Introduction
Objectives
The Teaching Tools
Selecting the Audio-Visual Material
Planning to Use the Material
Preparing for the Audio-Visual Activities
Kinds of Audio-Visual Materials
Activities
Exercise
Self Assessment Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Web References-
Introduction
Objectives
The Teaching Tools
Selecting the Audio-Visual Material
Planning to Use the Material
Preparing for the Audio-Visual Activities
Kinds of Audio-Visual Materials
Activities
Exercise
Self Assessment Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Web References-
Teaching is an art, practised by most, but mastered by only a few. Imparting knowledge is a privilege, but also a responsibility. This slideshow aims at explaining the nature and meaning of teaching as also gives points on effective teaching.
Evaluation is the process of collecting data on a programme to determine its value or worth with the aim of deciding whether to adopt, reject, or revise the programme. The public want to know whether the curriculum implemented has achieved its aims and objectives; teachers want to know whether what they are doing in the classroom is effective; and the developer or planner wants to know how to improve the curriculum product.
A model is a three-dimensional representation of a person or thing or of a proposed structure, typically on a smaller scale than the original:"a model of St. Paul's Cathedral“
A Model is a pattern of something to be made or reproduced and means of transferring a relationship `or process from its real (actual) setting to one which it can be more conveniently studied.
Teaching is an art, practised by most, but mastered by only a few. Imparting knowledge is a privilege, but also a responsibility. This slideshow aims at explaining the nature and meaning of teaching as also gives points on effective teaching.
Evaluation is the process of collecting data on a programme to determine its value or worth with the aim of deciding whether to adopt, reject, or revise the programme. The public want to know whether the curriculum implemented has achieved its aims and objectives; teachers want to know whether what they are doing in the classroom is effective; and the developer or planner wants to know how to improve the curriculum product.
A model is a three-dimensional representation of a person or thing or of a proposed structure, typically on a smaller scale than the original:"a model of St. Paul's Cathedral“
A Model is a pattern of something to be made or reproduced and means of transferring a relationship `or process from its real (actual) setting to one which it can be more conveniently studied.
An overview on instructional design, its meaning and purpose, a model for design, what does a designer do and things to consider about varied learners to whom the design is intended for
Instructional Systems Design (ISD) ADDIE 2.0Wong Yew Yip
If you design and develop learning solutions to meet the learning needs of your organization or you evaluate the suitability of training programs presented by learning providers/trainers, this brief on Instructional Systems Design (ISD) ADDIE 2.0 may be of interest to you.
Here is a slide presentation about Robert Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction. This is fit for Educational Technology courses, particularly for TTL 1, and for Instructional Design. Thank you and enjoy the presentation.
Slides from our Learning Design workshop in Nairobi, Kenya on 9 June 2017. An output from the ESRC-funded International Distance Education and African Students (IDEAS) project, in coodination with the African Network for Internationalization of Education.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. What is the difference between
Design and Model??
Design
A creative pattern or a
rational, logical,
sequential process
intended to solve
problems.
Models
A model is a mental
picture that helps us
understand something
we cannot see or
experience directly.
3. Instructional Design….???
1
a set of events
that facilitate
learning
2
a creative pattern or
a rational, logical,
sequential process
intended to solve
problems
Instructional
Design
Clarifying
the
terms
4. HISTORY: Instructional Design
• During World War II, a considerable amount of training materials for the military
were developed based on the principles of instruction, learning, and human
behavior.
• Tests for assessing a learner’s abilities were used to screen candidates in the
army.
• After the success of military training, psychologists began to view training as a
system, and developed various analysis, design, and evaluation procedures.
• In other words, the birth of instructional design is strongly related on one hand to
the emergence of empirical research in psychology and education and on the
other to specific needs of the system.
5. TERMINOLOGIES & DEFINITIONS
• Instruction: “the deliberate arrangement of learning conditions to promote the
attainment of some intended goal”. (Driscoll, 1994)
• Instructional: a set of events that facilitate learning.
• Design: A creative pattern or a rational, logical, sequential process intended to
solve problems.
• Model: A model is a mental picture that helps us understand something we
cannot see or experience directly. (Dorin, Demmin & Gabel, 1990)
6. TERMINOLOGIES & DEFINITIONS
• Instruction Design is defined as “a systematic process that is employed to
develop education and training program in a consistent and reliable fashion.”
(Reiser &Dempsey, 2007)
• Instructional Design is the systematic process of translating general principles of
learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials and activities.
• Instructional design model: typically specified method, that if followed will
facilitate the transfer of knowledge, skills and attitude to the recipient or acquirer
of the instruction.
7. PURPOSE OF INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN
• It helps the teacher to develop her capacity to teach more students
and create conductive environment for them.
• It helps curriculum makers to plan learning center and curriculum
which provides a variety of educational experiences to students.
• It helps to make materials and create more interesting and effective
instructional material and learning sources.
• It stimulates to develop the new educational forms and educational
opportunities which will replace the schools of today.
8. BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS
Advantages:
• Supports effective, efficient and appealing instruction
• Facilitates congruence among objective, activities, and assessment
• Provides a systematic framework for dealing with learning problems
• Learning effectiveness
Disadvantages:
• Instructional design does not have limits of applicability, it is not the solution to all the ills
and problems of education and training, nor is it the only method for creating education
• Time consuming in a way that it takes times to learn how to follow the ID procedures and
time to implement them when the training being created.
• A good ID requires a number of resources.
9. THEORITICAL FOUNDATIONS
• Firstly, instructional design theory is founded in learning
theory, pedagogical theory and instructional theory and draws from
many other fundamental disciplines such as motivation research. All
these disciplines have their word to say about pedagogic strategy.
• Second, it's also a craft, i.e. an engineering discipline
who's methods draw a lot from software engineering
10. CONTD…
• Third, modern sophisticated instructional designs make use
of educational technologies. Some authors even argue, that some of
the more interesting designs can't be done without technology.
Instructional design and educational technology depend on each
other.
• Fourth, the planning of an a learning environment in the sense of
Instructional Design should be evidence orientated. This means, that
decisions for methods, design and motivation are accredited through
empirical results. This can be reached through design patterns, edit
formats which have been approved to solve a problem. (Niegemann
2013)
14. ADDIE Model
• ADDIE instructional design model is possibly the best-known Instructional Design
Model.
• The ADDIE model refers to :
• Analyze
• Design
• Develop
• Implement and
• Evaluate
• It provides a step-by-step process that helps instructional designers plan and
create training programs with a framework in order to make sure that their
instructional products are effective and that their processes are as efficient as
they can possibly be.
15. Contd..
Analyze:
• Who is the audience and what are their characteristics?
• Did we identify the new behavioral outcome?
• What types of learning constraints exist?
• What are the delivery options?
Design:
• Documentation of the instructional, visual and technical design strategy
• Apply instructional strategies according to the intended behavioral outcomes by
domain(cognitive, affective, psychomotor).
• Apply visual design (graphic design)
Develop:
• List activities that will help the students learn the task.
• Select the delivery method such as tapes, handouts, etc.
• Review existing material.
• Develop the instructional courseware.
• Validate the instruction to ensure it accomplishes all goals and objectives.
16. Contd..
Implement:
• During the implementation phase, a procedure for training the facilitators
and the learners is developed.
• The facilitators’ training should cover the course curriculum, learning
outcomes, method of delivery ,and testing procedures.
Evaluation:
• Review and evaluate each phase (analyze, design, develop, implement) to
ensure it is accomplishing what it is supposed to.
• Perform external evaluations, e.g. observe that the learner on the job can
actually perform the tasks that were trained.
• Revise training system to make it better.
19. ARCS Model
• ARCS model is an instructional design approach that focuses on the motivational
aspects of learning environment.
• The model was created by John Keller in the 80s. It is also known as John Keller’s
ARCS Model of Motivational Design
ARCS Model has four steps in the instructional design process.
• A-Attention
• R- Relevance
• C-Confidence
• S- Satisfaction
20. ARCS Model
ATTENTION
Attention can be gained in two ways:
• Perceptual arousal- uses surprise or uncertainly to gain interest. Uses novel, surprising, incongruous,
and uncertain events.
• Inquiry arousal- stimulates curiosity by posing challenging questions or problems to be solved.
Methods for grabbing the learners’ attention include:
• Specific examples- Use a visual stimuli, story or biography
• Active participation or Hands-on- involve the learners with role playing, games, lab work, or other
simulations that allow them to get them involved with the material or subject matter.
• Incongruity and Conflict- Pose facts or statements that run contrary to the learners’ previous
experiences.
• Inquiry- Stimulate curiosity by posing questions or problems for the learners to solve.
• Humor- Break up monotony and maintain interest by lightening the subject. The goal is to hold your
learners attention, not to become a comedian.
• Variability- Combine a variety of methods in presenting material
21. CONTD…
RELEVANCE
Emphasizing relevance within the instruction to increase motivation by
using concrete language and examples with which the learner are familiar.
There are six major strategies for accomplishing this:
• Experience- Tell the learners how the new learning will use their existing
skills. We best learn by building upon our pretest knowledge or skills.
• Present worth- What will the subject matter do for me today?
• Future matching- What will the subject matter do for me tomorrow?
• Needs matching- Take advantage of the dynamics of achievement, risk taking,
power, and affiliation (Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs)
• Modeling- First of all, “Be what you want them to do”. Other strategies
include guest speakers, videos etc.,
• Choice- Allow the learners to use different methods to pursue their work or
allowing choice in how they organize it.
22. CONTD…
CONFIDENCE
• Help students understand their likelihood for success. If they feel they cannot meet the objectives
or that the cost (time or effort) is too high, their motivation will decrease.
• Provide objective and prerequisites- Help students estimate the probability by success by
presenting performance requirements and evaluation criteria. Ensure the learners are aware of
performance requirements and evaluate criteria.
• Allow the success that is meaningful.
• Grow the learners- allow for small steps of growth during the learning process.
• Feedback-provide feedback and support internal attributions for success.
• Learner control- learner should feel some degree of control over their learning and assessment.
They should believe that their success is a direct result of the amount of effort they have put
forth.
23. CONTD…
SATISFACTION
• Learning must be rewarding or satisfying in some ways, whether it is from a sense
of achievement, praise from a teacher, or mere entertainment.
• Make the learner feel as though the skill is useful or beneficial by providing
opportunities to use newly acquired knowledge in a real setting.
• Provide feedback and reinforcement. When learners appreciate the results, they
will be motivated to learn.
• Do not patronize (make them feel superior) the learner by over-rewarding easy
tasks.
26. ASSURE Model
• A- Analyze learners
• S- State standards & objectives
• S- Select strategies, technology, media & materials
• U- Utilize technology, media & materials
• R-Require learner participation
• E- Evaluate & revise
27. ASSURE Model
• A- Analyze learners
• S- State standards & objectives
• S- Select strategies, technology, media & materials
• U- Utilize technology, media & materials
• R-Require learner participation
• E- Evaluate & revise
28. Contd…
The ASSURE model is:
• A procedural guide for planning and delivering instruction that integrates
technology and media into the teaching process.
• A systematic approach to writing lesson plans.
• A plan used to help teachers organize instructional procedures.
• A plan used to help teachers do an authentic assessment of student learning.
• A model that can be used by all presenters.
29. Contd…
Analyze Learner:
• General characteristics: consider age, grade level, job or position, and cultural and socioeconomic
factors of the learners.
• Specific entry competencies: knowledge and skills that learners posses or lack- prerequisite skills, target
skills, and attitudes.
• Learning styles: the spectrum of psychological traits that affect how students perceive and respond to
different stimuli, such as anxiety, aptitude, visual or auditory preference, motivation and so on.
Select Methods, Media and Materials
Selection criteria:
• Media should be selected on the basis of student need.
• Should follow learning objectives
• Must be appropriate for the teaching format.
• No single medium is total solution.
• Should match the curriculum
• Should contain clear and concise language
30. Contd…
Utilize Media and Materials:
There is “5 Ps” procedure for the utilization of media and materials: preview the
materials, prepare the materials, prepare the environment, prepare the learners and
provide the learning experience.
Require Learner Participation:
To be effective, instruction should require active mental engagement by learners.
The activities should allow learners to practice the knowledge or skills and to give
feedback.
Evaluation and revise:
After instruction, it is necessary to evaluate its impact and effectiveness and to
assess student learning. If there are missed points, the teacher needs to revise the plan for
the next time.
• Evaluate student performance
• Evaluate media components
• Evaluate instructor performance