, taking full advantage of the latest technologies guided by improvements in aerodynamic and structural design, material technology, machinery, power, and control engineering. .. Large wind farms and wind turbines have become commonplace in many countries around the world. In fact, the windcapacityconnectedtothe grid is experiencing the fastest growth rate of any form of electricity generation. Wind energy has the largest share in the field of renewable energy [18], [19]. Over the last two decades, grid-connected wind capacity has more than doubled, and wind turbine power costs have fallen to one-sixth of the early 1980s. [19] Fig-2.2.2: Basic power conversion principle in a wind power system The required characteristics associated with a wind energy conversion system are: • Available wind energy • Type of wind turbine used • Type of generator and power electronics used to connect to the grid. Based on the aerodynamic principlesused,windturbines are divided into drag-based turbines and lift-based turbines. Based on their mechanical structure, they are classified into horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines. With regard to rotor rotation, wind turbines are divided into fixed speed turbines and variable speed turbines. Currently the focus is on horizontal axis, variable speed, lift-based wind turbines[19], [20]. 2.1 Energy Transition in Wind Energy Wind power is a choice that works in harmony with nature to promote social progress by rejecting the dark outlook ofa world that has run out of oil and fuel [13]. Wind energy has been used for many years, but in fact it has produced a large amount of commercial electricity in the last decade. The unusual and unpredictable nature of windstrengthlimits its contribution everywhere, except when large power garages or intercontinental transmission are available. Environmental restrictions,includingthepresenceofforests and guard areas, also limit the location of wind turbines, which may promote public popularity[14]. As stated by the GWEC (Global WindEnergyAssociation)[4], by the end of 2011, the cumulative wind energy installed worldwide was 237.7 GW. In 2011, wind increased byabout 6% compared to 2010, with 40.6 GW of wind energy delivered online. 2.2 Wind Energy in India India has abundant renewable energy sources that can significantly contribute to increasing energy demand. This study reviews the pattern of the Indian wind energy boom that began in the 1980s. The era of wind energy is now making a significant contribution to the era of electricity energy in India. However, China has recently surpassed India in terms of installed wind power capacity to become the fourth largest internationally.Therefore,ifIndia needsto form an increase rate for international wind power zones, key regulatory and coverage issues need to be urgently addressed. The penetration of wind power is not limited by the technical problems of wind energy technology, but by regulatory, institutional and market barriers. It is well known that the existence of such non-economic barriershas a significant negative impact on the effectiveness of wind energy development policies, regardless of the form of the incentive system. Fig-2.2.1: Projected values of capacity addition of wind projects in the six Indian states [17] 3. CONCLUSION Despite future challenges, the report shows that the world can reach its climate goals in Paris by 2050 with the help of technology. Mitigating the effects of climate change means reducing floods,storms,droughtsandotherextremescaused by rising temperatures. Air pollution kills about 7 million people each year. Fossil fuels contribute to air pollution, which kills about 7 million people annually. The majority of victims are women and low-income countries. A future powered by wind energy has the potential to reduce energy costs. Production costs are falling and wind is expected to become a major source of energy in the future. Working together, the world can accelerate the transition to sustainable energy and a sustainable future.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3056 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank my father who provided me with the necessary knowledge and guidance to write this paper. REFERENCES [1] https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Energy_Transit ion_101_2020.pdf [2] R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre and P. Rodriquez, Grid Converters for Photovoltaic and Wind Power System, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2011. [3] F. Blaabjerg, R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre and A. Timbus, “Overview of Control and Grid Synchronization for Distributed Power Generation System,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 1398-1409, Oct. 2006R. Nicole, “Title of paper with only first word capitalized,” J. Name Stand. Abbrev., in press. [4] GWEC, “Global Wind Report 2011-Annual market update,” 2011. [Online].Available: http://www.gwec.net/fileadmin/documents/NewsDocu ments/Annual_rep ort_2011_lowres.pdf. [5] Smil, Vaclav, “Energy (r)evolutions take time”, World Energy, 44:10-14, 2019. Note thatSmil alsomentioneda revolution with the invention of electricity, however, this article focuses on transitions of energy sources instead of distribution [6] Ritchie, Hannah and Max Roser, “Energy”, Our World in Data, July 2018, https://ourworldindata.org/energy; Underlying sources: Smil, Vaclav, “Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives”, BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2017. [7] BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019. [8] Ogunbiyi, Damilola, “Here’s why energy security is a vital tool in tackling a pandemic”, ForumAgenda,6April 2020, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/pandemic energy-access-coronavirus. [9] IPCC, 2018: Summary for Policymakers. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson- Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 32 pp [10] “Renewable Energy Sources and Emerging Technologies”, Eastern Economy Edition, D.P. Kothari, K.C.Singal and Rakesh Ranjan. [11] Thomas Ackermann, Lennart Soder, “Wind energy technology and current status: a review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, 2000. [12] Deepak Kumar Chy. and Md. Khaliluzzaman(2018)“The Significance of Power Electronics Components on Sustainable Energy Sources”, 9th ICCCNT 2018 July 10- 12, 2018, IISC, Bengaluru, India, IEEE – 43488 [13] Bull, SR., 2001. Renewable energy today and tomorrow. Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management: Proceedings of the IEEE, 89(8): 1216- 1226 [14] Fetter, S., 2000. Energy 2050.Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 56 (4): 28-39. [15] www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/highlights.html [16] Thomas Ackermann, Lennart Soder, “Wind energy technology and current status: a review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, 2000. [17] Ishan Purohit1 and Pallav Purohit2,a 1 The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, India 2 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A- 2361 Laxenburg, Austria (Received 9 October 2008; accepted 15 May 2009; published online 8 July 2009) [18] www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/highlights.html [19] Thomas Ackermann, Lennart Soder, “Wind energy technology and current status: a review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, 2000. [20] F. Blaabjerg, Z. Chen, and S. B. Kjaer, “Power Electronics as Efficient Interface in Dispersed Power Generation Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1184-1193, Sep. 2004. [21] Chandler, David, “Explained: Radiative forcing”, MIT News, 10 March 2020, news.mit.edu/2010/explainedradforce-0309. [22] “Analysis: Why scientists think 100% of global warming is due to humans”, Carbon Brief, 13 December 2017, https:// www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-why-scientists- think-100-ofglobal-warming-is-due-to-humans. [23] Merbold, Lutz,“Howdowemeasuregreenhousegases?”, Forum Agenda, 4 December 2015,
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3057 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/12/how-do- we-measure-greenhousegases. [24] CAIT Climate Data Explorer, Historical Emissions [Country GHG Emissions dataset], http://cait.wri.org/historic. BIOGRAPHY A pre-final year student of Electronics and Communication Engineering from Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur.
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