The document discusses machine instruction sets and their design. It covers the following key points:
- Machine instructions specify the operations the processor executes. The collection of instructions is called the instruction set.
- Instructions contain fields like operation codes, source/destination operands, and next instruction references.
- Instruction formats vary in the number of addresses/operands per instruction, from zero to three or more. More addresses generally means more complex instructions but simpler programs.
- Common instruction types include arithmetic, logic, memory, test, and branch instructions. Instruction design involves balancing programmer needs with processor implementation.
The document discusses machine instruction characteristics and instruction sets. It begins by describing the typical elements of a machine instruction, which include an operation code, source operand reference(s), result operand reference, and next instruction reference. It then discusses the types of locations that can hold operands, including memory, registers, immediate values, and I/O devices. The document provides examples of instructions with different numbers of addresses (zero, one, two, and three addresses) and how programs can be written using each type. Overall, the document provides an overview of the essential components of machine instructions and instruction sets.
This document discusses computer instructions and addressing modes. It defines an instruction as consisting of an opcode and address. Common instructions like LOAD, STORE, ADD, and SUB are described. Addressing modes like immediate, direct, indirect, register, and displacement are explained with diagrams. Factors that influence instruction set design like instruction length, encoding schemes, and addressing modes are covered at a high level. The goal is to optimize for speed of fetching and decoding instructions while supporting required functionality.
Instruction sets determine the operations a computer can perform. They include operation codes that specify actions and addresses or operands that indicate what data is used. There are different addressing modes like direct and indirect that specify how operands are accessed. Instructions also have formats like one, two, or three addresses depending on how many operands they include. The basic types of instructions perform data transfer, arithmetic/logic operations, and input/output. An instruction cycle fetches, decodes, and executes each instruction in a repeated process.
This document discusses machine instruction characteristics and elements. It provides details on:
- Machine instructions contain operation codes that specify operations, and may involve source and result operands located in registers, memory, I/O devices, or as immediate values.
- Common instruction types include data processing, data storage, data movement, and control instructions.
- Operands can be numbers, characters, or logical data. Common operations include data transfer, arithmetic, logical, conversion, I/O, system control, and transfer of control.
- Assembly language provides symbolic names for instructions and operands for easier programming compared to binary machine code. Addressing modes specify locations of operands and include register, immediate, direct memory, direct
An instruction code consists of an operation code and operand(s) that specify the operation to perform and data to use. Operation codes are binary codes that define operations like addition, subtraction, etc. Early computers stored programs and data in separate memory sections and used a single accumulator register. Modern computers have multiple registers for temporary storage and performing operations faster than using only memory. Computer instructions encode an operation code and operand fields to specify the basic operations to perform on data stored in registers or memory.
The document discusses different addressing modes used in computer instructions. It describes 10 addressing modes including implied, immediate, register direct, register indirect, auto-increment/decrement, direct, indirect, relative, indexed, and base register modes. It explains how each mode specifies the location of operands and gives examples. Addressing modes allow versatility in programming by enabling features like pointers, loop counters, data indexing, and program relocation while reducing the number of bits in instruction addresses.
The document discusses machine instruction characteristics and instruction sets. It begins by describing the typical elements of a machine instruction, which include an operation code, source operand reference(s), result operand reference, and next instruction reference. It then discusses the types of locations that can hold operands, including memory, registers, immediate values, and I/O devices. The document provides examples of instructions with different numbers of addresses (zero, one, two, and three addresses) and how programs can be written using each type. Overall, the document provides an overview of the essential components of machine instructions and instruction sets.
This document discusses computer instructions and addressing modes. It defines an instruction as consisting of an opcode and address. Common instructions like LOAD, STORE, ADD, and SUB are described. Addressing modes like immediate, direct, indirect, register, and displacement are explained with diagrams. Factors that influence instruction set design like instruction length, encoding schemes, and addressing modes are covered at a high level. The goal is to optimize for speed of fetching and decoding instructions while supporting required functionality.
Instruction sets determine the operations a computer can perform. They include operation codes that specify actions and addresses or operands that indicate what data is used. There are different addressing modes like direct and indirect that specify how operands are accessed. Instructions also have formats like one, two, or three addresses depending on how many operands they include. The basic types of instructions perform data transfer, arithmetic/logic operations, and input/output. An instruction cycle fetches, decodes, and executes each instruction in a repeated process.
This document discusses machine instruction characteristics and elements. It provides details on:
- Machine instructions contain operation codes that specify operations, and may involve source and result operands located in registers, memory, I/O devices, or as immediate values.
- Common instruction types include data processing, data storage, data movement, and control instructions.
- Operands can be numbers, characters, or logical data. Common operations include data transfer, arithmetic, logical, conversion, I/O, system control, and transfer of control.
- Assembly language provides symbolic names for instructions and operands for easier programming compared to binary machine code. Addressing modes specify locations of operands and include register, immediate, direct memory, direct
An instruction code consists of an operation code and operand(s) that specify the operation to perform and data to use. Operation codes are binary codes that define operations like addition, subtraction, etc. Early computers stored programs and data in separate memory sections and used a single accumulator register. Modern computers have multiple registers for temporary storage and performing operations faster than using only memory. Computer instructions encode an operation code and operand fields to specify the basic operations to perform on data stored in registers or memory.
The document discusses different addressing modes used in computer instructions. It describes 10 addressing modes including implied, immediate, register direct, register indirect, auto-increment/decrement, direct, indirect, relative, indexed, and base register modes. It explains how each mode specifies the location of operands and gives examples. Addressing modes allow versatility in programming by enabling features like pointers, loop counters, data indexing, and program relocation while reducing the number of bits in instruction addresses.
The document discusses various addressing modes in computer architecture including:
- Implied mode which specifies operands implicitly without an address field.
- Immediate mode which contains the actual operand rather than an address.
- Register mode which specifies operands in processor registers.
- Register indirect mode where a register contains the address of an operand in memory.
- Autoincrement/autodecrement mode which automatically increments/decrements a register after/before accessing an operand.
The document discusses addressing modes in computers. It defines addressing modes as the different ways of specifying the location of an operand in an instruction. It describes 10 common addressing modes including implied, immediate, register, register indirect, auto increment/decrement, direct, indirect, relative, indexed, and base register addressing modes. It provides examples of instructions for each addressing mode and explains how the effective address is calculated. Addressing modes allow for versatility in programming through features like pointers, loop counters, data indexing, and program relocation while reducing the number of bits needed in instruction addresses.
The document discusses addressing modes in computers. It defines addressing modes as the different ways of specifying the location of an operand in an instruction. It then describes 10 common addressing modes: implied, immediate, register, register indirect, autoincrement/autodecrement, direct, indirect, relative, indexed, and base register. Each mode is explained with an example to illustrate how the effective address is calculated. Addressing modes provide versatility for programming by enabling features like pointers, loop counters, data indexing, and program relocation while reducing the number of bits needed in instruction addresses.
The document discusses addressing modes in computers. There are 10 common addressing modes: implied, immediate, register, register indirect, autoincrement/autodecrement, direct, indirect, relative, indexed, and base register. Addressing modes specify the location of operands in instructions and allow versatility in programming through pointers, loop counters, data indexing, program relocation, and reducing instruction size. The control unit fetches, decodes, and executes instructions based on the program counter, which tracks the next instruction address.
This lecture provides a detailed look at instruction set architectures (ISAs). It discusses instruction formats, including the number of operands, operand locations and types. It also covers addressing modes like immediate, direct, register, indirect and indexed. Additionally, it examines different approaches to storing data like stack, accumulator and general purpose register architectures. The lecture concludes by discussing instruction-level pipelining and examples of ISAs like Intel, MIPS and Java Virtual Machine.
The document discusses instruction sets and their components. It defines an instruction set as the list of instructions available for the CPU, which are encoded in binary machine language or assembly language mnemonics. Each instruction contains an operation code and may include source and destination operand references. Instruction formats can vary in the number of operands from zero to three addresses. Instruction length, encoding techniques, and types of instructions like data transfer, arithmetic, and control instructions are also covered.
The document discusses computer instruction formats and addressing modes. It provides details on:
- Instruction codes contain operation codes and addresses to specify operations and memory/register locations.
- There are two addressing modes - direct addressing uses the operand's address while indirect uses a pointer.
- A basic instruction format has 12 bits for the address, 1 bit for the mode, and 3 bits for the operation code.
- An instruction cycle has four phases - fetch, decode, read effective address, and execute the instruction.
The document discusses different addressing modes used in computer instructions. It explains that the addressing mode specifies how the operands are chosen during program execution. Some key addressing modes are direct, indirect, register, register indirect, and relative addressing. The addressing mode determines the effective address, which is the actual memory location of the operand.
Computer architecture deals with the functional behavior and requirements of a computer system, while computer organization describes how the architectural specifications are physically implemented. Computer architecture comes before organization in the design process. Organization implements the architectural specifications through structural elements like circuit design and peripherals. Some key aspects of computer organization include the CPU functional units, instruction formats and addressing modes, and types of instructions based on register organization.
(246431835) instruction set principles (2) (1)Alveena Saleem
The document discusses instruction set architecture principles including what an instruction set is, how instructions are represented and classified, and different types of instruction sets. It covers topics like register-based machines, addressing modes, common instruction types, and how the instruction set affects compiler design and register allocation.
The document discusses various aspects of the ARM-7 architecture including its addressing modes, instruction set, and data processing instructions. It describes 9 different addressing modes including immediate, absolute, indirect, register, register indirect, base plus offset, base plus index, base plus scaled index, and stack addressing. It also provides details about the ARM instruction set, Thumb instruction set, and I/O system. Examples are given to illustrate different instructions such as MOV, SUB, ORR, CMP, MUL, branch instructions, LDR, STR, and SWI.
A computer instruction is a binary code that specifies a sequence of micro operations for the computer.
Instruction codes together with data are stored in memory.
The computer reads each instruction from memory and places it in a control register.
The control unit then interprets the binary code of the instruction and proceeds to execute it by issuing a sequence of micro operations.
The document provides information about a class presentation on bus structures. It discusses parallel and serial communication, synchronous and asynchronous buses, basic protocol concepts, and bus arbitration. Specifically, it defines parallel and serial communication, explains the differences between synchronous and asynchronous buses, describes the basic components of a bus transaction including requests and data transfer, and outlines different approaches to bus arbitration including daisy chain, centralized parallel arbitration, and polling. The presentation aims to provide both a review of key bus topics and a practical exposure to the concepts through examples and diagrams.
This document discusses different instruction formats used in computer systems. It describes zero-address, one-address, two-address, and three-address instruction formats. Zero-address instructions do not have operand fields and use implicit addressing. One-address instructions use an implied accumulator register. Two-address instructions commonly have two operand address fields. Three-address instructions require three operand address fields. Each format has advantages like simplicity or allowing complex operations, and disadvantages like limited functionality or requiring more memory.
The document discusses addressing modes in computers. It defines an addressing mode as a rule for interpreting or modifying the address field of an instruction before referencing the operand. There are several addressing modes including direct, indirect, relative, indexed, register, register indirect, auto increment, and auto decrement modes. The addressing mode determines how the effective address of the operand is obtained from the instruction's address field or other registers for the operation to be performed.
This document provides an overview of various types of registers used in microprocessors. It discusses system registers, status registers, pointer registers, index registers, hardware registers, instruction registers, control registers, memory management registers, segment registers, shift registers, stack registers, test registers, task registers, accumulator registers, EFLAGS registers, base address registers, and other specialized registers. The document aims to describe the purpose and function of different categories of registers within microprocessors.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
The document discusses various addressing modes in computer architecture including:
- Implied mode which specifies operands implicitly without an address field.
- Immediate mode which contains the actual operand rather than an address.
- Register mode which specifies operands in processor registers.
- Register indirect mode where a register contains the address of an operand in memory.
- Autoincrement/autodecrement mode which automatically increments/decrements a register after/before accessing an operand.
The document discusses addressing modes in computers. It defines addressing modes as the different ways of specifying the location of an operand in an instruction. It describes 10 common addressing modes including implied, immediate, register, register indirect, auto increment/decrement, direct, indirect, relative, indexed, and base register addressing modes. It provides examples of instructions for each addressing mode and explains how the effective address is calculated. Addressing modes allow for versatility in programming through features like pointers, loop counters, data indexing, and program relocation while reducing the number of bits needed in instruction addresses.
The document discusses addressing modes in computers. It defines addressing modes as the different ways of specifying the location of an operand in an instruction. It then describes 10 common addressing modes: implied, immediate, register, register indirect, autoincrement/autodecrement, direct, indirect, relative, indexed, and base register. Each mode is explained with an example to illustrate how the effective address is calculated. Addressing modes provide versatility for programming by enabling features like pointers, loop counters, data indexing, and program relocation while reducing the number of bits needed in instruction addresses.
The document discusses addressing modes in computers. There are 10 common addressing modes: implied, immediate, register, register indirect, autoincrement/autodecrement, direct, indirect, relative, indexed, and base register. Addressing modes specify the location of operands in instructions and allow versatility in programming through pointers, loop counters, data indexing, program relocation, and reducing instruction size. The control unit fetches, decodes, and executes instructions based on the program counter, which tracks the next instruction address.
This lecture provides a detailed look at instruction set architectures (ISAs). It discusses instruction formats, including the number of operands, operand locations and types. It also covers addressing modes like immediate, direct, register, indirect and indexed. Additionally, it examines different approaches to storing data like stack, accumulator and general purpose register architectures. The lecture concludes by discussing instruction-level pipelining and examples of ISAs like Intel, MIPS and Java Virtual Machine.
The document discusses instruction sets and their components. It defines an instruction set as the list of instructions available for the CPU, which are encoded in binary machine language or assembly language mnemonics. Each instruction contains an operation code and may include source and destination operand references. Instruction formats can vary in the number of operands from zero to three addresses. Instruction length, encoding techniques, and types of instructions like data transfer, arithmetic, and control instructions are also covered.
The document discusses computer instruction formats and addressing modes. It provides details on:
- Instruction codes contain operation codes and addresses to specify operations and memory/register locations.
- There are two addressing modes - direct addressing uses the operand's address while indirect uses a pointer.
- A basic instruction format has 12 bits for the address, 1 bit for the mode, and 3 bits for the operation code.
- An instruction cycle has four phases - fetch, decode, read effective address, and execute the instruction.
The document discusses different addressing modes used in computer instructions. It explains that the addressing mode specifies how the operands are chosen during program execution. Some key addressing modes are direct, indirect, register, register indirect, and relative addressing. The addressing mode determines the effective address, which is the actual memory location of the operand.
Computer architecture deals with the functional behavior and requirements of a computer system, while computer organization describes how the architectural specifications are physically implemented. Computer architecture comes before organization in the design process. Organization implements the architectural specifications through structural elements like circuit design and peripherals. Some key aspects of computer organization include the CPU functional units, instruction formats and addressing modes, and types of instructions based on register organization.
(246431835) instruction set principles (2) (1)Alveena Saleem
The document discusses instruction set architecture principles including what an instruction set is, how instructions are represented and classified, and different types of instruction sets. It covers topics like register-based machines, addressing modes, common instruction types, and how the instruction set affects compiler design and register allocation.
The document discusses various aspects of the ARM-7 architecture including its addressing modes, instruction set, and data processing instructions. It describes 9 different addressing modes including immediate, absolute, indirect, register, register indirect, base plus offset, base plus index, base plus scaled index, and stack addressing. It also provides details about the ARM instruction set, Thumb instruction set, and I/O system. Examples are given to illustrate different instructions such as MOV, SUB, ORR, CMP, MUL, branch instructions, LDR, STR, and SWI.
A computer instruction is a binary code that specifies a sequence of micro operations for the computer.
Instruction codes together with data are stored in memory.
The computer reads each instruction from memory and places it in a control register.
The control unit then interprets the binary code of the instruction and proceeds to execute it by issuing a sequence of micro operations.
The document provides information about a class presentation on bus structures. It discusses parallel and serial communication, synchronous and asynchronous buses, basic protocol concepts, and bus arbitration. Specifically, it defines parallel and serial communication, explains the differences between synchronous and asynchronous buses, describes the basic components of a bus transaction including requests and data transfer, and outlines different approaches to bus arbitration including daisy chain, centralized parallel arbitration, and polling. The presentation aims to provide both a review of key bus topics and a practical exposure to the concepts through examples and diagrams.
This document discusses different instruction formats used in computer systems. It describes zero-address, one-address, two-address, and three-address instruction formats. Zero-address instructions do not have operand fields and use implicit addressing. One-address instructions use an implied accumulator register. Two-address instructions commonly have two operand address fields. Three-address instructions require three operand address fields. Each format has advantages like simplicity or allowing complex operations, and disadvantages like limited functionality or requiring more memory.
The document discusses addressing modes in computers. It defines an addressing mode as a rule for interpreting or modifying the address field of an instruction before referencing the operand. There are several addressing modes including direct, indirect, relative, indexed, register, register indirect, auto increment, and auto decrement modes. The addressing mode determines how the effective address of the operand is obtained from the instruction's address field or other registers for the operation to be performed.
This document provides an overview of various types of registers used in microprocessors. It discusses system registers, status registers, pointer registers, index registers, hardware registers, instruction registers, control registers, memory management registers, segment registers, shift registers, stack registers, test registers, task registers, accumulator registers, EFLAGS registers, base address registers, and other specialized registers. The document aims to describe the purpose and function of different categories of registers within microprocessors.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Things to Consider When Choosing a Website Developer for your Website | FODUUFODUU
Choosing the right website developer is crucial for your business. This article covers essential factors to consider, including experience, portfolio, technical skills, communication, pricing, reputation & reviews, cost and budget considerations and post-launch support. Make an informed decision to ensure your website meets your business goals.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
2. Machine Instruction Sets
• The operation of the processor is determined by the
instructions it executes, referred to as machine
instructions or computer instructions.
• The collection of different instructions that the
processor can execute is referred to as the processor’s
instruction set.
3. Elements of a Machine Instruction
• Operation code: Specifies the operation to be performed (e.g.,
ADD, I/O). The operation is specified by a binary code, known as
the operation code, or opcode.
• Source operand reference: The operation may involve one or
more source operands, that is, operands that are inputs for the
operation.
• Result operand reference: The operation may produce a result.
• Next instruction reference: This tells the processor where to
fetch the next instruction after the execution of this instruction
is complete.
4.
5. • Main or virtual memory: As with next instruction references, the
main or virtual memory address must be supplied.
• Processor register: With rare exceptions, a processor contains one
or more registers that may be referenced by machine instructions.
If only one register exists, reference to it may be implicit. If more
than one register exists, then each register is assigned a unique
name or number, and the instruction must contain the number of
the desired register.
• Immediate: The value of the operand is contained in a field in the
instruction being executed.
• I/O device: The instruction must specify the I/O module and device
for the operation. If memory - Mapped I/O is used, this is just
another main or virtual memory address.
6. Instruction Representation
• Within the computer, each instruction is represented by a
sequence of bits. The instruction is divided into fields,
corresponding to the constituent elements of the instruction.
• Simple instruction format
7. • Opcodes are represented by abbreviations, called
mnemonics, that indicate the operation. Common
examples include
ADD Add
SUB Subtract
MUL Multiply
DIV Divide
LOAD Load data from memory
STOR Store data to memory
8. • Operands are also represented symbolically. For
example, the instruction
ADD R, Y
may mean add the value contained in data location Y
to the contents of register R. In this example, Y refers to
the address of a location in memory, and R refers to a
particular register. Note that the operation is performed
on the contents of a location, not on its address.
9. Instruction Types
Consider a high-level language instruction that could be expressed in a language
such as BASIC or FORTRAN. For example,
X = X + Y
This statement instructs the computer to add the value stored in Y to the value
stored in X and put the result in X. How might this be accomplished with machine
instructions? Let us assume that the variables X and Y correspond to locations 513
and 514. If we assume a simple set of machine instructions, this operation could be
accomplished with three instructions:
1. Load a register with the contents of memory location 513.
2. Add the contents of memory location 514 to the register.
3. Store the contents of the register in memory location 513.
10. Categories of Instruction types:
• Arithmetic instructions provide computational capabilities for
processing numeric data.
• Logic (Boolean) instructions operate on the bits of a word as bits
rather than as numbers; thus, they provide capabilities for
processing any other type of data the user may wish to employ.
These operations are performed primarily on data in processor
registers.
• Memory instructions for moving data between memory and the
registers.
• Test instructions are used to test the value of a data word or the
status of a computation.
• Branch instructions are then used to branch to a different set of
instructions depending on the decision made.
11. Number of Addresses
• One way of describing processor’s architecture is in terms of the
number of addresses contained in each instructions.
• Arithmetic and logic instructions will require the most operands.
Virtually all arithmetic and logic operations are either unary (one
source operand) or binary (two source operands). A maximum
of two addresses is needed to reference source operands.
• The result of an operation must be stored, suggesting a third
address, which defines a destination operand. Finally, after
completion of an instruction, the next instruction must be
fetched, and its address is needed.
12. • This line of reasoning suggests that an instruction could
plausibly be required to contain four address references: two
source operands, one destination operand, and the address of
the next instruction. In most architectures, many instructions
have one, two, or three operand addresses, with the address of
the next instruction being implicit (obtained from the program
counter). Most architectures also have a few special-purpose
instructions with more operands.
13. • Figure 12.3 compares
typical one-,two-, and
three- address
instructions that could
be used to compute Y =
(A - B)/[C + (D * E)].
With three addresses,
each instruction
specifies two source
operand locations and
a destination operand
location. Because we
choose not to alter the
value of any of the
operand locations,
14. For 3 address instruction format
With three addresses, each instruction
specifies two source operand locations
and a destination operand location.
Because we choose not to alter the
value of any of the operand locations,
temporary location, T, is used to store
some intermediate results. Note that
there are four instructions and that the
original expression had five operands.
Three-address instruction formats are
not common because they require a
relatively long instruction format to
hold the three address references.
15. 2 address instruction format
With two-address instructions, and for
binary operations, one address must do
double duty as both an operand and a
result. Thus, the instruction SUB Y, B
carries out the calculation Y - B and
stores the result in Y. The two- address
format reduces the space requirement
but also introduces some awkwardness.
To avoid altering the value of an
operand, a MOVE instruction is used to
move one of the values to a result or
temporary location before performing
the operation. Our sample program
expands to six instructions.
16. Simpler yet is the one-address
instruction. For this to work, a
second address must be
implicit. This was common in
earlier machines, with the
implied address being a
processor register known as the
accumulator (AC). The
accumulator contains one of
the operands and is used to
store the result. In our example,
eight instructions are needed
to accomplish the task.
17. It is, in fact, possible to make do with zero addresses for
some instructions. Zero-Address instructions are
applicable to a special memory organization called a
stack. A stack is a last- in- first- out set of locations. The
stack is in a known location and, often, at least the top
two elements are in processor registers. Thus, zero-
address instructions would reference the top two stack
elements.
18. The number of addresses per instruction is a basic design decision.
Fewer addresses per instruction result in instructions that are more
primitive, requiring a less complex processor. It also results in
instructions of shorter length. On the other hand, programs contain
more total instructions, which in general results in longer execution
times and longer, more complex programs. Also, there is an
important threshold between one- address and multiple- address
instructions. With one-address instructions, the programmer
generally has available only one general- purpose register, the
accumulator. With multiple- address instructions, it is common to
have multiple general- purpose registers. This allows some
operations to be performed solely on registers.
19. Because register references are faster than memory references, this
speeds up execution. For reasons of flexibility and ability to use
multiple registers, most contemporary machines employ a mixture
of two-and three- address instructions.
The design trade- offs involved in choosing the number of addresses
per instruction are complicated by other factors. There is the issue of
whether an address references a memory location or a register.
Because there are fewer registers, fewer bits are needed for a
register reference.
20.
21. INSTRUCTION SET DESIGN
The instruction set defines many of the functions performed
by the processor and thus has a significant effect on the
implementation of the processor. The instruction set is the
programmer’s means of controlling the processor. Thus,
programmer requirements must be considered in designing
the instruction set.
22. The most important of these fundamental design issues include the
following:
• Operation repertoire: How many and which operations to provide,
and how complex operations should be.
• Data types: The various types of data upon which operations are
performed.
• Instruction format: Instruction length (in bits), number of addresses,
size of various fields, and so on.
• Registers: Number of processor registers that can be referenced by
instructions, and their use.
• Addressing: The mode or modes by which the address of an operand
is specified.
23. TYPES OF OPERANDS
The most important general categories of data are
• Addresses
• Numbers
• Characters
• Logical data
24. Numbers
• All machine languages include numeric data types. Even in
nonnumeric data processing, there is a need for numbers to act
as counters, field widths, and so forth.
• An important distinction between numbers used in ordinary
mathematics and numbers stored in a computer is that the
latter are limited. This is true in two senses. First, there is a limit
to the magnitude of numbers representable on a machine and
second, in the case of floating- point numbers, a limit to their
precision.
25. 3 types of numerical data:
• Binary integer or binary fixed point
• Binary floating point
• Decimal
26. Fixed Point Number Representation
• The shifting process above is the key to understand fixed point
number representation. To represent a real number in computers (or
any hardware in general), we can define a fixed point number type
simply by implicitly fixing the binary point to be at some position of a
numeral. We will then simply adhere to this implicit convention when
we represent numbers.
• To define a fixed point type conceptually, all we need are two
parameters:
• width of the number representation, and
• binary point position within the number
27. We will use the notation fixed<w,b> or the rest of this article, where
wdenotes the number of bits used as a whole (the Width of a number),
and b denotes the position of binary point counting from the least
significant bit (counting from 0).
For example, fixed <8,3> denotes a 8-bit fixed point number, of which 3
right most bits are fractional. Therefore, the bit pattern:
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
28. represents a real number:
00010.1102
= 1 * 21 + 1 * 2-1 + 1 * 2-1
= 2 + 0.5 + 0.25
= 2.75
Note that on a computer, a bit patter can represents anything. Therefore the same bit
pattern, if we "cast" it to another type, such as a fixed <8,5> type, will represents the
number:
000.101102
= 1 * 2-1 + 1 * 2-3 + 1 * 2-4
= 0.5 + 0.125 + 0.0625
= 0.6875
If we treat this bit patter as integer, it represents the number:
101102
= 1 * 24 + 1 * 22 + 1 * 21
= 16 + 4 + 2
= 22
29. Binary Floating Point
• The term floating point refers to the fact that
a number's radix point (decimal point, or, more commonly in
computers, binary point) can "float"; that is, it can be placed
anywhere relative to the significant digits of the number.
• These are a convenient way of representing numbers but as soon as
the number we want to represent is very large or very small we find
that we need a very large number of bits to represent them. If we
want to represent the decimal value 128 we require 8 binary digits (
10000000 ). That's more than twice the number of digits to represent
the same value. It only gets worse as we get further from zero.
30. • To get around this we use a method of representing numbers
called floating point. Floating point is quite similar to scientific
notation as a means of representing numbers. We lose a little bit of
accuracy however when dealing with very large or very small values
that is generally acceptable. Here I will talk about the IEEE standard
for foating point numbers (as it is pretty much the de facto standard
which everyone uses).
31. Review of scientific notation:
123000 = 1.23 x 106
Mantissa Exponent
In the above 1.23 is what is called the mantissa (or significand) and 6 is what is
called the exponent. The mantissa is always adjusted so that only a single (non
zero) digit is to the left of the decimal point. The exponent tells us how many
places to move the point. In this case we move it 6 places to the right. If we make
the exponent negative then we will move it to the left.
32. If we want to represent 1230000 in scientific notation we do the
following:
• Adjust the number so that only a single digit is to the left of the
decimal point. 1.23
• To create this new number we moved the decimal point 6 places. This
becomes the exponent.
• Thus in scientific notation this becomes: 1.23 x 106
33. Now the same in Binary
We may do the same in binary and this forms the foundation of our
floating point number.
Here it is not a decimal point we are moving but a binary point and
because it moves it is referred to as floating. What we will look at
below is what is referred to as the IEEE 754 Standard for representing
floating point numbers. The standard specifies the number of bits used
for each section (exponent, mantissa and sign) and the order in which
they are represented.
34. The standard specifies the following formats for floating point
numbers:
Single precision, which uses 32 bits and has the following layout:
• 1 bit for the sign of the number. 0 means positive and 1 means
negative.
• 8 bits for the exponent.
• 23 bits for the mantissa.
https://ryanstutorials.net/binary-tutorial/binary-floating-point.php
35. Double precision, which uses 64 bits and has the following layout.
• 1 bit for the sign of the number. 0 means positive and 1 means negative.
• 11 bits for the exponent.
• 52 bits for the mantissa.
eg.
0 00011100010 0100001000000000000001110100000110000000000000000000
Double precision has more bits, allowing for much larger and much smaller
numbers to be represented. As the mantissa is also larger, the degree of
accuracy is also increased (remember that many fractions cannot be accurately
represesented in binary). Whilst double precision floating point numbers have
these advantages, they also require more processing power. With increases in
CPU processing power and the move to 64 bit computing a lot of
programming languages and software just default to double precision.
36. Decimal
Although all internal computer operations are binary in nature,
the human users of the system deal with decimal numbers. Thus,
there is a necessity to convert from decimal to binary on input
and from binary to decimal on output. For applications in which
there is a great deal of I/O and comparatively little, comparatively
simple computation, it is preferable to store and operate on the
numbers in decimal form. The most common representation for
this purpose is packed decimal.
37. CHARACTERS
• A common form of data is text or character strings. While
textual data are most convenient for human beings, they
cannot, in character form, be easily stored or transmitted by
data processing and communications systems. Such systems are
designed for binary data. Thus, a number of codes have been
devised by which characters are represented by a sequence of
bits. Perhaps the earliest common example of this is the Morse
code.
38. • ASCII - the most commonly used character code in the
International Reference Alphabet (IRA), referred to in the United
States as the American Standard Code for Information
Interchange.
• Each character in this code is represented by a unique 7-bit
pattern; thus, 128 different characters can be represented. This is
a larger number than is necessary to represent printable
characters, and some of the patterns represent control
characters.
39. • Another code used to encode characters is the Extended
Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC). EBCDIC is
used on IBM mainframes. It is an 8-bit code. As with IRA,
EBCDIC is compatible with packed decimal. In the case of
EBCDIC, the codes 11110000 through 11111001 represent the
digits 0 through 9.
40. LOGICAL DATA
Normally, each word or other addressable unit (byte, halfword,
and so on) is treated as a single unit of data. It is sometimes
useful, however, to consider an n-bit unit as consisting of n 1-bit
items of data, each item having the value 0 or 1. When data are
viewed this way, they are considered to be logical data.
41. Two advantages to the bit-oriented view.
1. we may sometimes wish to store an array of Boolean or binary data
items, in which each item can take on only the values 1 (true) and 0
(false). With logical data, memory can be used most efficiently for
this storage.
2. There are occasions when we wish to manipulate the bits of a data
item. For example, if floating- point operations are implemented in
software, we need to be able to shift significant bits in some
operations.
42. Another example:
To convert from IRA to packed decimal, we need to extract the
rightmost 4 bits of each byte.
• Note that, in the preceding examples, the same data are treated sometimes as logical and
other times as numerical or text. The “type” of a unit of data is determined by the
operation being performed on it. While this is not normally the case in high- level
languages, it is almost always the case with machine language.
A simple example of an instruction format is shown in Figure 12.2.
As another example, the IAS instruction format is shown in Figure 2.2. With most
instruction sets, more than one format is used. During instruction execution, an
instruction is read into an instruction register (IR) in the processor. The processor
must be able to extract the data from the various instruction fields to perform the
required operation.
It is difficult for both the programmer and the reader of textbooks to deal with
binary representations of machine instructions. Thus, it has become common practice
to use a symbolic representation of machine instructions.
As can be seen, the single BASIC instruction may require three machine instructions. This is typical of the relationship between a high-level language and a machine language. A high-Level language expresses operations in a concise algebraic form, using variables. A machine language expresses operations in a basic
form involving the movement of data to or from registers.