2. Final Weeks
Wed. Nov 29 Confucianism
Fri. Dec 1 Mormonism, Animism, New Religious Movements
Sun. Dec 3 Due: Biography of Chinese Deity, Quiz 6 @ 11:59 pm
Wed. Dec 6 Native American Religion, Class Presentations
Fri. Dec. 8 Contextualizing the Gospel, Class Presentations
Wed. Dec 13 Class Presentations
2
12. Books by Confucius
Book of Odes
Book of Documents
Spring & Autumn Journals
*I Ching (Book of Changes)
https://www.worldhistory.org/Confucius/
*allegedly this existed before Confucius
15. Zisi
483 - 402 BCE
Grandson of Confucius
Author of Zhongyong
Chapter in the book Record of Rites
„
Stefon, M. (2016, March 8). Zisi. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zisi
16. Zisi
483 - 402 BCE
Theory of Wuxing
Five modes of moral conduct
Stefon, M. (2016, March 8). Zisi. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zisi
17. Wuxing
1. Ren - Benevolence
2. Yi — Righteousness
3. Li — Ritual Property
4. Zhi — Wisdom
5. Xeng — Integrity
Stefon, M. (2016, March 8). Zisi. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zisi
18. Mozi
470 - 391 BCE
Student of Confucius
And also Lao Tze
„
Ames, R. T. and Mei, . Yi Pao (2017, June 15). Mozi. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mozi-Chinese-philosopher
19. Mozi
Authored The Mozi
Developed a criteria for making wise
decisions and determining moral
behavior.
Ames, R. T. and Mei, . Yi Pao (2017, June 15). Mozi. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mozi-Chinese-philosopher
20. Threefold Test of a Proposition
1. What is the premise of a proposition?
2. Can the proposition be veri
fi
ed?
3. What is the proposition’s applicability (relevance)?
Ames, R. T. and Mei, . Yi Pao (2017, June 15). Mozi. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mozi-Chinese-philosopher
21. Fourfold Test for a Rule
1. Conformity to the will of Heaven
2. Conformity to the teachings of the Sages
3. Good consequences for the welfare of society
4. Con
fi
rmation by the testimony of sight and hearing
Loy, Hui-Chieh. (2023). Mozi. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.https://iep.utm.edu/mozi/
22. Mencius
371 - 289 BCE
Born in state of Zhou.
Student of Zisi
O
ffi
cial in the State of Qi
Traveled and taught court princes
Mei, Yi Pao , Ames, Roger T. and Stefon, Matt. "Mencius". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Feb. 2021, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mencius-
Chinese-philosopher. Accessed 16 November 2023.
23. Book of Mencius
Statements about human nature
Intended to be philosophy for the common
people.
Mei, Yi Pao , Ames, Roger T. and Stefon, Matt. "Mencius". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Feb. 2021, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mencius-
Chinese-philosopher. Accessed 16 November 2023.
24. Teachings of Mencius
• Guidance for Rulers
Ruler should provide for his people
Ruler should educate his people
Rulers need to cultivate moral power rather than power by force
Rulers should govern for the good of people, not themselves
24
25. Teachings of Mencius
• Guidance for Rulers
Ruler should provide for his people
Ruler should educate his people
Rulers need to cultivate moral power rather than power by force
Rulers should govern for the good of people, not themselves
• The Doctrine of Human Nature
Feeling of empathy
Feeling of shame
Feeling of courtesy
Feeling of right and wrong
25
26. Teachings of Mencius
• Guidance for Rulers
Ruler should provide for his people
Ruler should educate his people
Rulers need to cultivate moral power rather than power by force
Rulers should govern for the good of people, not themselves
• The Doctrine of Human Nature
Feeling of empathy
Feeling of shame
Feeling of courtesy
Feeling of right and wrong
• Nature of Man
All humans are innately good
Goodness must be cultivated through education and self-discipline.
Goodness is squandered through neglect and negative in
fl
uences
Goodness can never be lost
26
27. Xunzi
300 - 230 BCE
Born in Zhao
Classical Period of China
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2017, June 9). Xunzi. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Xunzi
28. The Book of Xunzi
A book of essays about the nature of man
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2017, June 9). Xunzi. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Xunzi
29. The Book of Xunzi
A book of essays about the nature of man
“The Nature of man is evil. His goodness is
acquired by education”.
Disagreed with Mencius who said Man is
basically good.
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2017, June 9). Xunzi. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Xunzi
31. Requirement for
Public Office
Study the Confucian Classics
Take tests to enter into service
Service available for anybody
https://www.ancient.eu/Confucius/
37. Tianming — The Mandate of Heaven
The divine source of authority and the right to rule of China's early kings and
then emperors. The ancient god or divine force known as Heaven or Sky
selected a particular individual to rule on its behalf on earth.
Cartwright, M. (2017, July 25). Mandate of Heaven. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Mandate_of_Heaven/
38. Tianming — The Mandate of Heaven
Although a ruler was given great power, he also had a moral obligation to use it
for the good of his people. If a ruler did not do this, then his state would su
ff
er
terrible disasters and he would lose the right to govern.
Cartwright, M. (2017, July 25). Mandate of Heaven. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Mandate_of_Heaven/
39. Tianming — The Mandate of Heaven
1. Ruler has an obligation to rule morally
2. Ruler must depend on his advisors
3. Ruler is limited by his predecessors and the founders of the dynasty
Cartwright, M. (2017, July 25). Mandate of Heaven. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Mandate_of_Heaven/
40. Confucianism
Foundation of Chinese Philosophy
• Practical questions
• Morality
• How to master the environment
• Basis for Civil Law
• Principles of Social Responsibility
41. Philosophy
1. People are innately good & and inclined to choose good
2. People choose wrong because of ignorance
3. People are ignorant of the moral code
4. People can be educated in the moral code
5. People educated in moral code will choose good
42. Philosophy
6. Tian (Heaven) is the source and sustainer of life
7. Understanding one’s relationship to Tian and one’s place in
the universe establishes order
https://www.worldhistory.org/Confucianism/
44. Ren - Benevolence
Literally “humanity” or “humanness” bearing behavior that is
authentically human. To embody goodness in one’s
relationship with another.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/confucius/
45. Yi - Righteousness
Righteousness entails unselfishness, the steadfastness to do
what is right in the face of temptation.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/confucius/
46. Li - Ritual Propriety
“ritual propriety” expresses a sensitivity to one’s social place,
and willingness to play all of one’s multiple ritual roles.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/confucius/
47. Zhi - Wisdom
Ability to appraise people and situations. In
the Analects, wisdom allows a gentleman to discern crooked
and straight behavior in others (12.22), and discriminate
between those who may be reformed and those who may not
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/confucius/
48. Xin - Integrity
Trustworthiness, sincerity, faithfulness, something that
qualifies a gentleman to give advice to a ruler, and a ruler the
right to manage others. Faithfulness and honesty.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/confucius/
56. Analects 2.3
If the people be led by laws, and uniformity
sought to be given them by punishments, they
will try to avoid the punishment, but have no
sense of shame. If they be led by virtue, and
uniformity sought to be given them by the rules
of propriety, they will have the sense of shame
and, moreover, will become good.
(Analects, 2.3; Tamblyn, p. 3)
https://www.ancient.eu/Confucianism/
58. Confucian Canon
• Analects & the books written before 300 BCE
• Tradition says Analects written by Confucius (probably not)
• 12th century CE — Zhu Xi, Song Dynasty, selected them as Canon
• 1368 - 1644 — Became required for public service during Ming Dynasty
58
59. Imperial Examination
1. Shengyan — Local and county graduate, able to serve in the village
2. Juren — Provincial graduate, able to serve in a provincial capital
3. Jinshi — Metropolitan graduate, able to serve in the capital nationally.
Imperial Examinations (Keju). (2023, February 4). New World Encyclopedia, . Retrieved 17:48, November 28, 2023 from
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Imperial_Examinations_(Keju)&oldid=1099292.
60. The Four Texts
1. Book of Analects
2. Book of Mencius
3. Book of Great Learning
4. Doctrine of the Mean
67. Famous Quotes
“Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.”
“Life is really simple, but we insist on making it complicated.”
“If you make a mistake and do not correct it, this is called a mistake.”
“Before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two graves.”
Analects
68. Famous Quotes
“To be wronged is nothing, unless you continue to remember it.”
“The man who asks a question is a fool for a minute, the man who does not ask is a fool for
life.”
“Life is really simple, but we insist on making it complicated.”
“By three methods we may learn: 1st by re
fl
ection, which is the noblest, 2nd is by imitation
which is the easiest, 3rd by experience which is the bitterest
Analects
71. Mao Tse Tung
Communist Revolution 1949
Sought to eradicate ancient
religions in China, and modernize
72. Great leap Forward
February 1958 - 1961
Five-year economic plan to modernize
economy by moving people o
ff
farms, into
cities, and employ them in factories
73. Great leap Forward
Led to dissolution of the nuclear family.
Forced labor.
As many as 30 million died
China never owned up
Smil V. (1999 Dec 18). China’s great famine: 40 years later. BMJ. 18-25;319(7225):1619-21. doi: 10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1619
78. Economic Rise of “The Four Little Dragons”
78
Singapore Hong Kong South Korea Taiwan
79. Economic Confucianism
Over our decades…“four little dragons”- Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and
Singapore…progressed toward becoming…the three mainstays of the advanced
economic world order…Their achievement…originated from…social practices
established in the Confucian custom…adjusted to the necessities of a modern
society- [known as] “neo-Confucianism." This economic philosophy incorporates a
meritocratic organization, a selection test framework, the signi
fi
cance of gathering
knowledge, and the goal of advancement.
Dangayach & Gupta. (2018). Four Asian Dragons . International Journal of Advance Research. 3 (1):158 - 162. http://www.ijarnd.com/
82. Return of Confucianism
Confucianism has made comeback as the Communist Party looked
for ways to justify its authoritarianism and forge a common Chinese
identity. In the 1990s, Confucianism was promoted to provide moral
teachings and counteract the decadence and materialism brought
about by the Deng reforms. In the early 2000s, a number of schools
opened up to teach Confucian values to youngsters and an institute
was set up at Renmin University devoted to the study of Confucius
and Confucian thought.
Hays, (Sep 2016) “Confucianism Today”
83. Chinese Ruism
1. Chinese value on Education in China
2. Structure of Education in China
3. Examinations Required for Civil Service
4. Social hierarchy in the context of Communism
