Prelim presentation ITP

Introduction to
Pharmacy
College of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel
College of Allied Health Professions
Department of Pharmacy
Timothy John L. Tan, RPh

Objectives:
At the end of the course, the students should
be able to:
•Trace the evolution of pharmacy practice
•Describe the general education and
professional courses in the pharmacy
curriculum
•Source the different types of literature used in
pharmacy
•Differentiate the various areas of pharmacy
practice

Objectives:
At the end of the course, the students should be
able to:
•Identify the different pharmaceutical associations
and their objectives
•Define common medical terms used in the practice
of pharmacy
•Distinguish the different therapeutic classifications
of drugs, dosage forms and their corresponding
mode of administration and

Historical Development of
Pharmaceutical Practice
Unit 1

Pharmacy
•Defined as the profession which is
concerned with the art and science of
preparing drugs either from natural or
synthetic sources in a suitable and
convenient dosage form for administration of
treatment, and prevention of diseases both
of man and animals.

Origin and Development
of Pharmacy

Babylonia
•Asipu
•Relied on spells and magical stones far
more than plant materials
•Asu
•Drew upon large collection of drugs and
manipulated them into several dosage forms
that are still basic today.

Second Millennium B.C.
Cradle of Civilization
•Provides earliest known record of practice
of the art of apothecary
•Healing practitioners:
•Priest
•Pharmacist
•Physician

Ancient Greece
•Hippocrates
• Father of Medicine
•Diocles of Carystus
• Considered to be the source for all Greek
pharmacoetherapueutic treatises between the time of
Theophrastus and Dioscorides.
•Pedanius Dioscorides
• Famous for writing a five volume book in his native
Greek.
• De Materia Medica-used as the basis for many
medieval texts, and was built upon by many middle
eastern scientists during Islamic Golden Age.

Ancient Greece
•Bowl of Hygeia
•Bowl entwined by serpent gradually emerged as
the official symbol of pharmacy.
•Antidotaria
•Dispensatories
•Receptaria
•More modest formularies

Ancient Greece
•Magna Carta of Pharmacy
•Official edicts of 1231 by Emperor Frederick II
•Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus
Bombastus vin Honhenhein
•Most important advocate of chemically prepared
drugs from crude plant and mineral
substances.
•“doctrine of signature”

Pharmacy in Ancient China (2000
B.C.)• Chinese pharmacy stems from Shen Nung
• Shen Nung
• An emperor who sought out and investigate the medicinal
value of several hundred herbs.
Days of the Papyrus Ebers (1500
B.C.)
• Papyrus Eber
• Best known and most important pharmaceutical record.
• Collection of 800 prescriptions mentioning 700 drugs.

Theophrastus
•Father of Botany
•Greatest early Greek philosopher and natural
scientist.
•His observations and writings dealing with the
medical qualities and peculiarities of herbs are
unusually accurate.

Terra Sigillata
• Learned early of the prestigious advantage of
trademarks as a means of identification of source
and gaining customers’ confidence.
• One of the first therapeutic agents to bear such a
mark.

Pedanios Dioscorides
•Contribute mightily to such a transition in
pharmacy.
•Observed, recorded and spread the excellent
rules for collection of drugs, their storage and
use.
•Texts were considered basic science as late
as the sixteenth century.

Galen
•Practiced and taught about Pharmacy and
Medicine in Rome.
•His principles of preparing and compounding
medicines ruled in the Western world.
•His name still is associated with the class of
pharmaceutical compounded by mechanical
means.
•Cold cream

Damian and Cosmas
•Twinship of the health professionals, Pharmacy
and Medicine.
Monastic Pharmacy
•Knowledge of Pharmacy and Medicine were
preserved in the monasteries.
•Manuscripts from many islands were translated or
copied for monastery libraries.
•Monks gathered and raised them in their own

The First Apothecary Shops
•Bagdad
•Preserved much of the Greco-Roman wisdom
developing with the aid of their natural resources
syrups, confections, conserves, distilled waters and
alcoholic liquids.

Avicenna
•The Persian Galen
•A pharmacist, poet, physician, philosopher and
diplomat.
•Gave contribution to the sciences of pharmacy
and medicine by his pharmaceutical teachings.

The first official
Pharmacopoeia
•Florence
•Nuovo Receptario
•Written in Italian, published and became the
legal standard for the city-state in 1948.

Society of Apothecaries of
London
•Francis Bacon
• Philosopher-Politician
• Formed a separate company known as “Master,
Wardens and Society of the Art and Mystery of
the Apothecaries of the City of London.

Louis Hebert
•Young Parisian Apothecary
•Built New France’s first settlement.
•Looked after the health of the pioneers,
cultivated native drug plants and
supervised the gardens.

Christopher Marshall
•Established an apothecary shop in
Philadelphia.
•Practical training school for pharmacists.
•“The Fighting Quaker”

Scheele
•Greatest of the Pharmacists-Chemists
•Made thousands of experiments, discovered
oxygen, chlorine, prussic acid, tartaric acid,
tungsten, molybdenum, glycerin, nitroglycerin and
countless other organic compounds that enter
into today’s daily life.

Craigie
•America’s First Apothecary General
•First man to hold the rank of a
commissioned pharmaceutical officer in an
American army.
•Procurement, storage, manufacture and
distribution.

Shakers
•First US industry in medicinal herbs carried on
by the United Society of Believers.
Daniel Smith
•First President of American Pharmaceutical
Association.

William Procter, Jr.
•The Father of American Pharmacy
Mithridates VI
•King of Pontus
•Found time to make not only the Art of
Poisoning, but also the art of preventing and
counteracting poisoning.

Friedrich Wilhelm Adam
Serturner
• Give the world opium’s chief narcotic principle.
• Reorganize and prove the importance of a new class
of organic substance.
Pierre Joseph Pelletier
Joseph-Bienairne Caventou
• Isolated emetine fro ipececuanha, strychnine and
brucine from nux vomica.
• Announced the methods for separation of quinine and
cinchonine from cinchona barks.

Stanislas Limousin
• Introduced to Pharmacy and Medicine the medicine
dropper, the system of coloring poisons and wafer
cachets.
Boehring and Roux
•Announced the effectiveness of diphtheria
and antitoxin.

Ernest Francois Auguste
Fourneau
•Developed new chemical compounds
specifically created to fight disease-causing
organism in the body.
•Work with bismuth and arsenic compounds
advanced the treatment of syphilis.
•Broke the German secret of a specific drug for
sleeping sickness
•Paved the way for the life saving sulfonamides
compounds

Pasteur
•Observed the first actions of antibiotics.
Alexander Fleming
•Discovered Penicillin in 1929 went undeveloped.
•Florey and Chain

Don Leon Ma. Guerrero
• First Filipino Registered Pharmacist
• First Filipino to study Pharmacy
Botica Boie
• First drugstore in the Philippines.
• An institution that served as a soda fountain and drug
company at the old Escolta.
• Dr. Lorenzo Negrao

Scope of Pharmacy Practice
and Roles of Pharmacists

Scope of Pharmacy Practice:
(a)Prepare, compound or manufacture, preserve, store,
distribute, procure, sell, or dispense, or both, any
pharmaceutical product or its raw materials; or
(b) Render services, such as clinical pharmacy services, drug
information services, regulatory services, pharmaceutical
marketing, medication management, or whenever the expertise
and technical knowledge of the pharmacist is required;

(c) Engage in teaching scientific, technical, or professional
pharmacy courses in a school or college of pharmacy;
(d) Dispense pharmaceutical products in situations where
supervision of dispensing of pharmaceutical products is required;
(e) Chemical, biological or microbiological analyses and assay of
pharmaceutical products, food/dietary supplements, health
supplements, and cosmetics;

(f) Physico-chemical analyses for medical devices used in aid of
administration of pharmaceutical products
(g) Administration of adult vaccines as approved by the Food and
Drug Administration (FDA): Provided, That they shall undergo the
training on the safe administration of adult vaccines and
management of adverse event following immunization (AEFI) for
pharmacists and hold a certificate of training issued by an
institution duly accredited by the Professional Regulation
Commission (PRC); Provided, Further, That the safe
administration of vaccines be part of the higher education
curriculum for pharmacists;

(h) Conduct or undertake scientific research in all aspects involving pharmaceutical products
and health care; or
(i) Provide other services where pharmaceutical knowledge is required.
NOTE: (a), (b), (c), (d) and (i) are exclusive to licensed pharmacists. nothing herein shall be
construed as requiring other persons carrying out only the activities under paragraphs (e), (f),
(g) and (h) to be licensed pharmacists, subject to any qualification that is imposed by other laws
with respect to such particular activity.
SOURCE: RA 10918, Philippine Pharmacy Act of 2018

Roles of Pharmacist
• Distribute drugs that have been prescribed by a
prescriber to patient.
• Advise patients and health care provider on the
selection, dosages, interactions and side effects of
medications.
• Acts as a learned intermediary between a prescriber
and a patient.
• Monitor the health and progress of patients ensure
the safe and effective use of medication.
• Practice compounding.

Pharmaceutical Care
•Involves taking direct responsibility for patient
and their disease states, medication and
management of each in order to improve the
outcome for each individual patient.
•Benefits:
• Decreased medication errors
• Increased patient compliance in medication
regimen
• Better chronic disease state management
• Strong pharmacist-patient relationship

Pharmaceutical Care:
Pharmacist Role
• Clinical medication management
• Assessment of patient with undiagnosed or diagnosed
conditions and for decisions about the clinical
medication management required.
• Specialized monitoring of disease states
• Reviewing medication regimens
• Monitoring of treatment regimens
• Delegating work
• General health monitoring

Pharmacist Role
• General health advice
• Providing specific education to patients about
disease states and medications
• Oversight of dispensing medicines on prescription
• Provision of non-prescription medicines
• Counseling and advice on optimal use of medicines
• Advice and treatment of common ailments
• Referrals to other health professional if necessary
• Dosing drugs in renal and hepatic failure

Pharmacist Role
•Pharmacokinetic evaluation
•Education of physician and other health care
providers on medications and their proper use
•Limited prescribing of medications only in
collaboration with other health care
professionals
•Providing pharmaceutical information
•Promoting public health by administering
immunization

Specialties in Pharmacy
Practice, Employments
Opportunities and Functions of
the Practicing Pharmacist

Community Pharmacy
Practice
•Community Pharmacist are found in variety of
locations, including department stores, shopping
centers, freestanding buildings, medical office
building and markets in different barangays,
towns, cities and provinces.
•Most accessible health-care professionals in the
Philippines.
•Provide safe, quality, effective and affordable
medicines to the patient and the customer.

Community Pharmacy
Practice
•Functions:
•Procure and maintain good inventory of
medicines from legitimate drug suppliers;
• Dispense manufactured drug product prescribe
by the doctors and/or chosen by the patient;
• Prepare compounded pharmaceuticals;
• Provide drug information;
• Advise patient on proper medication usage and
storage; and

Community Pharmacy Practice
•Pharmacist in community pharmacy practice
can work as a supervising pharmacist in an
existing drugstore or staff pharmacist,
supervising pharmacist or branch pharmacist
of the chain drugstores or be the owner of
his/her drugstores.

Hospital Pharmacy Practice
•Hospital Pharmacist in the hospital pharmacy
department within the hospital and are responsible
for providing medications for the inpatient and
outpatient to some extent.
• Tasks:
• Procurement of medicines from legitimate drug
suppliers
• Prepare the medication order for each inpatient
• Administration and management of the hospital
pharmacy department

Pharmacist in Industry
•Pharmacists are required by law in different
establishments such as pharmaceutical
manufacturer, trader and distributor.
•Hold Position of Pharmacist in the Industry:
• Sales
• Marketing
• Research and Development
• Production
• Quality Control
• Administration and Management

Pharmacist in Industry:
Sales
•Generally is regarded as one of the ways for the
pharmacist to get into the industry as sales
representatives.
•Professional service representative, professional
sales representatives, medical service
representatives or detail man.
•Provide the various professional audiences with
enough comprehensive information on a product to
encourage the product’s use, prescription or

Marketing
• Responsible for developing and implementing
marketing plans to promote the company’s product
to the appropriate target consumer/audiences.
•A degree in pharmacy is helpful but generally not
a requirement for a marketing position.

Research and Development
•Area of the industry in stimulating and challenging
and is suited especially to pharmacist with strong
scientific backgrounds.
•Pharmacist who work as clinical researcher are
engaged in R&D of new drugs or new dosage
forms or new therapeutic classification of existing
properties.

Production
•Pharmacist working in production often serve in
managerial position.
•Responsible for anticipating the company’s needs
and planning for the plant facilities, equipment and
personnel who will be needed to meet the
company’s production goals.
•They are also responsible for establishing and
administering manufacturing procedures and
controls to ensure the production of high-quality

Quality Control
• Establishes sampling and testing procedures to make
certain that each lot of a products meets both company
and FDA specifications.
• Ensures the potency, purity and dose-to-dose uniformity
of the product, in addition to the chemical, physical and
biological data; stability of the finished trade package;
and appropriate expiration dates.
• The QA department also checks for the quality and
quantity of the active ingredients, but also for the
uniformity and predictability of the non-active ingredients.

Administration and Management
•Help to make sure that each department of a
company function smoothly.
• Serve in staff functions, providing legal services,
representing the firm among its various audiences
or providing internal consultation on pharmacy
affairs to other managers who may not be
pharmacists.
• Disciplines, Hard work and dedication

Product Registration
•The different products of the company is
registered individually by the regulatory pharmacist
in the FDA.
•Regulatory Pharmacist prepares all the documents
submits it to FDA who in turn will evaluates and
approve the product for registration.

Pharmacists in Government
• Pharmacists can work in:
• Department of Health
• Food and Drug Administration
• Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
• National Bureau of Investigation
• Veterans and Army Hospital
• Government-funded Research institution
• Central Bank
• Government Hospitals
• Bureau of Customs

Pharmacists in Academe
•Pharmaceutical education offers excellent
opportunities for pharmacists with advanced
degrees in any of the professional specialties.
•Expanding enrollment in college to meet the
manpower needs of the future offers opportunities
for careers in college teaching.

Pharmaceutical Journalism
•Offers rewarding experiences to a limited
number of pharmacists with writing and
editing talent.

Clinical Pharmacy
•Patient-oriented pharmacy practice in patient care
unit setting in the hospital.
•Responsible not only for safe and appropriate use
of drugs on patients but also for the rational
selection, monitoring, dosing and control of
patients’ overall drug therapy program.
•A member of the healthcare team that visits the
patient during the rounds.
•Conducts drug utilization review, adverse drug

Ten Star Pharmacist
• Pharmaceutical Care Provider
• Pharmacists must provide caring services of the highest quality, and must
view their practice as integrated and continuous with those of the health care
system and other health professionals
• Decision-maker
• Pharmacists must also play a pivotal role in setting medicines policy both at
the local and national levels
• Pharmacist must possess the ability to evaluate, synthesize data and
information, and decide upon the most appropriate course of action

• Communicator
• Pharmacist should have complete knowledge about all the pharmaceuticals
with recent updates and be confident, while communicating with other
health care professional and community member
• Pharmacists must have effective patient communication skills and it may help
him/her to provide better pharmaceutical care to the community by
identifying the patient’s problem and requirements, ensuring the quality of
patient life

• Manager
• Pharmacists must have the ability to manage the natural and commercial
resources which include man power, physical and financial resources
• Pharmacist must assume greater responsibility for managing the drug label
information, ensure the quality of pharmaceuticals and maintain clinical
competency and function in patient care activities

• Life-long learner
• Pharmacists regularly update their knowledge and skills in order to keep up
with the current trends in issues-related to drug therapy management
• Continuing Professional Development
• “the lifelong process of active participation in learning activities that assists individuals in
developing and maintaining continuing competence, enhancing their professional
practice, and supporting achievement of their career goals”

• Teacher
• Pharmacist assist with the education and training of future generations of
pharmacists and the general public
• Leader
• Pharmacist plays a leadership role in the healthcare system to make decisions,
communicate, and manage effectively
• A leader is one who can create an idea/vision and motivate others team members to achieve
the vision
• A leader is a person who continually encourages constructive differences
• A leader is mission-driven without being egocentric
• Effective pharmacy leaders are experts in demonstrating and creating high-
performance pharmacy practices characterized by the high-quality patient care,
improved medication safety, and maximum productivity

• Researcher
• Entrepreneur
• Agent of Positive change

Pharmacy Education
 To become a pharmacist, a student must be proficient
in the application of knowledge about drugs based on
a system of formal pharmaceutical education.
 Education in pharmacy evolved from a entirely
apprenticeship training to the current extensive
collegiate education.

Pharmacy Education
 In the United States, a grade school plus 40-week
course was the requirement in 1904.
 In 1907, it was increased, to grade school plus 50
weeks to be finished in two years
 In 1908, one year of high school plus a two year
course as the requirement was changed to two years
of high school in 1918.

Pharmacy Education
 In the United States, a grade school plus 40-week course
was the requirement in 1904.
 In 1907, it was increased, to grade school plus 50 weeks to
be finished in two years
 In 1908, one year of high school plus a two year course as
the requirement was changed to two years of high school
in 1918.

Pharmacy Education
 The entrance to the pharmacy curriculum
prerequisite was raised to high school graduation plus
three years before the pharmacy graduate degree
could be given.
 Then four years in 1932 with the B.S. Pharmacy
degree, and five years in 1966 with the same degree.

Pharmacy Education
 Lately, US offers six-year programs leading to Doctor
of Pharmacy (Pharm. D)
 In the Philippines, the first course offered was leading
to the degree of Pharmaceutical Chemistry.
 Three-year course was extended to 4 years leading to
the degree Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy.

Pharmacy Education
 In 1965, The BS Pharmacy curse could be finished
after five years of study.
 In 1984, the B.S Pharmacy was reduced to four years.

Pharmacy Education
 At present, the different pharmacy programs offered
in the Philippines are as follows:
1. Four year B.S. Pharmacy (BSP)
2. Five-year B.S. Pharmacy (BSP)
3. Five year B S Pharmacy in Clinical Pharmacy
4. Five- Year B.S. Industrial Pharmacy
5. Six-year Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD)

Pharmacy Education
 At present, the different pharmacy programs offered in the
Philippines are as follows:
6. Two year post- baccalaureate degree leading to Doctor of
Pharmacy (Pharm.D)
7. Two year Master of Science in Pharmacy (MS Pharm)
8. Three Year Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmacy (PhD in
Pharmacy)

Overview of the Pharmacy
Curriculum
I. GENERAL EDUCATION COURSES 36 units
Core Courses 24 units
Understanding the Self with Peace Education 3
Purposive Communication 3
Mathematics in Modern World 3
Science, Technology & Society 3
Ethics 3
Art Appreciation 3
Readings in Philippine History with Indigenous People Studies 3
The Contemporary World 3
Elective Courses 9 units
Elective 1: Gender and Society 3
Elective 2: Entrepreneurial Mind 3
Elective 3: Great Books 3
Mandated: The Life and Works of Rizal 3 units

Curriculum
II. OTHER COURSES 14 UNITS
Physical Education 1: Physical Fitness 2
Physical Education 2: Rhythmic Activities 2
Physical Education 3: Individual/Dual Games 2
Physical Education 4: Team Sports and Games 2
National Service Training Program 1: Civic Welfare Training Service
3
National Service Training Program 2: NSTP w/ Peace Education
& Volunteerism Act Education 3

Curriculum
III. INSTITUTIONAL COURSE 24 UNITS
1. Theology 101: Salvation History & Old Testament 2
2. Theology 102: New Testament & Ecclesiology 2
3. Theology 103: Sacraments 2
4. Theology 104: Christian Commitments 2
5. Pharmacy Seminar 1 8
6. Pharmacy Seminar 2 8

Curriculum
IV. PROFESSIONAL COURSES 118 UNITS
Perspective in Pharmacy 2
Introduction to Health Care System 2
Introduction to Pharmacy Administration, Management & Leadership 2
Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy 4
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry (w/ Qualitative Analysis) 5
Human Anatomy & Physiology with Pathophysiology 4
Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry 5
Pharmaceutical Calculations & Techniques 3
Pharmaceutical Analysis 1 (Quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry) 4
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Drug Delivery System & Medical Devices 4

Curriculum
Pharmaceutical Biochemistry 4
Pharmaceutical Analysis 2 (Instrumental Analysis of Methods) 3
Physical Pharmacy 3
Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology 5
Complementary and Alternative Medicine 1
Pharmacy Informatics 2
Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Organic Chemistry 4
Pharmacognosy& Plant Chemistry 5
Dispensing 1 2
Pharmacology 1 4
Biopharmaceutics& Pharmacokinetics 3
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing 4

Curriculum
Dispensing II 3
Drug Discovery & Development 2
Pharmacology 2 4
Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutics 1 4
Pharmaceutical Research Methods with Statistics 3
Hospital Pharmacy 3
Health Technology Assessment and Health Policy 2
Social and Administrative Pharmacy 1
Pharmaceutical Marketing and Entrepreneurship (with Accounting) 2
Legal Pharmacy & Ethics 3
Pharmaceutical Toxicology 3
Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmaceutics 2 4
Public Health Pharmacy (w/ Pharmacoepidemiology) 3
Cosmetic Product Development 3
Pharmacy Research and Thesis Writing 3

Curriculum
INTERNSHIP COURSE 24 UNITS
Institutional 2.4
Public Health and Regulatory Pharmacy 3.6
Community 6.0
Hospital 6.0
Industry 6.0

SUMMARY OF 4-YR BSP COURSES
GENERAL EDUCATION 36
OTHER COURSES ` 14
INSTITUTIONAL COURSES 24
PROFESSIONAL COURSES 118
INTERNSHIP 24
TOTAL UNITS (4-YR BSP) 216
UNITS HOURS
Lecture courses 162 162
Laboratory courses 30 90
Internship courses 24 1200
Total Number of Units 216 1452
BREAKDOWN SUMMARY

Essential Pharmaceutical
Literatures
Unit 2

Introduction
• The practice of pharmacy has expressed tremendous
growth over the past decades.
• Innovations in pharmaceutical technology and
breakthrough in scientific and clinical research have
contributed to the many changes affecting the pharmacy
services.
• The pharmacist is in constant need of recent
information concerning drug pharmaceutical products
and even disease states.
• Pharmacist are beig asked daily to provide responses to

Types of Literature
•Primary Literatures
•Secondary Literatures
•Tertiary Literatures

Types of Literature:
Primary Literature
•Most current source of information.
•Provide details of research methodology and
scientific results that lead to therapeutic
conclusions.
•Commonly used when researching for a new
medication or new indication for a medication.
•Can be used when tertiary literature cannot
provide the answer.
•Disadvantage: Misleading conclusions

Primary Literature:
Periodicals
• Important as books but not necessarily the most popular
references sources.
• Advantage: reduction in time of lag between the
discovery of an idea and its publication.
• Classification of Periodicals
• Based on frequency of publication
• Based on sources
• Based on publisher
• Based on geographic distribution
• Based on scope

Periodicals: Classification of
Periodicals
•Based on frequency of publication
•Issues on weekly, monthly, quarterly
•Volume on annual basis
•Based on sources
•Primary periodicals-print only original research
•Secondary periodicals-print portion of original
research

Periodicals• Based on publisher
• Academic institution
• Professional or scientific institutions
• Government bodies
• Research institutes
• Commercial firm and an individual
• Based on geographic distribution
• Local, state, regional
• National
• International

Periodicals
•Based on scope
•Scientific periodicals
• Scholarly publications with original research report.
• Very high and manuscripts are accepted for
publications after being reviewed by experts in the
field.
•Professional periodicals
• May also publish results of original research but
they are less technically and scientifically oriented
than those reported in the scientific journal.

Secondary Literature
• Helps locate the primary literature.
• Consists of indexing and abstracting services of the
primary literature.
• Examples:
• Science Citation Index
• Harvey Witney Books
• International Pharmaceutical Abstract
• Biosis
• Embase
• The Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews

Tertiary Literature
•Most commonly used sources of information
because they are easy to use, convenient,
concise and compact.
•Used to refresh knowledge or learn about a
subject and background information regarding the
disease or treatment.
•Encyclopedia, Dictionaries, Handbooks,
Directories, Yearbooks, Monograph, Textbooks.

Tertiary Literature
•PDA Applications
• Small to fit in the hand, making them versatile tools
for looking up information on drugs and disease,
finding diagnostic aids and checking literature
references on pharmacy and medical topics.
•Examples:
• ePocrate RX – www2.epocrates.com
• Lexi-Complete www.lexi.com/web/index.jsp
• MobileMicrodex

Tertiary Literature
• ePocrates RX
• Gives a daily update; it includes health comprehensive drug
information, alternative medicine
• Lexi-Complete
• A comprehensive source of drug information and health
information
• MobileMicromedex
• Provides reliable, unbiased clinical information to help support

Tertiary Literature
•Internet Source
• Mims (http://mims.com)
• Drugs.com (http://www.drugs.com/ppa/)
• WebMD (http://www.webmd.com/)
• Medscape (http://medscape.com/)
• Facts and Comparison
(http://factsandcomparisons.com/)
• Mayo clinic (http://www.mayoclinic.org)

Tertiary Literature
•Mims
• It is a complete and up-to-date information source on
available products, delivering critical information
needed at every point of care.
•Drugs.com
• Simply provides a free drug-information service to
help the pharmacists better understand how medicine
works, their uses, side effects and potential to
interact with other medicines
•Facts and Comparison

Tertiary Literature
• WebMD
• Came from different fields of expertise in medicine, journalism,
health communication and content creation to bring the best
health information possible.
• Offers in-depth medical news, features, reference material and
online community programs.
• Medscape
• Contains original, professional medical content, including
review articles, journal commentary, expert columns, patient
education articles and book reviews.
• Mayo clinic

Professional Licensure Exam
Qualifications for the Licensure Examination.
(a) A citizen of the Philippines or of a foreign country which has a law or
policy on reciprocity for the practice of the pharmacy profession;
(b) Of good moral character and reputation;
(c) A degree holder of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy or its equivalent
degree conferred by an HEI in the Philippines or an institution of
learning in a foreign country duly recognized by the CHED; and
(d) Has completed an internship program approved by the Board,
pursuant to such guidelines as may hereinafter be promulgated, in
consultation with the duly recognized associations of pharmacy schools
and the CHED.

Scope of Examination
The Pharmacists’ Licensure Examination shall cover the following :
• Subjects on Pharmacy Science and Practice
• Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry
• Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Qualitative and Quantitative Pharmaceutical
Chemistry
• Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry
• Pharmaceutical Biochemistry
• Microbiology and Parasitology
• Physical Pharmacy and Biopharmaceutics

Scope of Examination
The Pharmacists’ Licensure Examination shall cover the following :
• Pharmacology and Toxicology
• Manufacturing
• Quality Assurance and Instrumentation
• Pharmaceutical Calculations
• Drug Delivery Systems
• Hospital Pharmacy
• Clinical Pharmacy
• Dispensing and Medication Counseling
• Pharmaceutical Administration and Management, Public Health, Legal Pharmacy, and
Ethics.

Holding of Examination
- The Pharmacists’ Licensure Examination shall be given two (2)
times a year in places and dates as the PRC may designate in the
Resolution providing for the master schedule of all licensure
examinations pursuant to Section 7(d) of Republic Act No. 8981.

Ratings in the Licensure
Examination
In order to be registered and licensed as a pharmacist, a candidate must obtain
a general weighted average of seventy-five percent (75%), with no rating lower than
fifty percent (50%) in any of the subjects.
An applicant who failed in the licensure examination for the third (3rd) time shall
not be allowed to take the next succeeding examinations without having undertaken a
refresher program in a duly accredited institution. The Board shall issue guidelines on
the refresher program requirement

Report of Rating
The Board shall submit to the PRC the ratings obtained by each candidate
within three (3) working days after the last day of the examination, unless extended
for just cause.Upon the release of the results of the examination, the PRC shall send
by mail the rating obtained by each examinee at the given address using the mailing
envelope submitted during the examination.

Continuing Professional Development
refers to the inculcation of advanced knowledge, skills, and
ethical values in a post-licensure specialized or in an inter- or
multidisciplinary field of study for assimilation into professional practice,
self-directed research, and/or lifelong learning;

Pharmacy Practice Setting
Requirements

Legal control of Pharmacy
Profession in the Philippines
•Regulated by the law of the country.
•To practice pharmacy, a pharmacist must be a
registered pharmacist in the country.
•Administration of pharmacy examination and the
granting of registration to practice pharmacy are
authorities vested in the Board of Pharmacy
which is under the Professional Regulation
Commission.

Legal control of Pharmacy
Profession in the Philippines
•Laws governing the practice of pharmacy relative
to drugs in the Philippines.
• RA 5921
• RA 10918
• RA 3720
• RA 6675
• RA 8203
• RA 9165
• RA 9502
• RA 9711

RA 5921
•Known as The Pharmacy Law
•An act regulating the practice of pharmacy and
setting standards of pharmaceutical education in
the Philippines and for other purposes.
•Signed into law on June 23, 1969
•Subsequent amendments through presidential
decrees:
• PD 1363
• PD 1926

Pharmacy Law
•Objectives of the law:
• The standardization and regulations of pharmaceutical
education
• The examination for registration of graduates of
school of pharmacy in the Philippines
• The supervision, control and regulation of the practice
of pharmacy in the Philippines
•The Council of Pharmaceutical Education and the
Board of Pharmacy were created to take care of

Pharmacy Law
• Qualification of Board Members:
• A natural born citizen of the Philippines;
• A duly registered pharmacist and has been in their
practice for at least ten years;
• Of good moral character and of recognized standing in
the pharmaceutical profession;
• At the time of appointment, not a member of the
faculty of any school, college or university offering
courses in pharmacy or college of pharmacy;
• A member of good standing of any bona fide national
pharmaceutical association of the Philippines.

Pharmacy Law
• Qualifications of the candidate for board examination in
pharmacy:
• Must be a citizen of the Philippines.
• Must be of good moral character.
• Must have completed an internship of at least 960 hours.
• Must have graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Science
from an accredited school.
• The law stipulates that no person shall engage in the
practice of pharmacy in the Philippines unless he/she:
• Is at least 21 years of age
• Has satisfactorily passed the corresponding examination given

RA 10918: The Philippine
Pharmacy Act

RA 10918
• Known as the Philippine Pharmacy Act
• An act regulating and modernizing the practice of
Pharmacy in the Philippines, repealing for the
purpose republic act numbered 5921, otherwise
known as Pharmacy Law.
• Signed into law on July 21, 2016
• State the recognizes the vital role of pharmacist in
the delivery of quality health care services through
the provision of safe, effective and quality
pharmaceutical products, pharmaceutical care, drug

Philippine Pharmacy Act
•Objectives:
• Standardization and regulation of pharmacy education;
• Administration of licensure examination, registration
and licensing of pharmacists;
• Supervision, control and regulation of the practice of
pharmacy in the Philippines;
• Development and enhancement of professional
competence of pharmacists through continuing
professional development, research and related
activities;

• Qualifications of the Chairperson and Members of the
Board:
• A citizen of the Philippines and a resident for at least 5 years;
• A duly registered and licensed pharmacist in the Philippines,
preferably a holder of a masteral degree in Pharmacy, or its
equivalent;
• Have been in the active practice of pharmacy for the past ten
years;
• Have not been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude;
• Be a member in a good standing of the APO for at least five
years, but not an officer or trustees thereof; and

Pharmacy Law vs Philippine
Pharmacy Act
Qualification of Board Member• A natural born citizen of the
Philippines;
• A duly registered pharmacist
and has been in their practice
for at least ten years;
• Of good moral character and of
recognized standing in the
pharmaceutical profession;
• At the time of appointment, not
a member of the faculty of any
school, college or university
offering courses in pharmacy or
college of pharmacy;
• A member of good standing of
any bona fide national
• A citizen of the Philippines and a resident
for at least 5 years;
• A duly registered and licensed pharmacist
in the Philippines, preferably a holder of a
masteral degree in Pharmacy, or its
equivalent;
• Have been in the active practice of
pharmacy for the past ten years;
• Have not been convicted of a crime
involving moral turpitude;
• Be a member in a good standing of the
APO for at least five years, but not an
officer or trustees thereof; and
• At the time of appointment, must neither
be a member of the faculty nor an
administrative officer of any school,
college, or university offering degree

• Qualifications for Licensure Examination:
• A citizen of the Philippines or of a foreign country which has
a law or policy on reciprocity for the practice of pharmacy
profession;
• Of good moral character and reputation;
• A degree holder of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy or its
equivalent degree conferred by HEI in the Philippines or an
institution of learning in a foreign country duly registered by
the CHED;
• Has completed an internship program approved by the Board,
pursuant to such guidelines as many hereinafter be
promulgated, in consultation with the duly recognized

Pharmacy Law vs Philippine
Pharmacy Act
Candidate for Board Examination• Must be a citizen of the
Philippines.
• Must be of good moral
character.
• Must have completed an
internship of at least 960
hours.
• Must have graduated
with the degree of
Bachelor of Science from
an accredited school.
• A citizen of the Philippines or of a
foreign country which has a law or
policy on reciprocity for the practice of
pharmacy profession;
• Of good moral character and
reputation;
• A degree holder of Bachelor of
Science in Pharmacy or its equivalent
degree conferred by HEI in the
Philippines or an institution of learning
in a foreign country duly registered by
the CHED;
• Has completed an internship program
approved by the Board, pursuant to
such guidelines as many hereinafter

Scope of Pharmacist Licensure
Examination
•Module 1
•Module 2
•Module 3
•Module 4
•Module 5
•Module 6

RA 3720: Food, Drug,
Devices and Cosmetics
Act

RA 3270
•Known as Foods, Drugs, Devices and Cosmetics
Act.
•This is an act to ensure the safety and purity of
foods and cosmetics, and the purity, safety,
efficacy and quality of drugs and devices being
made available to the public vesting the Bureau
of Food and Drugs with authority to administer
and enforce the laws pertaining thereto.
•Made into law on June 22, 1963 and was

Food, Drugs, Devices and
Cosmetics Act
• The law also stipulates that the Department of Health
shall, in accordance with the provision of this act:
• Establish standards and quality measures for foods, drugs
and devices and cosmetics.
• Adopt measures to ensure pure and safe supply of foods and
cosmetics, and pure, safe, efficacious and good quality of
drugs and devices in the country.
• Adopt measures to ensure the rational use of drugs and
devices such as, but not limited to banning, recalling or
withdrawing from the market drugs and devices which are not
registered, unsafe, inefficacious or of doubtful therapeutic
value, the adoption of an official National Drug Formula and

RA 6675
•Known as the Generics act of 1988.
•It was signed into law on September 13, 1988.
•An act to promote, require and ensure the
production of an adequate supply, distribution, use
and acceptance of drugs and medicines identified
by their generic names.

Generics Act of 1988
•Declares the policy of the state:
• To promote, encourage, and require the use of
generic terminology in the importation, manufacture,
distribution, marketing, advertising and promotion,
prescription and dispensing of drugs.
• To ensure the adequate supply of drugs with generic
names at the lowest possible cost of endeavor to
make them available for free to indigent patients.
• To encourage the extensive use of drugs with generic
names though a rational system of procurement and
distribution

Generics Act of 1988
•Declares the policy of the state:
•To emphasize the scientific basis for the use of
drugs in order that health professionals may
become more aware and knowing of their
therapeutic effectiveness.
•To promote drug safety by minimizing
duplication in medications and/or of drugs with
potentially adverse drug interactions.

RA 8203: Special Law on
Counterfeit Drugs

RA 8203
•Known as the Special Law on Counterfeit Drugs.
•It is an act prohibiting counterfeit drugs, providing
penalties for violations and appropriating funds.
•The Bureau of Food and Drugs of the Department
of Heath is authorized to administer and supervise
the implementation of this act was approved on
September 4, 1966.

RA 9165: The
Comprehensive
Dangerous Drug Act of
2002

RA 9165
•Known as The Comprehensive Dangerous
Drugs Act of 2002.
•It is an act instituting the Comprehensive
Dangerous Drugs of 2002 repealing Republic
Act No. 6425, otherwise known as Dangerous
Drug Act of 1972.

The Comprehensive
Dangerous Drug Act of 2002
• Clearly identifies:
• The drugs classified as dangerous drugs, controlled precursors
and essential chemicals
• The unlawful acts and penalties
• The participation of the family, students, teachers and school
authorities in the enforcement of this act.
• The participation of different government agencies and private
sectors in the enforcement of this act.
• The programs for treatment and rehabilitation of drug
dependent.
• The role and responsibilities of the Dangerous Drug Board and

S-license
•S1
•S2
•S3
•S4
•S5-C
•S5-D
•S5-E
•S5-I
•S6

Most commonly used Dangerous
Drug in the Philippines:
• Ergotamine
• Diazepam
• Ephedrine Sulfate
• Fentanyl Citrate
• Midazolam
• Morphine Sulfate
• Nalbuphine HCl
• Oxycodone
• Pethidine HCl
• Pentobarbital
• Phenobarbital
• Ketamine
• Alprazolam
• Bromazepam
• Clonazepam
• Zolpidem

RA 9502: Universally
Accessible Cheaper and
Quality Medicine Act of 2008

RA 9502
•Known as Universally Accessible Cheaper and
Quality Medicine Act of 2008.
•It is an act providing for cheaper and quality
medicines, amending for the purpose of RA No.
8293 or the Intellectual Property Code, Republic
Act No. 6675 or The Generics Act of 1988 and
Republic Act No. 5921 or The Pharmacy Law.

RA 9711: Food and Drug
Administration Act

Food and Drug Administration
Act
•An act strengthening and rationalizing the
regulatory capacity of the Bureau of Food and
Drugs by establishing adequate testing laboratories
and field offices, upgrading its equipment,
augmenting its human resource complement,
giving authority to retain its income, renaming it
the Food and Drug Administration, amending
certain sections of RA No. 3720, as amended and
appropriating funds thereof.
•Approved date: August 18, 2009

Act
•Objectives:
• To enhance and strengthen the administrative and
technical capacity of the FDA in the regulation of
establishments and products under its jurisdiction;
• To ensure the FDA’s monitoring and regulatory
coverage over establishments and products under its
jurisdiction; and
• To provide coherence in the FDA’s regulatory system
for establishments and products under its jurisdiction.

Act
•Centers and Offices:
•Center for Drug Regulation and Research
• Center for Food Regulation and Research
• Center for Cosmetic Regulation and Research
• Center for Device Regulation, Radiation Health
and Research.

Ethical Control of the
Pharmacy Profession

Professional Ethics
•Used to denote the set of ethical
principles perceived only by the
professionals themselves to be
appropriate for their professional
behavior.

Importance of Code of Ethics
•Code of ethic makes the decision-making process
more efficient.
•Individual professionals may occasionally need
guidelines for directing their professional behavior.
•Professional ethics establish a pattern of a
behavior that clients come to expect from
members of the profession.

Professional Characteristics:
•Possession of specialized body of knowledge
which enables the practitioner to perform a highly
useful social function;
•Possession of a set of specific attitudes that
influence professional behavior;
•Existence of social sanction;
•Desire to be professional and
•Presence of an oath of allegiance and a code of
ethics.

Universal Principles of
Biomedical Ethics
•Autonomy
•Veracity
•Beneficence
•Nonmaleficence
•Confidentiality
•Justice
•Role Fidelity
•Informed Consent

Biomedical Ethics:
Autonomy
•A form of personal liberty, where the individual is
free to choose and implements one’s own
decisions, free from deceit, duress, constraint or
coercion.
•Three basic elements involved in the process:
• Ability to decide
• The power to act upon your decisions
• Respect for the individual autonomy of others

Biomedical Ethics:
Veracity
•Binds both the practitioner and the patient in an
association of truth.
•The patient must tell the truth in order that
appropriate care can be provided.
•The practitioner needs to disclose factual
information so that the patient can exercise
personal autonomy.

Biomedical Ethics:
Beneficence
• Acts of mercy and charity or any action that
benefits another to apply measures for the benefit
of the sick.
• One ought to prevent evil or harm
• One ought to remove evil or harm
• One ought to do or promote good

Biomedical Ethics:
Nonmaleficence
•Means never to use treatment to injure or wrong
the sick. The practitioner works to maximize the
good for the patient and to minimize harm.

Biomedical Ethics:
Confidentiality
•An important aspect of trust that patients
place in health care professionals.

Biomedical Ethics:
Justice
• The concept of fairness, just and entitlements.
• In a society, we require procedural justice or due
process in cases of disputes between individuals.
• In health care we deal with distributive justice:
• To each, an equal share
• To each, according to need
• To each, according to effort
• To each, according to contribution
• To each, according to merit
• To each, according to ability to pay

Biomedical Ethics:
Role Fidelity
•Means that the practitioner practice faithfully within
the constraints of the role.
•Requires that the health care professionals act in
such a way as to demonstrate loyalty to their
patients.
•A type of bond or promise is established between
the practitioner and the patient.

Biomedical Ethics:
Informed Consent
• Rule of informed consent directs that patients
must be fully informed about the benefits and
risks of participating in a clinical trials, taking a
medication, or electing to have surgery.
• It is always obtained through a written form in
situations such as clinical research and surgery.

Patient’s Right
•Patients can expect that clinicians will employ their
knowledge and experience in caring for them.
•Patients expect that health care providers will
respond to their wishers about their treatment.
•Patients generally choose their own physician,
pharmacy and hospital

Patient’s Right
•Patients are allowed to choose from multiple
options for treatment.
•Patients must give their approval through the
process of informed consent prior to the initiation
of care.
•Patients also have a right to treatment that is both
safe and effective within given parameters.

Code of Ethics for the
Pharmaceutical Profession
• A pharmacists places the well being of patient at the
center of professional practice.
• A pharmacist promotes the welfare of each individual in
a caring and compassionate manner.
• A pharmacist serves the needs of the individual,
community and society and provides health for all.
• A pharmacists respects the rights of patient and upholds
confidentially of patient records.
• A pharmacist act with honesty, integrity, and professional
in relationship with the patient and other health

Code of Ethics for the
Pharmaceutical Profession
• A pharmacist respect the abilities, values and
contributions of colleagues and other health
professionals and work with them closely to ensure
better patient care.
• A pharmacist is committed to a continuously
enhance professional competence.
• A pharmacist, in coordination with the government
and the other health professionals, helps in the
formulation and implementation of health care

Pharmaceutical Organizations
• Different organizations were established on either
on:
1. International Level
2. National Level
3. Local Level
4. Field of Specialization

Philippine Pharmacist
Association
• Is the National organization of pharmacists
accredited by the Professional Regulation
Commission.
• Registered with the Securities and Exchange
Commission.
• In 2008 the Philippine Pharmaceutical Association
was changed to Philippine Pharmacists Association
• Organized on August 20, 1920, as the first
national pharmaceutical organization

9 AFFILIATE ORGANIZATIONS
UNDER PPHA
• PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF
PHARMACIST IN
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
• PHILIPPINE SOCIETY OF
HOSPITAL PHARMACISTS
• PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF
COLLEGES OF PHARMACY
• DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH-
LEAGUE OF PHARMACISTS
• COMMUNITY PHARMACISTS
ASSOCIATION OF THE
PHILIPPINES
• INDUSTRIAL PHARMACISTS
• Federation of Junior Chapter-
Philippine Pharmacist’s Association
• Young Pharmacists Group
Philippines
• Philippine Association of Pharmacists
in Veterinary Industry

Philippine Association of
Pharmacists in Pharmaceutical
Industry (PAPPI)
• Professional association working in the industry or
manufacturing firms
• Established in 1986
Philippine Society of Hospital
Pharmacists
• Professional association of licensed pharmacists
working in government and pivte hospitals as a
hospital pharmacists.
• Founded in 1962

Philippine Association of Colleges
of Pharmacy
• An association of duly government-recognized
colleges of pharmacy in the Philippines
represented by Deans who are the regular
member.
• Associate members are composed of licensed
pharmacists who are faculty members of duly
recognized colleges of pharmacy
• Pharmacy students are auxiliary members
• Established in 1965.

Department of Health League
of Pharmacists
• An organization of pharmacists from the different
fields of the Department of Health
• Organized on July 14, 1962 by Pharmacy Adviser
to the Secretary of Health

Community Pharmacists Association
of the Philippines
• National professional organization of community
pharmacists
• Was founded on December 10, 1993

Industrial Pharmacists Associations
of the Philippines
• Composed of the industrial/corporate pharmacists
from the medical services department of various
private and government institutions
• Established in April 4, 2004

Philippine Association of
Pharmacists in Veterinary
Industry• Professional group of registered pharmacists in the
veterinary industry committed to its role in dealing
with veterinary drugs and products in relation to
supply,chain, uality control, sales, marketing and
regulatory aspects.

Federation of Junior Chapters of
the Philippine Pharmacists
Association
• Composed of Pharmacy student officers from
different schools of duly recognized colleges of
Pharmacy.
Young Pharmacists Group
•Bring together young professions and encourages
them to act as a critical and innovative force.

Drugstore Association of the
Philippines
• An organization of drugstore owners established in
1984.Pharmaceutical Healthcare
Association of the Philippines of the
Philippines•An association composed of local and multinational
pharmaceutical manufacturers, traders, distributors
and retailers.

Asian Association of Schools
of Pharmacy
• An international organization of Asian Schools of
Pharmacy
• It conducts biennial congress in different Asian
Countries
• Established on April 27, 2001 in Bangkok,
Thailand.

Asian Conference on Clinical
Pharmacy
• Original name is the East Asia Conference on
Developing Clinical Pharmacy Practice and
Education of EACDCPPE
• Came from Asian pharmacists who were looking
for a practical conference in which they could
exchange and share ideas on the concept of
clinical pharmacy

Federacion Internatioale
Pharmaceutique
• An international pharmaceutical federation. It aims
to promote and defend the interest of the
profession world-wide

Prelim presentation ITP

In this document