This document summarizes and compares various routing protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses the key characteristics of VANETs and outlines several categories of routing protocols, including topology-based, position-based, geocast-based, cluster-based, and broadcast-based. For each category, some representative protocols are described, such as GPSR, CAR, ROVER, HCB, CBLR, and DVCAST. The document concludes that position-based, geocast-based, and cluster-based protocols are generally more reliable for most VANET applications due to the high mobility and dynamic topology of vehicles.
Improved greedy routing protocol for VANETEditor IJCATR
VANET (vehicular ad-hoc network) is a classification of MANET in which vehicles act as mobile node and provides a different approach to Intelligent transport System (ITS). VANET is an emerging area for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which can result in increased traffic safety, collision warning through exchange of messages through wireless media. Efficient routing protocols are required for efficient communication among vehicles. In the given paper, we surveyed various VANETs protocols and along with its advantages and disadvantages. We compare our proposed protocols via NS-2 based simulations and show the performance of different protocols.
A Review Report on Existing Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (V...IJEEE
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are an extension to the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that have been designed with the goal of providing vehicular safety, traffic monitoring, assisting vehicular driving by providing critical information, utility services viz. automatic road taxes, finding hospitals, fuel stations, restaurants etc. The primary characteristics of VANETs include high node mobility, no specific network infrastructure, irregular network environments and unpredictable network density. Choosing a routing protocol for the VANET environment is a critical step in devising data sharing scheme for the VANET. This paper studies the existing routing protocols for VANET and presents a precise review of merits and demerits of the same.
ASR-FANET: An adaptive SDN-based routing framework for FANET IJECEIAES
Flying ad hoc network (FANET) is widely used in many military, commercial and civilian applications. Compared with mobile adhoc network (MANET) and vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), FANET holds unique characteristics such as high mobility, intermittent links and frequent topology changes, which cause a challenging task in the design of routing protocols. A novel adaptive software defined networking (SDN)-based routing framework for FANET called ASR-FANET is proposed in this article to solve the above challenges. The ASR-FANET framework is mainly composed of three important parts, which are the topology discovery mechanism, statistics gathering mechanism and route computation mechanism. In topology discovery mechanism, the periodic information about network topology is collected, including nodes and links. In statistics gathering mechanism, the status of the wireless network connection and flight statistics are collected. In route computation mechanism, the optimal path is calculated based on link costs. The performance of ASR-FANET framework is also has been evaluated by comprehensive simulations. The simulation results show that proposed framework is much better than other traditional protocols in packet delivery fraction, average end to end delay, normalized routing load, packet loss and throughput.
Design of an adaptive sign based routing protocol in vanet for sophisticated ...IJARIIT
With the advancement in the communication technology and an increase in the number of vehicles, the Vehicle Ad
hoc Network (VANET) has become an emerging field of study. The major applications of VANETs are in highways, but in
sophisticated environments such as forest area, hill stations, private museum or large park etc., where visitors across the
country pass through several locations, and there doesn’t exist a proper communication among the vehicles. So in this type of
locations, we need an intelligent routing strategy for the On Board Unit (OBU) to adapt and communicate with the
neighbouring vehicles. In this paper, a strategy is proposed where in, the vehicles communicate with each other or with the
road side units (RSU) by passing some sign bits with positive or negative polarity. A simple simulation is performed on 100 to
200 vehicles demonstrating passing of data from source to destination.
This ppt gives you a brief knowledge on protocols used in VANETs using real time vehicular traffic information. These have overruled the the existing MANET protocols. It also give you a description regarding forwarding optimisation
Improved greedy routing protocol for VANETEditor IJCATR
VANET (vehicular ad-hoc network) is a classification of MANET in which vehicles act as mobile node and provides a different approach to Intelligent transport System (ITS). VANET is an emerging area for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which can result in increased traffic safety, collision warning through exchange of messages through wireless media. Efficient routing protocols are required for efficient communication among vehicles. In the given paper, we surveyed various VANETs protocols and along with its advantages and disadvantages. We compare our proposed protocols via NS-2 based simulations and show the performance of different protocols.
A Review Report on Existing Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (V...IJEEE
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are an extension to the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that have been designed with the goal of providing vehicular safety, traffic monitoring, assisting vehicular driving by providing critical information, utility services viz. automatic road taxes, finding hospitals, fuel stations, restaurants etc. The primary characteristics of VANETs include high node mobility, no specific network infrastructure, irregular network environments and unpredictable network density. Choosing a routing protocol for the VANET environment is a critical step in devising data sharing scheme for the VANET. This paper studies the existing routing protocols for VANET and presents a precise review of merits and demerits of the same.
ASR-FANET: An adaptive SDN-based routing framework for FANET IJECEIAES
Flying ad hoc network (FANET) is widely used in many military, commercial and civilian applications. Compared with mobile adhoc network (MANET) and vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), FANET holds unique characteristics such as high mobility, intermittent links and frequent topology changes, which cause a challenging task in the design of routing protocols. A novel adaptive software defined networking (SDN)-based routing framework for FANET called ASR-FANET is proposed in this article to solve the above challenges. The ASR-FANET framework is mainly composed of three important parts, which are the topology discovery mechanism, statistics gathering mechanism and route computation mechanism. In topology discovery mechanism, the periodic information about network topology is collected, including nodes and links. In statistics gathering mechanism, the status of the wireless network connection and flight statistics are collected. In route computation mechanism, the optimal path is calculated based on link costs. The performance of ASR-FANET framework is also has been evaluated by comprehensive simulations. The simulation results show that proposed framework is much better than other traditional protocols in packet delivery fraction, average end to end delay, normalized routing load, packet loss and throughput.
Design of an adaptive sign based routing protocol in vanet for sophisticated ...IJARIIT
With the advancement in the communication technology and an increase in the number of vehicles, the Vehicle Ad
hoc Network (VANET) has become an emerging field of study. The major applications of VANETs are in highways, but in
sophisticated environments such as forest area, hill stations, private museum or large park etc., where visitors across the
country pass through several locations, and there doesn’t exist a proper communication among the vehicles. So in this type of
locations, we need an intelligent routing strategy for the On Board Unit (OBU) to adapt and communicate with the
neighbouring vehicles. In this paper, a strategy is proposed where in, the vehicles communicate with each other or with the
road side units (RSU) by passing some sign bits with positive or negative polarity. A simple simulation is performed on 100 to
200 vehicles demonstrating passing of data from source to destination.
This ppt gives you a brief knowledge on protocols used in VANETs using real time vehicular traffic information. These have overruled the the existing MANET protocols. It also give you a description regarding forwarding optimisation
The main aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the performance of Four routing protocols i.e. Destination Sequence Distance Vector Routing (DSDV), Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV),survey over vanet routing protocols for vehicle to vehicle communication
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Improved greedy routing protocol for VANETEditor IJCATR
VANET (vehicular ad-hoc network) is a classification of MANET in which vehicles act as mobile node and provides a different
approach to Intelligent transport System (ITS). VANET is an emerging area for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which can result in
increased traffic safety, collision warning through exchange of messages through wireless media. Efficient routing protocols are required for
efficient communication among vehicles. In the given paper, we surveyed various VANETs protocols and along with its advantages and
disadvantages. We compare our proposed protocols via NS-2 based simulations and show the performance of different protocols
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are classified as a special application of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs)
which promise the new possibilities to improve traffic efficiency, road safety driving convenience. By providing the safety and
non-safety applications and sharing the useful information through vehicle to vehicle (V2V) or vehicle to roadside (V2R)
communications to avoid accidents and provide reliable information to travellers, such hot issues seeks much attention of
researchers in this field. VANET and MANET having several common characteristics but VANET differ with applications,
architecture, challenges and data dissemination. The survey of routing protocols in VANETs is important and necessary issue for
smart ITS. The objective of this paper is to design an algorithm for the detection and correction of routing attacks made by
obstructive nodes in VANETS and also drawn the comparison between various metrics like Cost, Average Packet loss,
Throughput and Energy Consumed.
APPLICABILITY OF OVERLAY NON-DELAY TOLERANT POSITION-BASED PROTOCOLS IN HIGHW...ijwmn
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) is new sort in wireless ad-hoc networks. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)
communication is one of the main communication paradigms that provide a level of safety and convenience
to drivers and passengers on the road. In such environment, routing data packet is challenging due to
frequently changed of network topology because of highly dynamic nature of vehicles. Thus, routing in
VANETs in require for efficient protocols that guarantee message transmission among vehicles. Numerous
routing protocols and algorithms have been proposed or enhanced to solve the aforementioned problems.
Many position based routing protocols have been developed for routing messages that have been identified
to be appropriate for VANETs. This work explores the performances of selected unicast non-delay tolerant
overlay position-based routing protocols. The evaluation has been conducted in highway and urban
environment in two different scenarios. The evaluation metrics that are used are Packet Delivery Ratio
(PDR), Void Problem Occurrence (VPO), and Average Hop Count (AHC).
The main aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the performance of Four routing protocols i.e. Destination Sequence Distance Vector Routing (DSDV), Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV),survey over vanet routing protocols for vehicle to vehicle communication
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Improved greedy routing protocol for VANETEditor IJCATR
VANET (vehicular ad-hoc network) is a classification of MANET in which vehicles act as mobile node and provides a different
approach to Intelligent transport System (ITS). VANET is an emerging area for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which can result in
increased traffic safety, collision warning through exchange of messages through wireless media. Efficient routing protocols are required for
efficient communication among vehicles. In the given paper, we surveyed various VANETs protocols and along with its advantages and
disadvantages. We compare our proposed protocols via NS-2 based simulations and show the performance of different protocols
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are classified as a special application of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs)
which promise the new possibilities to improve traffic efficiency, road safety driving convenience. By providing the safety and
non-safety applications and sharing the useful information through vehicle to vehicle (V2V) or vehicle to roadside (V2R)
communications to avoid accidents and provide reliable information to travellers, such hot issues seeks much attention of
researchers in this field. VANET and MANET having several common characteristics but VANET differ with applications,
architecture, challenges and data dissemination. The survey of routing protocols in VANETs is important and necessary issue for
smart ITS. The objective of this paper is to design an algorithm for the detection and correction of routing attacks made by
obstructive nodes in VANETS and also drawn the comparison between various metrics like Cost, Average Packet loss,
Throughput and Energy Consumed.
APPLICABILITY OF OVERLAY NON-DELAY TOLERANT POSITION-BASED PROTOCOLS IN HIGHW...ijwmn
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) is new sort in wireless ad-hoc networks. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)
communication is one of the main communication paradigms that provide a level of safety and convenience
to drivers and passengers on the road. In such environment, routing data packet is challenging due to
frequently changed of network topology because of highly dynamic nature of vehicles. Thus, routing in
VANETs in require for efficient protocols that guarantee message transmission among vehicles. Numerous
routing protocols and algorithms have been proposed or enhanced to solve the aforementioned problems.
Many position based routing protocols have been developed for routing messages that have been identified
to be appropriate for VANETs. This work explores the performances of selected unicast non-delay tolerant
overlay position-based routing protocols. The evaluation has been conducted in highway and urban
environment in two different scenarios. The evaluation metrics that are used are Packet Delivery Ratio
(PDR), Void Problem Occurrence (VPO), and Average Hop Count (AHC).
Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a multi-hop
wireless ad-hoc network created by using mobile vehicles to
transmit safety message for vehicle drivers. Since vehicles are
mobile so they change their location frequently, therefore; robust
data delivery is a challenging task in the VANET. Due to
frequently network topology change characteristic, selection of a
routing protocol in VANET is challenging task. In this paper
performance of location-based routing protocols Directional-
Location Aided Routing (D-LAR), Location-Aided Routing (LAR)
and DIrectional Routing (DIR) are analyzed to decide best
routing protocol for VANET. LAR protocol limits the route
discovery area in the forward direction using GPS technology
and DIR protocol uses direction information from the baseline
drawn from the source and destination node. The D-LAR
protocol uses concepts of the both LAR and DIR protocols. Using
greedy forwarding approach D-LAR protocol selects next hop
forwarding node in the forward direction of the communication
range. Feasibility of D-LAR protocol has justified through
simulation in NS2 using routing metrics such as node distribution
at the border area of the communication range R, expected one
hop distance ࡱ൫ࡺ(, ࢘)൯ , expected hop counts E(H) between
source and destination node, expected delay E(delay), routing
overhead and packet loss. Through simulation work, it has shown
D-LAR protocol performs better as compared to LAR and DIR
protocol.
Comparative study of proactive and reactive routing protocols in vehicular ad...IJECEIAES
In recent years, the vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), which is an ad-hoc network used by connected autonomous vehicles (CAV) for information processing, has attracted the interest of researchers in order to meet the needs created by the accelerating development of autonomous vehicle technology. The enormous amount of information and the high speed of the vehicles require us to have a very reliable communication protocol. The objective of this paper is to determine a topology-based routing protocol that improves network performance and guarantees information traffic over VANET. This comparative study was carried out using the simulation of urban mobility (SUMO) and network simulator (NS-3). Through the results obtained, we will show that the choice of the type of protocol to use depends on the size of the network and also on the metrics to be optimized.
Performance Analysis of Ad-hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) and D...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
vehicular Ad-Hoc Network:
this report contains a brief description on the VANET which can be considered as an application of MANET...
The report contains a basic overview, ITS, and routing algorithms.
Optimization of Quality of Service (QoS) framework for highway based Vehicula...IJERA Editor
The Vehicular Ad-hoc Network is a novel technology. It has the property of higher node mobility. Vehicular Adhoc
networks offer wireless communications between vehicles themselves (V2V) and between vehicles to the
roadside units (V2R). The VANET is an active research area, as it has great prospective to enhance the road and
vehicle safety, efficiency of traffic. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network not only just provides the safety applications, but
also provides communication to the users. The QoS support in VANET is a challenge when the existing routing
paths become no longer are available as a result of changes in the velocity and position of node, and distance
between the vehicular nodes or network topology. In this study we designed a framework which provides us the
facility to enhance various Quality of Service parameters, such as End to End Delay, throughput and packet loss
ratio etc. The proposed model uses layered approach, deep classification as existed QoS components are further
broken down and provides Quality of Experience to the users. NCTUns is used as simulation tool to build up
simulations. After getting the results of simulation we carried out the performance analysis of various routing
protocols. The simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme provides much better performance in terms
of various QoS parameters like End to End Delay, throughput and packet loss ratio
Abstract: Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), a subclass of mobile ad hoc network (MANET), is a
promising approach for the intelligent transport system (ITS). VANET allows vehicles to form a self-organized
network without the need for a permanent infrastructure. As the VANET has a potential in improving road
safety, real time traffic update and other travel comforts, it turns attention of the researcher. Though VANET
and MANET shares some common characteristics like self-organized network, dynamic topology, ad hoc nature
etc, VANET differs from MANET by challenges, application, architecture, power constraint and mobility
patterns, so routing protocols used in MANET are not applicable with VANET. New routing strategy for VANET
has been proposed by many researchers in recent year. This paper provides focus on the various aspects of
VANET like architecture, characteristic, challenges, glimpse of routing protocols, and simulation models used
for VANET.
Keywords: Vehicular Ad hoc Networks; routing; position based routing; characteristics; transmission strategies
Efficient Routing Protocol in the Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) by using Gene...IOSR Journals
An Ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile hosts forming a temporary network without the
aid of any centralized administration or standard support services. MANET can be defined using unstable
network infrastructure, self-organizing network topology and independent node mobility. This becomes
obtainable due to their routing techniques; in other terms, routing is a backbone for MANET. However, due to
network load routing performance of MANET is degraded thus, some optimization on network routing strategy
is required.
In this paper, we introduce a new technique by using the concept of Genetic algorithm (GA) with
AODV Protocol to make routing decision in computer network.
The goal of this paper is to find the optimal path between the source and destination nodes and increased the
QoS and Throughput. We implemented and compare this a new technique with the traditional AODV, and we
shows that the new technique is better performance than the traditional AODV.
INTELLIGENT INFORMATION DISSEMINATION IN VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKSijasuc
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are a compelling application of ad hoc networks, because of the
potential to access specific context information (e.g. traffic conditions, service updates, route planning)
and deliver multimedia services (VOIP, in-car entertainment, instant messaging, etc.). In this paper, we
propose an agent based intelligent information dissemination model for VANETs. Safety information like
cooperative driving, accident, road condition warnings, etc. play a major role for applications of VANET.
Safety information dissemination poses a major challenge of delay-sensitive nature. This paper proposes
an agent based model for intelligent information dissemination in VANETs. Proposed model uses
cognitive agent concept for realizing intelligent information dissemination. To test the efficiency of the
model, proposed scheme is simulated using NS-2 simulator. Some of the performance parameters
analyzed are bandwidth utilized, push latency and push/pull decision latency.
Comparative Performance Evaluation of Ad-hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routin...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Lately, the concept of VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks) has gotten a huge attention as
more wireless communication technologies becoming available. Such networkis expected to be
one of the most valuable technology for improving efficiency and safety of the future
transportation. Vehicular networks are characterized by high mobility nodes which pose many
communication challenging problems. In vehicular networks, routing Collision Avoidance
Messages (CAMs) among vehicles is a key communication problem.Failure in routing CAMs to
their intended destination within the time constraint can render these messages useless. Many
routing protocols have been adapted for VANETs, such as DSDV (Destination Sequenced
Distance Vector), AODV (Ad-hoc On demand Distance Vector), and DSR (Dynamic Source Routing). This work compares the performance of those routing protocols at different driving environments and scenarios created by using the mobility generator (VanetMobiSim) and
network simulator(NS2). The obtained results at different vehicular densities, speeds, road
obstacles, lanes, traffic lights, and transmission ranges showed that on average AODV protocol outperforms DSR and DSDV protocols in packet delivery ratio and end-toend delay. However, at certain circumstances (e.g., at shorter transmission ranges) DSR tends to have better performance than AODV and DSDV protocols.
Dvr based hybrid routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc network application and c...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
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11.qualitative based comparison of routing protocols for vanet1212www.iiste.org call for paperfinal
1. Journal of Information Engineering and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5758 (print) ISSN 2224-896X (online)
Vol 1, No.4, 2011
Qualitative Based Comparison of Routing Protocols for
VANET
Suresh Kumar *, K.D.Narayan , Jogendra Kumar
G. B. Pant Engineering College, Pauri-Garhwal Uttarakhand , (India)
Email: * suresh15nirala@yahoo.com
Abstract
Vehicular ad hoc network is one of the most promising applications of MANET that an inter communication system.
In VANET nodes which are vehicles can move safety with high speed and generally must communicate quickly
reliably. When an accident occurs in a road or highway, alarm messages must be disseminated, instead of ad hoc
routed, to inform all other vehicles. Vehicular ad hoc network architecture and cellular technology to achieve intelligent
communication and improve road traffic safety and efficiency .To organize their in vehicle computing system, vehicle
to vehicle ad hoc networks, hybrid architecture with special properties such as high mobility, network portioning and
constrained topology .there is a lot of research about VANET for driving services, traffic information services, user
communication and information services. VANET can perform effective communication by utilizing routing
information. Some researchers are contributed a lots in the area of VANET. In this articles mainly focusing on
significant features, performance improvement in comparisons of routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc network
(VANET).
Keywords: VANET, Routing Protocol, PBR, CAR, CBR etc.
1 Introduction
A VANET is a form of Vehicular Mobile ad-hoc Networks [1], to provide communication among nearby vehicles and
between vehicles and nearby fixed equipment i.e. roadside equipment. Roads are saturated; safety distance and
reasonable speeds are hardly respected. VANETs allow vehicles to avoid problems, either by taking any desired action
or by alerting the driver. Besides the road safety enhancements that VANETs will bring, they also open doors too many
applications to enhance the driving and traveling comfort, like Internet access from a car .VANET or Intelligent
Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networking provides an intelligent way of using vehicular Networking. With the sharp increase of
vehicles on roads in the recent years, driving becomes more challenging and dangerous. The main goal of VANET is
providing safety and comfort for passengers helping drivers on the roads by anticipating hazardous. Each vehicle
equipped with VANET device will be a node in the Ad-hoc network and can receive & relay other messages through
the wireless network. Collision warning, Road signal arms and in place traffic view will give the driver essential tool to
decide the best path along the way events or bad traffic areas. VANET has unique characteristics like high mobility
with the constraint of road topology, initially low market penetration ratio, unbounded network size, infrastructure
support that Differentiate it from MANET. From the above mentioned characteristics, it is evident that conventional
MANET routing Protocols have difficulties from finding stable routing paths in VANET environments. Therefore,
more and more researchers have concentrated on proposing suitable routing protocols to deal with the highly dynamic
nature of VANET. The routing Protocols in VANET are categorized into various types’ likes Topology based, Position
based, Geocast based, Cluster based, broadcast Based and Infrastructure based.
2 Applications of VANET [2]
VANET application can be divided into following categories
VANET provides ubiquitous connectivity on the road to mobile users.
Intelligent Transport System (ITS) provides efficient vehicle to vehicle communications in VANET.
ITS have variety of applications like cooperative traffic monitoring, control of Traffic flows, blind crossing
and collision prevention.
Comfort application is the application to allow the passenger to communicate with other vehicles and with
internet hosts, which improves passengers comfort.
VANET provides internet connectivity to vehicular nodes while on the movement so that passenger can
download music, send emails, watch online movies and can online chatting etc.
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2. Journal of Information Engineering and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5758 (print) ISSN 2224-896X (online)
Vol 1, No.4, 2011
3 Network Architecture and characteristics of VANET
Wireless ad hoc networks do not depend on fixed infrastructure, access point or infrastructure less network for
communication and dissemination of information. The architecture of VANET consists of three categories: Pure
cellular/WLAN, Pure Ad hoc and hybrid. VANET may use fixed cellular gateways and WLAN/WiMax access points
at traffic intersections to connect to the internet, gather traffic information or for routing purposes. This network
architecture is pure cellular or WLAN. VANET can compile both cellular network and WLAN to form the network.
Stationery or fixed gateways around the road sides also provides connectivity to vehicles. In such a scenario all
vehicles and road sides’ devices form pure mobile ad hoc networks. Hybrid architecture consists of both infrastructure
networks and ad Hoc networks together. Nodes in VANET can self organized and self manage the information in a
distributed fashion without any centralized authority. Since the nodes are mobile so data transmission is less reliable
and sub optimal. Some of the distinguishing features of VANET [1, 3]:
Features Description
Highly Dynamic Topology Vehicles are moving VANET is always changing at high speed, by formed network
topology.
Frequently disconnected Changing node density due to occurs when highly dynamic topology frequently
network topology disconnected network.
Unlimited Battery Power and Nodes of VANET are not subject to power and storage limitation in sensor
Storage capacity networks. Nodes have limited amount of energy and computing power
On Board Sensors networks VANET routing protocols consists of many nodes of sensors network which provide
useful information for many GPS unit which provides location information of nodes.
Table 1 showing various features of VANET
4 Overview of Routing Protocols IN VANET
In VANET, the routing protocols are classified into various categories: Topology based, Position based, Cluster based,
Geocast, Broadcast.
4.1 Topology based routing protocols
Topology based routing protocols which discover the route and maintain routing information in a table before the
sender starts transmitting data. They are divided into Proactive, Reactive and hybrid protocols.
Proactive protocols [9]: all the nodes of the networks in proactive protocol or table driven routing
protocols periodically exchanging the knowledge of topology. The proactive protocols do not have initial
route discovery delay but consumes lot of bandwidth for periodic updates of topology. E.g. fisheye state
routing (FSR), Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR), and Topology Dissemination Based on
Reverse-Path Forwarding (TBRPF) etc.
Reactive protocols [9]: Reactive routing protocols or on-demand routing protocols periodically update the
routing table, when some data is there to send. When use flooding process for route discovery, which causes
more routing overhead and also suffer from the initial route discovery process, which make them unsuitable
for safety applications in VANET. E.g. Ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV), Dynamic Source
Routing (DSR), Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) etc.
Hybrid protocols [9]: Hybrid routing protocols is combination of reactive routing protocols and proactive
routing protocols which reduce the control overhead of proactive routing protocols and decrease the initial
Route discovery delay in reactive routing protocols. E.g. Zone Routing protocol (ZRP), Hybrid Routing
Protocol (HARP) etc
4.2 Positions based routing protocol
Position based routing consists of class of routing Algorithm. Which is sharing the property of geographic positioning
information in order to select the next forwarding hops? The packet is send without any map knowledge to the one hop
neighbor which is closest to destination. Position based routing better performance because that is no need to be created
and maintained global route from source node to destination node. Position based routing is divided in two types:
Position based greedy Vehicle to Vehicle protocols, Delay Tolerant Protocols etc.
Position Based Greedy vehicle to vehicle Protocols [1]: In Greedy vehicle to vehicle routing
Protocols strategy and intermediate node should possessed position of itself, position of its neighbor and
destination position in the route forward message to the farthest neighbor in the direction of the next
destination. The main goal of these protocols is min delay routing protocols to transmit data packets to
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3. Journal of Information Engineering and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5758 (print) ISSN 2224-896X (online)
Vol 1, No.4, 2011
destination as soon as possible that Various types of position based greedy Vehicle to Vehicle protocols likes
GSR, GPSR, CAR, ASTAR, STBR, CBF etc.
Geographic Source Routing (GSR) [4]: GSR used in mobile ad hoc network. To improve the
performance because to use many application of MANET in vehicular ad hoc network VANET scenario by
incorporating in to it greedy forwarding of messages toward the destination. If at any hop there are no nodes
in the direction of destination then GPSR utilizes a recovery strategy known as perimeter mode. The
perimeter mode has two components.
Makes local conversion of connectivity graph into planar graph by removing redundant edges that is called
distributed planarization algorithm.
Online routing algorithm that operates on planer graphs. VANET perimeter mode of GPSR is used. In GPSR
if any obstruction or void occurs then algorithm enter perimeter mode and planner graph routing algorithm
start operations, it involves sending the message to intermediate neighbor instead of sending to farthest node,
but this method introduces long delays due to greater no. of hop counts.
Due to fast movement of vehicles, routing loops are introduced which causes dissemination of messages to
long path.
GPSR uses static street map and location information about every node, since GPSR does not consider
vehicle density of streets so it is not an efficient method for VANET.
4.3 Geocast based protocols [5]
Geocast routing is basically a location based multicast routing used to send a message to all vehicles in a pre-defined
geographical region. It is main objective to deliver the packet from source node to all other nodes within a specified
geographical region Zone of Relevance ZOR. In Geocast routing vehicles outside the ZOR are not alerted to avoid
unnecessary hasty reaction. It normally defines a forwarding zone where it directs the flooding of packets in order to
reduce message overhead and network congestion caused by simply flooding packets everywhere. In the destination
zone, unicast routing can be used to forward the packet. One pitfall of Geocast is network partitioning and also
unfavorable neighbors which may hinder the proper forwarding of messages. E.g. IVG, DG-CASTOR and DRG.
Robust Vehicular Routing (ROVER) [5]: The ZOR is defined as a rectangle specified by its
corner coordinates. It is a reliable geographical multicast protocol where only control packets are broadcasted
in the network and the data packets are unicasted. The main objective of the protocol is to send a message to
all other vehicles within a specified Zone of Relevance (ZOR).
DTSG [8]: The main aim of DTSG protocol is to work even with sparse density networks. It provides
vehicles speed for better performance .It work done by dynamically adjusts the protocol depending on
network density. It have two phases: pre-stable and stable period. Pre-stable phase helps the message to be
disseminated within the region, and stable-period intermediate node uses store and forward method for a
predefined time within the region. It also tries to control balance between packet delivery ratio and network
cost.
4.4 Cluster based protocols
Each cluster has one cluster-head, which is responsible for intra and inter-cluster management functions. Intra-cluster
nodes communicate each other using direct links, whereas inter-cluster communication is performed via cluster headers
.In Cluster-based routing protocols vehicles near to each other form a cluster. In cluster based routing protocols the
formation of clusters and the selection of the cluster-head is an important issue. In VANET due to high mobility
dynamic cluster formation is a towering process
.Hierarchical Cluster Based (HCB) routing [3]: Hierarchical Cluster routing protocol designed for
highly mobility ad hoc networks. HCB is two-layer communication architecture. In layer-1 mostly nodes
have single radio interface and they communicate with each other via multi-hop path. Among these nodes
some also have another interface with long radio communication range called super nodes which exist both
on layer-1and 2. Super nodes are able to communicate with each other via the base station in layer-2. During
the cluster formation, each node will attach to the nearest cluster header and super nodes will become cluster
headers in layer-1. In HCB, intra-cluster routing is performed independently in each cluster. Cluster heads
exchange membership information periodically to enable inter-cluster routing.
Cluster Based Location Routing (CBLR) [7]: It is a reactive or on demand routing protocol and
cluster based routing protocol. Each cluster header maintains a routing table contains the addresses and
geographic locations of the cluster members and gateways nodes, and it also maintains a Cluster Neighbor
Table that contains information about all neighboring clusters. When a source wants to send data to a
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4. Journal of Information Engineering and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5758 (print) ISSN 2224-896X (online)
Vol 1, No.4, 2011
destination, it first checks whether the destination is in the same cluster or not. If it is in same cluster, it sends
the packet to the closest neighbor to the destination. Otherwise, the source stores the data packet in its buffer,
starts a timer and broadcasts Location Request (LREQ) packets. CBLR is suitable for high mobility networks
because it updates the location of the source and destination every time before data transmission starts.
Cluster-Based Directional Routing Protocol (CBDRP) [2,7]: It divides the vehicles into clusters
and vehicles which are moving in same direction form a cluster. The source sends the message to its cluster
header and then it forwards the message to header which is in the same cluster with the destination. At last
the destination header sends the message to the destination. The cluster header selection and maintenance is
same like CBR but it considers velocity and direction of a vehicle.
4.5 Broadcast based protocols
Broadcast is based on hierarchal structure for highway network. In broadcast the highway is divided into virtual cells
which move like vehicles. The nodes in the highway are organized into two level of hierarchy: the first Level hierarchy
includes all the nodes in a cell, the second level hierarchy is represented by cell reflectors, which are few nodes located
closed to geographical centre of cell. Some Cell reflected behaves for certain interval of time as cluster head and
handles the emergency messages coming from same members of the cell or nearby neighbor. This protocol performs
similar to flooding base routing protocols for message broadcasting and routing overhead .
Distributed vehicular broadcast protocol (DVCAST) [1,7]: Each vehicle uses a flag variable to
check whether the packet is redundant or not and It is uses local topology information by using the periodic
hello messages for broadcasting the information. DVCAST protocol divides the vehicles into three types
depending on the local connectivity as well connected, sparsely connected, totally disconnected
neighborhood. In well connected neighborhood it uses persistence scheme weighted persistence, slotted 1and
persistence. In sparsely connected neighborhood after receiving the broadcast message, vehicles can
immediately rebroadcast with vehicles moving in the same direction. In totally disconnected neighborhood
vehicles are used to store the broadcast message until another vehicle enters into transmission range,
otherwise if the time expires it will discard the packet. DVCAST protocol causes high control overhead and
delay in end to end data transfer.
Urban Multihop Broadcast protocol (UMB) [3]: This protocol performs with much success at higher
packet loads and vehicle traffic densities without any prior topology information to sender node tries to select
the furthest node in the broadcast direction for forwarding and acknowledging the packet. it is designed to
overcome the interference, packet collision and hidden node problems during message distribution in multi
hop broadcast.
V Conclusion
In this article discusses various qualitative based routing protocols of VANET and routing protocols, comparing the
various features is absolutely essential to come up with new proposals for VANET. The performance of VANET
routing protocols depend on various parameters like mobility model, driving environment and many more Routing is an
important component in vehicle-to-vehicle and infrastructure-to-vehicle communication to design an efficient routing
protocol for all VANET applications is very hard. Thus this papers focus on features and comparison of different
categories of VANET routing protocols. Such as position based, geocast and cluster based protocols are more reliable
for most of the applications in VANET.
References:
[1] Kevin,Uichin Lee, Mario Gerla[2010], “Survey of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks in Car2Car
communication consortium”.
[2] Yu Wang and Fan Li,[2000] “Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks” in Guide to Wireless Ad HocNetworks, Computer
communication and Networks, DOI 10.1007/978-1-84800-328-6_20.
[3] Sandhaya Kohli, Bandanjot Kaur, “A comparative study of Routing Protocols in VANET”
[4] B. Karp and H.T. Kung[2000], “GPSR: Greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks”, in Proceedings of the
ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom).
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Vol 1, No.4, 2011
[5] M. Kihl, M. Sichitiu, T. Ekeroth and M. Rozenberg[2007], ”Reliable Geographical Multicast Routing in Vehicular Adhoc
Networks” , Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4517 LNCS[C], pp. 315- 325.
[6] Raj K. Shrestha, Sangman Moh, Ilyong Chung, and Dongmin Choi[2010], ”Vertex-based multi-hop vehicle-toinfrastructure
routing for vehicular ad hoc networks”, IEEE proceedings of 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS)
[7] Jagadeesh Kakarla, S Siva Sathya[Augest,2011],” A Survey on Routing Protocols and its Issues in VANET” International
Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 28– No.4.
[8] Hamidreza Rahbar, Kshira sagar Naik, Amiya Nayak[2001], “DTSG: Dynamic Time-Stable Geocast Routing in Vehicular Ad
Hoc Networks”, IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communi-cations, pp. 198–203,.
[9] C.Siva Rammurty and B.S.Manoj[2011] ,“Ad hoc wireless networks architectures and protocols” ISBN 978-81-317-0688-6.
AUTHOR PROFILES:
*Suresh Kumar is working as an Assistant Professor in Department of Computer Science and Engineering at G.B.
Pant Engineering College Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India. His area of interest includes Sensor network, ad hoc
network , image processing and also published various research papers in leading journal & conferences.
**K.D.Narayan is working as an Assistant Professor in Department of Computer Science and Engineering at G.B.
Pant Engineering College Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India. His area of interest includes Sensor network and ad
hoc network.
***Jogendra Kumar received his B.E. degree in Computer Science & Engineering from H.N.B Garhwal
University Shrinagar Uttarakhand (India) in 2008 and he is currently doing M.Tech (CSE) degree from UTU
University Dehradun Uttarakhand (India) in G.B. Pant Engineering College Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, (India).
His research interest includes mobile ad hoc networks and wireless sensor networks systems.
Routing Proactive Reactive Cluster based Broadcast Geocast based Position based
Protocols protocols protocols protocols based protocols protocols protocols
Realistic Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Traffic Flow
Recovery Multi Hop Carry & Carry & Carry & Broadcast Carry &
Strategy Forwarding Forward packet Forward packet Forward packet nature Forward packet
packet
Virtual No No Yes No No No
Infrastructure
Prior Multihop Multihop Multihop Multihop Multihop Heuristic
Forwarding
Scenario Urban Urban Urban Highway Highway Urban
Digital Map No No Yes No No No
. Table 2: Comparison of Various Protocols of VANET.
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