Abstract— The indiscriminate use of agricultural inputs, such as fertilizers e and synthetic pesticides, can cause high levels of toxic residues in food, biological imbalance, environmental contamination, intoxication of humans and animals, and other direct and indirect effects. The use of plant extracts as alternative insecticides is a way to minimize the problems caused by synthetic insecticides. Insecticides are in the second position in the trading market of agrotoxics in Brazil. The species Tagetes erecta L. and Tagetes patula L. have antioxidant properties, larvicidal, fungicidal, antimicrobial, nematicide and insecticide. In order to verify the possibility of Tagetes sp. extracts be suitable alternative to the use of synthetic insecticides, the bioassays laboratorial were designed through of insect mortality test of Sitophilus zeamais. We evaluated the antioxidant activity by the test of DPPH, in addition to screen the chromatographic profile of the extracts. It is concluded that the extracts evaluated are efficient in insect mortality, checking still considerable amount of antioxidant compounds, as identified also flavonoids, terpenes and alkaloids in extracts. According to these results we conclude that T. erecta and T. patula has phytotoxic compounds that can promote and expand its use as a natural insecticide.
Allelochemicals of Neea theifera Oerst. (Nyctaginaceae) with phytotoxic poten...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Plant species able to produce phytotoxic substances are widely studied in agronomy because when identified and isolated can lead to herbicides or insecticides less toxic than current pesticides. Knowing the ecological characteristics of the Neea theifera species in cerrado biome, this study aimed to evaluate the phytotoxic effect of extracts and fractions of leaves and screen the secondary compounds in the methanol extract. The organic extracts and fractions showed phytotoxic potential in germination indexes, the initial growth of the root system and the mitotic index of L. sativa. In phytochemical screening performed by HPLC-PAD was possible to identify the presence of phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids, a secondary class of compounds widely known in the literature for its medicinal and allelopathic actions. Therefore, according to the results it can be concluded that the species N. theifera is capable of producing phytotoxic compounds, since the leaf extracts and fractions changed the pattern germination indexes, root length and mitotic index of lettuce.
Identification and control of fungi associated with the post harvest rot of s...Alexander Decker
This document reports on a study that identified and evaluated methods to control fungi associated with post-harvest rot of Solenostemon rotundifolius (Hausa potato). Four fungi - Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillum expansum, and Rhizopus stolonifer - were consistently isolated from diseased tubers collected from markets in Yola, Nigeria. The efficacy of wood ash, sawdust, and guinea corn chaff in reducing tuber rot caused by these fungi was evaluated. Results showed that the plant materials reduced rot and have potential as alternatives to synthetic fungicides for controlling post-harvest fungal rot of Solenostemon rotundifol
Response of potential stored grain insect pests to bfl 225 multi attractant l...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effectiveness of BFL 225 multi-attractant lure baited traps for monitoring stored grain insect pests in commercial warehouses over 10 months in Southern Nigeria. Traps baited with BFL 225 captured significantly more insects than unbaited traps, including Sitophilus spp., Plodia interpunctella, Tribolium castaneum, Callosobruchus maculatus, Alphitobius laevigatus and Rhyzopertha dominica. The results suggest that BFL 225 baited traps could be useful for early detection and monitoring of potential stored grain pests migrating into warehouses, and help inform integrated pest management strategies in tropical Africa.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the use of ultraviolet (UV) light and ultrasound (US) to reduce bacteria on fresh lettuce and strawberries. The researchers inoculated lettuce and strawberries with a cocktail of four bacteria (E. coli, L. innocua, S. Enteritidis, S. aureus) and then treated them with UV or US. Treatment with UV and US significantly reduced bacteria on lettuce, with over a 1 log reduction for each bacteria. Treatment with UV reduced bacteria on strawberries by 1-1.4 log, while treatment with US achieved over a 2 log reduction for some bacteria on strawberries. Treatment with UV and US for up to 45 minutes did not significantly change
Screening of some Maize Varieties for Resistance against the Maize weevils, S...Ochuko Siemuri
Twenty one maize varieties that were collected from Bako Agricultural Research Center, Western Ethiopia were screened for resistance against maize weevils in insect science laboratory of Addis Ababa University. The varieties included sixteen hybrids (BH-660, BH-540, BH-543, BHQPY-545, BH-661, BH-546, BH-547, SPRH-1, AMH-760Q, AMH-851, AMH-853, AMH-854, MH-138Q, OHL HUV, Shone and Limu) and five open pollinated varieties (Melkasa-2, Melkasa-4, Melkasa-6Q, Gibe-2 and Morka). The parameter measured for screening were parental adult’s weevil’s mortality, F1 progeny emergence, percent protection, percent grain damage and weight loss, weight of damaged and undamaged grains, Dobie index of susceptibility and selection index. Based on Dobie index of susceptibility, 6 varieties (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) respectively were categorized as resistant varieties, whereas the rest 15 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853, OHL HUV, Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2, Limu, BH-660 and Shone) were rated as moderately susceptible varieties. However, based on selection index, 6 (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) were rated as resistant, 5 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853 and OHL HUV) were rated as moderately resistant, 8 (Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2 and Limu) were rated as moderately susceptible and 2 (BH-660 and Shone) were rated as susceptible varieties. Therefore, the aforementioned 6 resistant varieties could be stored relatively for longer period (≥ 2 months) under farmer’s storage conditions. Hence, these resistance varieties could be implemented as a cheap, ecologically sound and effective management method to reduce loss caused by S. zeamais under storage conditions at national level.
8_Diversity and antimicrobial activity of fungal endophyte communities associ...Aline Bruna Martins Vaz
This study examined the diversity and antimicrobial activity of fungal endophyte communities associated with three plant species in Brazilian savanna ecosystems. A total of 93 fungal endophyte isolates were obtained from the plants and identified through DNA sequencing. The most common genera isolated were Colletotrichum from Myrciaria floribunda and Alchornea castaneifolia, and Mycosphaerella from Eugenia aff. bimarginata. Crude extracts of the fungal isolates were screened for antimicrobial activity, with 38 extracts showing activity against pathogenic microorganisms. Emericellopsis donezkii and Colletotrichum gloesporioides demonstrated the strongest antimicrobial activity, with
Identification of Ralstonia Solanacearum in Kyrgyzstan’s Potato Fields and th...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In this study, we have used well-known, efficient methods and bioassay for systematic screening of R. solanacearum for identification of its phenotype and biochemical profile, as well as for pathogenicity and virulence. As a result, an aggressive race — Biovar 3 — was most isolated from the potato fields of the Issyk-Kul region, especially in fields where the Picasso variety was grown. The isolated indigenous strains of Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3 has the potential to be used as a biocontrol agent for the management of the bacterial wilt of potatoes, as indicated by the reduced percentage wilt incidence. Root zone and soil application of Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3 at a dose of 108 cell/ml significantly reduced disease incidence and increased the growth of potato plants. The disease’s progress was reduced by 60% and 56% in plants inoculated with Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3, respectively.
1) Some plant extracts from Mexico, including Hura polyandra, were found to immobilize the first-stage larvae of the nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis in laboratory tests, suggesting they may help control the parasite.
2) No extracts showed efficacy against the adult parasite.
3) The results provide preliminary evidence that some local plant extracts could potentially be used to sterilize infectious nematode larvae in endemic areas, though further study is needed.
Allelochemicals of Neea theifera Oerst. (Nyctaginaceae) with phytotoxic poten...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Plant species able to produce phytotoxic substances are widely studied in agronomy because when identified and isolated can lead to herbicides or insecticides less toxic than current pesticides. Knowing the ecological characteristics of the Neea theifera species in cerrado biome, this study aimed to evaluate the phytotoxic effect of extracts and fractions of leaves and screen the secondary compounds in the methanol extract. The organic extracts and fractions showed phytotoxic potential in germination indexes, the initial growth of the root system and the mitotic index of L. sativa. In phytochemical screening performed by HPLC-PAD was possible to identify the presence of phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids, a secondary class of compounds widely known in the literature for its medicinal and allelopathic actions. Therefore, according to the results it can be concluded that the species N. theifera is capable of producing phytotoxic compounds, since the leaf extracts and fractions changed the pattern germination indexes, root length and mitotic index of lettuce.
Identification and control of fungi associated with the post harvest rot of s...Alexander Decker
This document reports on a study that identified and evaluated methods to control fungi associated with post-harvest rot of Solenostemon rotundifolius (Hausa potato). Four fungi - Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillum expansum, and Rhizopus stolonifer - were consistently isolated from diseased tubers collected from markets in Yola, Nigeria. The efficacy of wood ash, sawdust, and guinea corn chaff in reducing tuber rot caused by these fungi was evaluated. Results showed that the plant materials reduced rot and have potential as alternatives to synthetic fungicides for controlling post-harvest fungal rot of Solenostemon rotundifol
Response of potential stored grain insect pests to bfl 225 multi attractant l...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effectiveness of BFL 225 multi-attractant lure baited traps for monitoring stored grain insect pests in commercial warehouses over 10 months in Southern Nigeria. Traps baited with BFL 225 captured significantly more insects than unbaited traps, including Sitophilus spp., Plodia interpunctella, Tribolium castaneum, Callosobruchus maculatus, Alphitobius laevigatus and Rhyzopertha dominica. The results suggest that BFL 225 baited traps could be useful for early detection and monitoring of potential stored grain pests migrating into warehouses, and help inform integrated pest management strategies in tropical Africa.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the use of ultraviolet (UV) light and ultrasound (US) to reduce bacteria on fresh lettuce and strawberries. The researchers inoculated lettuce and strawberries with a cocktail of four bacteria (E. coli, L. innocua, S. Enteritidis, S. aureus) and then treated them with UV or US. Treatment with UV and US significantly reduced bacteria on lettuce, with over a 1 log reduction for each bacteria. Treatment with UV reduced bacteria on strawberries by 1-1.4 log, while treatment with US achieved over a 2 log reduction for some bacteria on strawberries. Treatment with UV and US for up to 45 minutes did not significantly change
Screening of some Maize Varieties for Resistance against the Maize weevils, S...Ochuko Siemuri
Twenty one maize varieties that were collected from Bako Agricultural Research Center, Western Ethiopia were screened for resistance against maize weevils in insect science laboratory of Addis Ababa University. The varieties included sixteen hybrids (BH-660, BH-540, BH-543, BHQPY-545, BH-661, BH-546, BH-547, SPRH-1, AMH-760Q, AMH-851, AMH-853, AMH-854, MH-138Q, OHL HUV, Shone and Limu) and five open pollinated varieties (Melkasa-2, Melkasa-4, Melkasa-6Q, Gibe-2 and Morka). The parameter measured for screening were parental adult’s weevil’s mortality, F1 progeny emergence, percent protection, percent grain damage and weight loss, weight of damaged and undamaged grains, Dobie index of susceptibility and selection index. Based on Dobie index of susceptibility, 6 varieties (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) respectively were categorized as resistant varieties, whereas the rest 15 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853, OHL HUV, Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2, Limu, BH-660 and Shone) were rated as moderately susceptible varieties. However, based on selection index, 6 (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) were rated as resistant, 5 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853 and OHL HUV) were rated as moderately resistant, 8 (Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2 and Limu) were rated as moderately susceptible and 2 (BH-660 and Shone) were rated as susceptible varieties. Therefore, the aforementioned 6 resistant varieties could be stored relatively for longer period (≥ 2 months) under farmer’s storage conditions. Hence, these resistance varieties could be implemented as a cheap, ecologically sound and effective management method to reduce loss caused by S. zeamais under storage conditions at national level.
8_Diversity and antimicrobial activity of fungal endophyte communities associ...Aline Bruna Martins Vaz
This study examined the diversity and antimicrobial activity of fungal endophyte communities associated with three plant species in Brazilian savanna ecosystems. A total of 93 fungal endophyte isolates were obtained from the plants and identified through DNA sequencing. The most common genera isolated were Colletotrichum from Myrciaria floribunda and Alchornea castaneifolia, and Mycosphaerella from Eugenia aff. bimarginata. Crude extracts of the fungal isolates were screened for antimicrobial activity, with 38 extracts showing activity against pathogenic microorganisms. Emericellopsis donezkii and Colletotrichum gloesporioides demonstrated the strongest antimicrobial activity, with
Identification of Ralstonia Solanacearum in Kyrgyzstan’s Potato Fields and th...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In this study, we have used well-known, efficient methods and bioassay for systematic screening of R. solanacearum for identification of its phenotype and biochemical profile, as well as for pathogenicity and virulence. As a result, an aggressive race — Biovar 3 — was most isolated from the potato fields of the Issyk-Kul region, especially in fields where the Picasso variety was grown. The isolated indigenous strains of Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3 has the potential to be used as a biocontrol agent for the management of the bacterial wilt of potatoes, as indicated by the reduced percentage wilt incidence. Root zone and soil application of Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3 at a dose of 108 cell/ml significantly reduced disease incidence and increased the growth of potato plants. The disease’s progress was reduced by 60% and 56% in plants inoculated with Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3, respectively.
1) Some plant extracts from Mexico, including Hura polyandra, were found to immobilize the first-stage larvae of the nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis in laboratory tests, suggesting they may help control the parasite.
2) No extracts showed efficacy against the adult parasite.
3) The results provide preliminary evidence that some local plant extracts could potentially be used to sterilize infectious nematode larvae in endemic areas, though further study is needed.
Medicinal plants are in use in many countries and cultures as a source of medicine. Biotechnological tools like tissue culture are important for selection, multiplication and conservation of medicinal plants genotypes. In addition, in-vitro regeneration plays a great role in the production of high-quality plant-based medicine. Plant tissue culture techniques offer an integrated approach for the production of standardized quality phytopharmaceutical through mass production of consistent plant material for physiological characterization and analysis of active ingredients. A number of medicinal plants reported to regenerate in vitro from their various parts but still, fewer are grown in soil, while their micropropagation on a mass scale has rarely been achieved. Micropropagation protocols for cloning of some medicinal plants had been developed by using different concentrations of plant growth regulators in a Murashige and Skoog media variant (Murashige and Skoog, 1962). Regeneration occurred via organogenesis and embryogenesis in response to auxins and cytokinins. The production of secondary metabolite is also becoming familiar by tissue culture for pharmaceutical use. The integrated approaches of culture systems will provide the basis for the future development of safe, effective, and high-quality products for consumers.
The quest for better food quality has invariably increased cases of food-borne infections which in turn contribute to the problem of antibiotic resistance as a result of drug abuse. This study is aimed at characterizing bacterial isolates from some seafood sold in Nembe, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A total of 200 fresh seafood samples (crab, shrimp, oyster and periwinkle) were collected randomly from Nembe, Bayelsa State. Isolates were obtained using the conventional microbiological methods and the pure cultures were screened by gram staining and biochemical test for preliminary identification. Isolates were further characterized for 16SrRNA using Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sequencing. The most dominant species isolated were Staphylococcus gallinarum 27(22.5%), Vibrio rotiferanus 17(14.2%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus 48(40%), Klebsiella aerogenes 10(8.3%) and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae 18(15%). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) by single factor was done to determine the variation in colony counts of isolates from the different seafood samples and P value was > 0.05 indicating that there is no significant difference in colony counts among the different sea foods. The presence of these bacterial species in these seafood samples renders the food unsafe for consumption. Adequate handling as well as proper cooking of seafood before consumption is highly recommended so as to reduce the incidence of food-borne infections.
This document summarizes a study on the epidemiology and management of mango malformation disease in Guerrero, Mexico. The study compared three management approaches - high technology, low traditional technology, and integrated management - in commercial mango orchards over two growing cycles from 1993-1995. The integrated approach, which included pruning, acaricide, and fungicide applications, resulted in slower disease progression, lower initial and final disease levels, and higher yields compared to the other approaches. Changes in disease incidence were positively correlated with the number of trapped Fusarium spores and wind speed over a 4-month lag period. Environmental factors like temperature and humidity also affected disease levels, likely by influencing spore dispersal.
This curriculum vitae summarizes the professional experience and qualifications of Dr. Hamdy Ali Eldoksh. He received his PhD in Pesticide Chemistry from Alexandria University in 1984. Since 1998, he has served as the Head of Research in Pesticide Chemistry, Toxicology, and Formulation at the Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory in Alexandria, Egypt. His research focuses on developing natural pest control products from Egyptian flora as alternatives to synthetic pesticides. He has over 30 years of experience screening plants for pesticidal activity and formulating natural product extracts.
This document discusses a study that tested the phytochemical and antibacterial activities of Calotropis procera leaf extracts against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The study found that ethanol and cold water extracts of C. procera leaves contained phytochemicals like alkaloids and flavonoids. The ethanol extract showed the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified functional groups in the active extracts, including phenols, hydroxyl, carbon-hydrogen and carbonyl groups. The results suggest that C. procera leaf extracts have potential antibacterial properties for treating wound infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
The document summarizes the results of biological assays performed on various crude plant extracts from Vitex trifolia L. Hexane and dichloromethane extracts from stems and foliage showed toxicity against several cancer cell lines. A hexane leaf extract completely inhibited the growth of the fungal plant pathogen Fusarium sp. within 2 days. Leaf extracts demonstrated antibacterial properties, completely inhibiting the growth of gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria at concentrations of 10 mg/ml or less. An important antifeeding activity was also observed for a hexane extract against the insect pest Spodoptera frugiperda. The potential uses of V. trifolia extracts are discussed.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the survival (mean time to failure) of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae when exposed to different concentrations of extracts from Annona muricata (soursop) seeds. Larvae were exposed to concentrations ranging from 10-1000 ppm of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions of the seed extract. Survival analysis found the n-hexane fraction at a concentration of 183,476 ppm produced the highest larval mortality rate and was therefore the most effective concentration for killing mosquito larvae. According to toxicity criteria, this concentration fell into the "moderately toxic" category.
This study analyzed the microbiological quality of commonly consumed ready-to-eat foods (rice, beans, yam, fufu, and meat) obtained from food vendors at Ekiti State University in Nigeria. Aerobic plate counts and fungal counts were determined for the food samples, with mean plate counts ranging from 1.0 x 102 to 6.0 x 104 CFU/g and fungal counts ranging from 1.3 x 102 to 5.2 x 104 CFU/g. Eleven species of microorganisms were isolated including Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Aspergillus spp. Bacillus cereus was the most frequently isolated organism
Anthelmintic activity of leaves of different extracts of Gossypium herbaceum ...SriramNagarajan16
The N-hexane, ethyl ether and ethanol extracts of leaves of Gossypium herbaceum L was investigated for
anthelmintic activity using earthworms (Pheretimaposthuma). Various concentrations (10,20,40,60,80 &100
mg/ml) of plant extracts were tested in the bioassay. Albendazole (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard drug
whereas 1% v/v tween 80 as control. Determination of paralysis time and death time of the worms were recorded.
Theethyl ether and ethanol extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at highest concentration of 60, 80 &
100 mg/ml compared to standard drug. The result shows that ethyl ether extract possesses potent vermicidal
activity and found to be effective as an anthelmintic compared to ethanolic extract
This document describes a study that investigated the antibacterial and phytochemical properties of Calotropis procera leaf extracts against antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from hospital patients' wound samples. Extracts from C. procera leaves were tested against six bacteria species using the agar well diffusion method. The ethanol extract showed the highest antibacterial activity, inhibiting the growth of two bacterial species. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and phenols in the extracts. The results indicate that C. procera leaf extracts have antibacterial effects and could help treat wound infections, especially against Staphyloc
This document provides a syllabus for a B.Sc. in Botany program implemented from the 2011-12 academic year at Goa University in India. It includes:
1. An overview of the program's purpose to equip students to appreciate plant diversity, understand their ecological and economic roles, and manipulate plants through techniques like genetic engineering.
2. Details of the program structure including 16 papers over 6 semesters and requirements for project work and field work.
3. Descriptions of the individual papers covering topics like plant classification, cell biology, plant physiology, and economic botany.
4. Suggested readings and laboratory exercises to accompany the papers.
The syllabus provides a comprehensive
In-vivo anthelmintic evaluation of a processed herbal drug from Entada leptos...IOSR Journals
The document describes an in vivo study that evaluated the anthelmintic activity of a processed herbal drug from Entada leptostachya and Prosopis juliflora against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. The herbal drug showed maximum egg count reduction of 80.95% at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight on day 11 post-treatment. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds including alkaloids, steroids, phenolic compounds, tannins and flavonoids that may contribute to the anthelmintic effects. The study suggests the herbal drug has comparable anthelmintic activity to the conventional drug levamisole and could be used as an alternative de
The document describes a study that isolated, identified, and characterized ethanol-tolerant yeast species from various fruits for use in bioethanol production. Seven yeast species were isolated from mango, papaya, and orange samples collected in Ethiopia, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii, Zygosaccharomyces fermentati, Candida sorboxylosa, Candida apicola, Kluyveramyces delphensis, and Issatchenkia orientalis. Most of these species were found to tolerate temperatures up to 30°C as well as ethanol concentrations up to 16%, and could assimilate pentose and hexose sugars. These properties
Biofumigation: A Potential Aspect for Suppression of Plant-Parasitic NematodesIJEABJ
This document discusses biofumigation as a potential method for suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes. It begins by explaining that plant-parasitic nematodes cause large economic losses worldwide and that chemical nematicides are commonly used but have negative environmental impacts. It then describes how biofumigation uses glucosinolate compounds produced by some plants, like mustards, which break down to form volatile isothiocyanates that can suppress nematodes and other soil pathogens. Several factors that influence the biofumigation process and its effectiveness are discussed, including the plant variety used, soil temperature, depth, and microbes. The document concludes by stating that biofumigation shows potential as part of an integrated pest
The proximate and phytochemical composition of SI and CS at different stages ...OGUNSOLA OLADELE KAYODE
This document summarizes a study on the proximate and phytochemical composition of two plant species - Sesamum indicum and Ceratotheca sesamoides - at different stages of growth. The study found significant differences in the nutritional and chemical makeup of the two plants as they developed. S. indicum generally had higher percentages of moisture, protein, ash, and crude fiber, while C. sesamoides had higher levels of some phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols. Both plants saw declines in proximate and phytochemical constituents as they approached flowering and fruiting stages. The analysis supports the use of these plants as vegetables and suggests potential medicinal value
Effects of six selected antibiotics on plant growth and soil microbial and en...Junior Dou
This study examined the effects of six antibiotics (chlortetracycline, tetracycline, tylosin, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine, and trimethoprim) on plant growth, soil microbial activity, and soil enzyme activity. Seed germination tests and plant growth tests in soil were conducted on three plant species (rice, cucumber, and sweet oat) to assess phytotoxicity. Soil respiration and phosphatase activity were also measured to evaluate the impact on soil microbial activity. The results showed varying effects between antibiotics and plant species. Rice was most sensitive to sulfamethoxazole. All antibiotics inhibited soil phosphatase activity. Sulfonamides and trimethoprim significantly
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
SYNERGISTIC ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYTOESTROGENS IN CRUDE EXTRACTS OF T...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have doubled in the last decade worldwide. However, as a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the effectiveness of sesame leaves in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the synergistic antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude leaves extracts of Sesame radiatum and Sesame indicum. Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of both leaves were studied for their in-vitro synergistic antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms, and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed that the major compounds in essential oils are of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups especially, the most potent antioxidants known to man like sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin among others. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested pathogenic micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of Nigeria .
Biochemical Monitoring of Detoxifying Enzyme Levels in Field Population of Mo...BRNSS Publication Hub
The major cause of resistance mechanism in mosquitoes is the detoxification and degradation of
insecticides by overproduction of various metabolic enzymes. Quantitative metabolic enzyme assays
of carboxylesterases (α and β), mixed function oxidases (MFO), and glutathione S-transferases (GST)
have been commonly used in the detection of insecticide resistance due to its sensitive nature even at low
frequencies. For the present study, larval strains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L) were
collected from the Cochin Corporation, Kerala, India, and were assayed to organophosphate temephos
and carbamate propoxur. The resistance ratio of median lethal time for temephos and propoxur from the
field population of C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti is higher than the laboratory population. Elevated
levels of α and β esterase enzyme were observed with the ratio of 1.6 and 1.54 for C. quinquefasciatus
and 1.51 and 1.47 for A. aegypti. In Culex mosquitoes, 1.71, and in Aedes, 1.64 fold increase in GST
enzyme level and 1.38 and 1.3 fold increase for the MFO level determined. The study results revealed
the urgent needs of improving the vector control methods by introducing alternative techniques and
strategies against mosquitoes.
104_5288am0704_745_751 Antibacterial Activity of Methanolic Extract of Domina...Dr-Alaa Said
This document summarizes a study that identified and evaluated the antibacterial activity of marine algae from Tolmeta coasts in Libya. Thirty-four species of marine algae from 26 genera were identified during sampling visits in 2009. The most dominant species was Padina pavonia. Methanolic extracts of P. pavonia were tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and compared to several antibiotics. The extracts and antibiotics affected the growth of E. coli to varying degrees, with some antibiotics ranking higher than the algal extract. Only one antibiotic affected S. aureus. In conclusion, the study evaluated the antibacterial activity of the dominant algal species P. pavonia from Tolmeta
Digital Futures
An in-depth look into the principles and practice of digital projects at cultural heritage institutions with a focus on best practice (He)
Chezkie Kasnett, Digital Projects Manager, National Library of Israel
Este documento presenta un examen supletorio de dibujo para estudiantes de noveno año de educación básica. El examen contiene 5 preguntas sobre conceptos básicos de geometría como perpendiculares, triángulos isósceles, mediatrices y paralelas, y es valorado sobre un total de 10 puntos.
Medicinal plants are in use in many countries and cultures as a source of medicine. Biotechnological tools like tissue culture are important for selection, multiplication and conservation of medicinal plants genotypes. In addition, in-vitro regeneration plays a great role in the production of high-quality plant-based medicine. Plant tissue culture techniques offer an integrated approach for the production of standardized quality phytopharmaceutical through mass production of consistent plant material for physiological characterization and analysis of active ingredients. A number of medicinal plants reported to regenerate in vitro from their various parts but still, fewer are grown in soil, while their micropropagation on a mass scale has rarely been achieved. Micropropagation protocols for cloning of some medicinal plants had been developed by using different concentrations of plant growth regulators in a Murashige and Skoog media variant (Murashige and Skoog, 1962). Regeneration occurred via organogenesis and embryogenesis in response to auxins and cytokinins. The production of secondary metabolite is also becoming familiar by tissue culture for pharmaceutical use. The integrated approaches of culture systems will provide the basis for the future development of safe, effective, and high-quality products for consumers.
The quest for better food quality has invariably increased cases of food-borne infections which in turn contribute to the problem of antibiotic resistance as a result of drug abuse. This study is aimed at characterizing bacterial isolates from some seafood sold in Nembe, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A total of 200 fresh seafood samples (crab, shrimp, oyster and periwinkle) were collected randomly from Nembe, Bayelsa State. Isolates were obtained using the conventional microbiological methods and the pure cultures were screened by gram staining and biochemical test for preliminary identification. Isolates were further characterized for 16SrRNA using Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sequencing. The most dominant species isolated were Staphylococcus gallinarum 27(22.5%), Vibrio rotiferanus 17(14.2%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus 48(40%), Klebsiella aerogenes 10(8.3%) and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae 18(15%). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) by single factor was done to determine the variation in colony counts of isolates from the different seafood samples and P value was > 0.05 indicating that there is no significant difference in colony counts among the different sea foods. The presence of these bacterial species in these seafood samples renders the food unsafe for consumption. Adequate handling as well as proper cooking of seafood before consumption is highly recommended so as to reduce the incidence of food-borne infections.
This document summarizes a study on the epidemiology and management of mango malformation disease in Guerrero, Mexico. The study compared three management approaches - high technology, low traditional technology, and integrated management - in commercial mango orchards over two growing cycles from 1993-1995. The integrated approach, which included pruning, acaricide, and fungicide applications, resulted in slower disease progression, lower initial and final disease levels, and higher yields compared to the other approaches. Changes in disease incidence were positively correlated with the number of trapped Fusarium spores and wind speed over a 4-month lag period. Environmental factors like temperature and humidity also affected disease levels, likely by influencing spore dispersal.
This curriculum vitae summarizes the professional experience and qualifications of Dr. Hamdy Ali Eldoksh. He received his PhD in Pesticide Chemistry from Alexandria University in 1984. Since 1998, he has served as the Head of Research in Pesticide Chemistry, Toxicology, and Formulation at the Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory in Alexandria, Egypt. His research focuses on developing natural pest control products from Egyptian flora as alternatives to synthetic pesticides. He has over 30 years of experience screening plants for pesticidal activity and formulating natural product extracts.
This document discusses a study that tested the phytochemical and antibacterial activities of Calotropis procera leaf extracts against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The study found that ethanol and cold water extracts of C. procera leaves contained phytochemicals like alkaloids and flavonoids. The ethanol extract showed the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified functional groups in the active extracts, including phenols, hydroxyl, carbon-hydrogen and carbonyl groups. The results suggest that C. procera leaf extracts have potential antibacterial properties for treating wound infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
The document summarizes the results of biological assays performed on various crude plant extracts from Vitex trifolia L. Hexane and dichloromethane extracts from stems and foliage showed toxicity against several cancer cell lines. A hexane leaf extract completely inhibited the growth of the fungal plant pathogen Fusarium sp. within 2 days. Leaf extracts demonstrated antibacterial properties, completely inhibiting the growth of gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria at concentrations of 10 mg/ml or less. An important antifeeding activity was also observed for a hexane extract against the insect pest Spodoptera frugiperda. The potential uses of V. trifolia extracts are discussed.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the survival (mean time to failure) of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae when exposed to different concentrations of extracts from Annona muricata (soursop) seeds. Larvae were exposed to concentrations ranging from 10-1000 ppm of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions of the seed extract. Survival analysis found the n-hexane fraction at a concentration of 183,476 ppm produced the highest larval mortality rate and was therefore the most effective concentration for killing mosquito larvae. According to toxicity criteria, this concentration fell into the "moderately toxic" category.
This study analyzed the microbiological quality of commonly consumed ready-to-eat foods (rice, beans, yam, fufu, and meat) obtained from food vendors at Ekiti State University in Nigeria. Aerobic plate counts and fungal counts were determined for the food samples, with mean plate counts ranging from 1.0 x 102 to 6.0 x 104 CFU/g and fungal counts ranging from 1.3 x 102 to 5.2 x 104 CFU/g. Eleven species of microorganisms were isolated including Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Aspergillus spp. Bacillus cereus was the most frequently isolated organism
Anthelmintic activity of leaves of different extracts of Gossypium herbaceum ...SriramNagarajan16
The N-hexane, ethyl ether and ethanol extracts of leaves of Gossypium herbaceum L was investigated for
anthelmintic activity using earthworms (Pheretimaposthuma). Various concentrations (10,20,40,60,80 &100
mg/ml) of plant extracts were tested in the bioassay. Albendazole (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard drug
whereas 1% v/v tween 80 as control. Determination of paralysis time and death time of the worms were recorded.
Theethyl ether and ethanol extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at highest concentration of 60, 80 &
100 mg/ml compared to standard drug. The result shows that ethyl ether extract possesses potent vermicidal
activity and found to be effective as an anthelmintic compared to ethanolic extract
This document describes a study that investigated the antibacterial and phytochemical properties of Calotropis procera leaf extracts against antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from hospital patients' wound samples. Extracts from C. procera leaves were tested against six bacteria species using the agar well diffusion method. The ethanol extract showed the highest antibacterial activity, inhibiting the growth of two bacterial species. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and phenols in the extracts. The results indicate that C. procera leaf extracts have antibacterial effects and could help treat wound infections, especially against Staphyloc
This document provides a syllabus for a B.Sc. in Botany program implemented from the 2011-12 academic year at Goa University in India. It includes:
1. An overview of the program's purpose to equip students to appreciate plant diversity, understand their ecological and economic roles, and manipulate plants through techniques like genetic engineering.
2. Details of the program structure including 16 papers over 6 semesters and requirements for project work and field work.
3. Descriptions of the individual papers covering topics like plant classification, cell biology, plant physiology, and economic botany.
4. Suggested readings and laboratory exercises to accompany the papers.
The syllabus provides a comprehensive
In-vivo anthelmintic evaluation of a processed herbal drug from Entada leptos...IOSR Journals
The document describes an in vivo study that evaluated the anthelmintic activity of a processed herbal drug from Entada leptostachya and Prosopis juliflora against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. The herbal drug showed maximum egg count reduction of 80.95% at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight on day 11 post-treatment. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds including alkaloids, steroids, phenolic compounds, tannins and flavonoids that may contribute to the anthelmintic effects. The study suggests the herbal drug has comparable anthelmintic activity to the conventional drug levamisole and could be used as an alternative de
The document describes a study that isolated, identified, and characterized ethanol-tolerant yeast species from various fruits for use in bioethanol production. Seven yeast species were isolated from mango, papaya, and orange samples collected in Ethiopia, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii, Zygosaccharomyces fermentati, Candida sorboxylosa, Candida apicola, Kluyveramyces delphensis, and Issatchenkia orientalis. Most of these species were found to tolerate temperatures up to 30°C as well as ethanol concentrations up to 16%, and could assimilate pentose and hexose sugars. These properties
Biofumigation: A Potential Aspect for Suppression of Plant-Parasitic NematodesIJEABJ
This document discusses biofumigation as a potential method for suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes. It begins by explaining that plant-parasitic nematodes cause large economic losses worldwide and that chemical nematicides are commonly used but have negative environmental impacts. It then describes how biofumigation uses glucosinolate compounds produced by some plants, like mustards, which break down to form volatile isothiocyanates that can suppress nematodes and other soil pathogens. Several factors that influence the biofumigation process and its effectiveness are discussed, including the plant variety used, soil temperature, depth, and microbes. The document concludes by stating that biofumigation shows potential as part of an integrated pest
The proximate and phytochemical composition of SI and CS at different stages ...OGUNSOLA OLADELE KAYODE
This document summarizes a study on the proximate and phytochemical composition of two plant species - Sesamum indicum and Ceratotheca sesamoides - at different stages of growth. The study found significant differences in the nutritional and chemical makeup of the two plants as they developed. S. indicum generally had higher percentages of moisture, protein, ash, and crude fiber, while C. sesamoides had higher levels of some phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols. Both plants saw declines in proximate and phytochemical constituents as they approached flowering and fruiting stages. The analysis supports the use of these plants as vegetables and suggests potential medicinal value
Effects of six selected antibiotics on plant growth and soil microbial and en...Junior Dou
This study examined the effects of six antibiotics (chlortetracycline, tetracycline, tylosin, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine, and trimethoprim) on plant growth, soil microbial activity, and soil enzyme activity. Seed germination tests and plant growth tests in soil were conducted on three plant species (rice, cucumber, and sweet oat) to assess phytotoxicity. Soil respiration and phosphatase activity were also measured to evaluate the impact on soil microbial activity. The results showed varying effects between antibiotics and plant species. Rice was most sensitive to sulfamethoxazole. All antibiotics inhibited soil phosphatase activity. Sulfonamides and trimethoprim significantly
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
SYNERGISTIC ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYTOESTROGENS IN CRUDE EXTRACTS OF T...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have doubled in the last decade worldwide. However, as a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the effectiveness of sesame leaves in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the synergistic antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude leaves extracts of Sesame radiatum and Sesame indicum. Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of both leaves were studied for their in-vitro synergistic antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms, and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed that the major compounds in essential oils are of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups especially, the most potent antioxidants known to man like sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin among others. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested pathogenic micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of Nigeria .
Biochemical Monitoring of Detoxifying Enzyme Levels in Field Population of Mo...BRNSS Publication Hub
The major cause of resistance mechanism in mosquitoes is the detoxification and degradation of
insecticides by overproduction of various metabolic enzymes. Quantitative metabolic enzyme assays
of carboxylesterases (α and β), mixed function oxidases (MFO), and glutathione S-transferases (GST)
have been commonly used in the detection of insecticide resistance due to its sensitive nature even at low
frequencies. For the present study, larval strains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L) were
collected from the Cochin Corporation, Kerala, India, and were assayed to organophosphate temephos
and carbamate propoxur. The resistance ratio of median lethal time for temephos and propoxur from the
field population of C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti is higher than the laboratory population. Elevated
levels of α and β esterase enzyme were observed with the ratio of 1.6 and 1.54 for C. quinquefasciatus
and 1.51 and 1.47 for A. aegypti. In Culex mosquitoes, 1.71, and in Aedes, 1.64 fold increase in GST
enzyme level and 1.38 and 1.3 fold increase for the MFO level determined. The study results revealed
the urgent needs of improving the vector control methods by introducing alternative techniques and
strategies against mosquitoes.
104_5288am0704_745_751 Antibacterial Activity of Methanolic Extract of Domina...Dr-Alaa Said
This document summarizes a study that identified and evaluated the antibacterial activity of marine algae from Tolmeta coasts in Libya. Thirty-four species of marine algae from 26 genera were identified during sampling visits in 2009. The most dominant species was Padina pavonia. Methanolic extracts of P. pavonia were tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and compared to several antibiotics. The extracts and antibiotics affected the growth of E. coli to varying degrees, with some antibiotics ranking higher than the algal extract. Only one antibiotic affected S. aureus. In conclusion, the study evaluated the antibacterial activity of the dominant algal species P. pavonia from Tolmeta
Digital Futures
An in-depth look into the principles and practice of digital projects at cultural heritage institutions with a focus on best practice (He)
Chezkie Kasnett, Digital Projects Manager, National Library of Israel
Este documento presenta un examen supletorio de dibujo para estudiantes de noveno año de educación básica. El examen contiene 5 preguntas sobre conceptos básicos de geometría como perpendiculares, triángulos isósceles, mediatrices y paralelas, y es valorado sobre un total de 10 puntos.
"Get your team to respect the sport facilities and equipment and ensure that nothing
is lost or broken. Report any deficiencies in sport equipment to the Head of Rugby so as to avoid endangering our players..."
- Historical dayrates for ultra-deepwater rigs ranged from $100k-$700k/day from 2003-2013, averaging $300k-$500k. Jack-up rig dayrates were $50k-$250k.
- Company 1's Q4 EBITDA was $604m, up from $574m last quarter. EPS was $0.04, down from $0.40. It declared a $0 dividend after an $0.85 accelerated dividend last quarter.
- Company 2's Q4 EBITDA was $140m, down from $148m last quarter. EPS was $0.218, down from $0.286. It declared a $0.
0514 romans 126 because of this god gave power point church sermonPowerPoint_Sermons
According to Romans 1:26, God gave people over to shameful lusts because of their actions. Specifically, it says that women exchanged natural sexual relations for unnatural ones. The passage suggests that God abandoned people to degrading passions and unnatural acts as a result of their behaviors.
Trademark Applicant's Fraud on the USPTO - by Michael Shimokajito.bio.twSHIMOKAJI IP
How does an trademark applicant's fraud on the trademark office arise? What constitutes fraud and what are the consequences? How does a trademark applicant avoid fraud on the trademark office? Contact info@shimokaji.com for more information.
La teoría instruccional de Ausubel propone un aprendizaje expositivo-significativo donde se conectan los conocimientos previos del alumno con la nueva información. En la simulación, los estudiantes enseñan las estaciones del año a niños de primaria activando sus esquemas previos, explicando conceptos nuevos de forma deductiva con ejemplos, y evaluando su comprensión al final. El objetivo es que los estudiantes aprendan a planificar lecciones basadas en la teoría de Ausubel.
Este documento presenta el marco de conocimiento TPACK (Conocimiento del Contenido Pedagógico Tecnológico) para guiar la enseñanza con tecnología. Explica que TPACK integra el conocimiento del contenido, la pedagogía y la tecnología que los maestros necesitan para enseñar de manera efectiva con tecnología. También describe estrategias para desarrollar el conocimiento TPACK en los programas de preparación de maestros, como asociaciones entre maestros novatos y experimentados para diseñar le
This document summarizes pesticide use and residues in India. It finds that pesticide consumption has increased over time, with insecticides being most commonly used. Fungicide residues are frequently found on fruits and vegetables, with residues of mancozeb, carbendazim, and EBDC commonly found above maximum residue limits. Monitoring studies show approximately half of fruit and vegetable samples contain pesticide residues, though only a small percentage exceed limits. Stricter regulation and enforcement is needed to improve food safety.
I am a IB HL Biology Student. Our teacher asks students to give lectures, I gave my lecture on Transcription and Translation. Please read through slide notes, should be quite helpful. Also contains some past paper questions.
Insecticidal activities of diketopiperazines of Nomuraea rileyi entomopathoge...IJEAB
Entomopathogenic fungi are fungal organisms extensively used in various parts of the world as biopesticides against insect pests that cause important economic damage. Various secondary metabolites produced by these fungi have many potential biological activities. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the insecticidal activity of extracts and pure compounds from Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson entomopathogenic fungi against Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera), Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera) and Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera), three insect pests that generate serious economic losses in the northwest of Argentina. Diketopiperazines were extracted from the culture free supernatant of the media with ethyl acetate. Antifeedant properties were detected in all extracts under dietary choice conditions (300 ug/ g of diet). The maximum antifeedant activity was noted in cycles (Pro-Val) (86.02) and cycle (Pro-Phe) (73.47), while the rest of the extracts and metabolites exhibited varying degrees of moderate or less toxic effects. The maximum oviposition deterrence against C. capitata (55.86%) was recorded with cycle (Pro-Phe) at a 50 µm/cm2 dose. Culture medium extracts supplemented with insect remains and all pure compounds showed repellent action against T. castaneum. The main repellency was observed in phenylacetic acid and cycle (Pro-Val) with RI values of 42 and 41% respectively. The present study would suggest the possible utilization of entomopathogenic fungal metabolites as an effective agent for controlling insect pests that cause important economic losses.
Mushroom is a type of fungus that can be found in forests and grows in winters and rainy seasons. Pleurotus ostreatus is a wild mushroom commonly found growing on dead wood in moist, shady forests. It is one of the most widely cultivated edible mushrooms worldwide and has high nutritional value. The objectives of the current study are to culture the mycelium and fruiting body of P. ostreatus and check its antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella oxytoca using the agar disk diffusion assay method. Previous studies have shown that extracts from the mycelium and fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus produced using various solvents exhibit antibacterial
Applications Of Radioisotopes In AgricultureDaniel Wachtel
This document discusses the various applications of radioisotopes in agriculture. It describes how radioisotopes are used to study plant nutrition and fertilizer uptake, manage insect pests through techniques like sterile insect technique, and improve crops through induced mutation. Radioisotopes are also used to process and preserve foods, extending shelf life and reducing post-harvest losses. International organizations like IAEA and FAO support research on using nuclear techniques to boost agricultural productivity in a sustainable manner.
Using pheromones to control and monitor stored grain pests is a technology applied in different countries. The present review identified the primary compounds used to prevent or monitor stored grain pests, their chemical structures, functional groups and attraction mechanisms. We discuss the aspects of historical evolution, the geographic distribution of research on stored grain pests, the methodological approaches used in developing this research, the strategies used to control and monitor these pests, and the chemical synthesis of the compounds used as pheromones. We found 109 published articles that reported data on pheromones. Aggregation and sexual pheromones were the most used for control and monitoring. The surveys were distributed across six continents; most studies were conducted in North America. Laboratory studies were the most common, followed by field studies. Management using pest monitoring was the most common. Different synthetic routes were observed when conducting the studies. These works showed the improvement of these synthetic routes to obtain pheromone constituents. This review highlighted the main aspects of using pheromones for controlling or monitoring stored grain pests.
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
in vitro screening of larvicidal and insecticidal activity of methanolic extr...IJEAB
The aim of this work was to evaluate the larvicidal and insecticidal activity of the selected plants namelyArtocarpus altilis, Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllus. The leaves of Artocarpus altilis and Artocarpus heterophyllus and roots of Piper betle were subjected to methanolic solvent extraction for the isolation of various bioactive constituents. The evaluation of larvicidal activity was carried out using late third instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. The insecticidal activity of extracts was studied against adult Bruchus pisorum, Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus oryzae and was evaluated by direct contact application method .Nucleic acids and protein contents are regarded as important biomarkers of the metabolic potential of cells, as these play the main role in regulating the different activities of cells. Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllusextractshad a reducing effect on the nucleic acid and protein content in the larvae in a dose dependent manner whereas Artocarpus altilis extract did not exhibit any significant larvicidal activity. Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllusextractsshowed good insecticidal activity whereas A.altilis extract showed poor insecticidal activity. The results of the present study clearly indicate that Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllus extracts can be developed as ecofriendly larvicides and were also quite effective as insecticides for providing a better and excellent alternate for the control of insects.
Antimicrobial properties and phytochemical analysis of methanolic extracts of...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the antimicrobial properties and phytochemical analysis of methanolic extracts of Aframomum melegueta seeds and Zingiber officinale rhizomes on fungal diseases of tomato fruit. Key findings include:
1) Extracts of A. melegueta and Z. officinale significantly reduced the growth of fungi (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum, Helminthosporium solani, and Mucor piriformis) isolated from diseased tomatoes.
2) Z. officinale extract completely inhibited fungal growth at 25% concentration or higher, while A. melegueta
Effect of Herbicides on Living Organisms in The Ecosystem and Available Alte...Kamal Almhemed
This document summarizes the effects of herbicides on living organisms in ecosystems and discusses alternative control methods. It notes that while herbicides are widely used in agriculture, their overuse and misuse can harm the environment and human health. Specifically, it discusses how herbicides can pollute soil, water, and air and persist in the environment for long periods of time. It also outlines some of the health risks of certain common herbicides like glyphosate and 2,4-D, such as increased cancer risks and negative reproductive effects. Finally, it suggests that alternative control methods could help reduce herbicide usage and their associated harms.
Evaluation of toxicity of five medicinal plant extracts on maize weevil, Sito...MdAbdulAhad26
The experiments were conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Entomology and
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology
University (HSTU), Dinajpur during May-December 2017 to evaluate the toxicity of five
medicinal plant extracts (water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes, swamp smartweed Polygonum
coccineum, ariach Cassia tora, wild capsicum Croton bonplandianum and hill glory bower
Clerodendrum viscosum) against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Mots.) on stored maize.
The wild capsicum extract provided the highest average mortality (93.33 ± 3.33), following
the hill glory bower (86.67 ± 3.33) and swamp smartweed (86.67 ± 3.33) at 3% concentration.
But it was zero in control. The average numbers of lowest numbers of adult emergence
among the five weed extracts were found in wild capsicum (3.00 ± 0.39) following Swamp
smartweed (5.11 ± 0.95) at 3% concentration; whereas, in control it was (54.00 ± 1.15).
The lowest percent of seed damage were found in wild capsicum (3.00 ± 0.38%) following
Swamp smartweed (4.22 ± 0.58). But in control, it was 44.00 ± 1.15. Repellency class of
different plant extracts at different concentration level varied between I to IV. But the hill
glory bower at 3.0% showed statistically best as it showed the highest repellency rate was
66.0 ± 5.31% and the group were IV. However, the toxicity order was wild capsicum >
swamp smartweed > hill glory bower > water hyacinth >, ariach.
This document reviews the use of neem extracts as biopesticides. It discusses how neem extracts affect only target pests, are biodegradable, increase soil fertility, and are cost effective. The document then provides an overview of different types of biopesticides including entomopathogenic fungi, viral biopesticides, bacterial biopesticides, plant-incorporated-protectants, and pheromonepesticides. It highlights how neem is one of the most widely used botanical biopesticides due to its effectiveness against over 350 pest species and discusses its pesticidal properties.
Endophytes are tiny organisms present in living tissues of distinct plants and have been extensively studied for their endophytic microbial complement. Roots of Rosmarinus officinalis were subjected to the isolation of endophytic fungi and screened for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. Genomic DNA from active fungal strain of Trichoderma harzianum was isolated, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using ITS4 and ITS5 primers and sequenced for genetic inference in fungus. The crude extract of T. harzianum isolate with Ethyl acetate was showed significant antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, B. subtilis and E. coli. The antimicrobial activity was highest against P. aeruginosa at concentration of 40μg/ml, followed by S. aureus and K. pneumonia at the same concentration. The lowest antimicrobial activity was against by S. aureus at concentration of 60μg/ml. The current
Molecular detection and antimicrobial activity of Endophytic fungi isolated f...DrGhazwan
Endophytes are tiny organisms present in living tissues of distinct plants and have been extensively studied for their endophytic microbial complement. Roots of Rosmarinus officinalis were subjected to the isolation of endophytic fungi and screened for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. Genomic DNA from active fungal strain of Trichoderma harzianum was isolated, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using ITS4 and ITS5 primers and sequenced for genetic inference in fungus. The crude extract of T. harzianum isolate with Ethyl acetate was showed significant antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, B. subtilis and E. coli. The antimicrobial activity was highest against P. aeruginosa at concentration of 40μg/ml, followed by S. aureus and K. pneumonia at the same concentration. The lowest antimicrobial activity was against by S. aureus at concentration of 60μg/ml. The current study is confirmed that the antimicrobial activity is due to bioactive compounds founded in endophytic fungi.
Insights of allelopathic, insecticidal and repellent potential of an invasive...Innspub Net
Sphaeranthus suaveolens is a weed from the family Asteraceae, it grows abundantly in wet areas and is most common in rice fields. The extracts from plants closely related to S. suaveolens have been reported to have allelopathic, insecticidal, antifeedant, repellent, and other biological activities. Currently, the use of synthetic chemicals to control weeds and insect pests raises several concerns related to the environment and human health. Extracts from plants with pesticidal properties can offer the best and an environmentally friendly alternative. Some of these extracts have been extensively tested to assess their applications as valuable natural resources in sustainable agriculture. This review article, therefore, explores the potential of S. suaveolens extracts in controlling insect pests and managing weeds by smallholder farmers.
Invitro and Invivo antibacterial study of leaf extracts of Euphorbia heteroph...Premier Publishers
A study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and antibacterial activity of Euphorbia heterophylla crude extracts on four enteric organisms namely; Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. The clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using agar diffusion technique. Phytochemistry of the Euphorbia heterophylla, crude extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Methanolic and aqueous crude extract produced clear zones of inhibition at concentration ranging from 50 to 200mg/ml. In vivo antimicrobial assay revealed that the mice treated with the crude methanolic and aqueous extracts after being infected with the various test organisms, survived and showed minute pathological effects. Similarly, untreated mice (control) died after 48hours of inoculation with Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris. Euphorbia heterophylla crude extract, most especially its methanolic and aqueous counterpart could be a potential source for the treatment of diseases associated with enteric organisms. Further studies should be directed towards isolation and characterization of the active compound in the crude extracts.
Criteria for the Selection of Vegetable Growth-Promoting Bacteria to be appli...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
In order to define which are the most important criteria for the selection of plant Growth-Promoting bacterial strains of the Hibiscus sabdariffa L. crop (Roselle), bacterial strains isolated from the roots of Roselle plants of two varieties (Creole and Spider) were used, collected in the community of Río de los Peces, municipality of Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca and seeds of the same varieties. To characterize the varieties, the following were determined: total germination percentage (TGP), germination speed (GS), the root length(RL), the stem length (SL), the dry root biomass (DRB), the dry stem biomass (DSB) and the chlorophyll content (CC). Three types of LED lamps were used to illuminate the seedlings. The seeds inoculated with cells of six selected bacterial strains were grown in a greenhouse to determine: the stem length (SL) at 3, 45 and 65 days after sowing (das). The treatments were distributed under a completely random design and comparison of means (Tukey, p = 0.05). The TGP, DSB and DRB parameters were not useful in the selection process of the strains that promoted plant growth to a greater degree. The GS and SL to be considered safe criteria or not, what is important is the relationship of what happens at the time of germination and development of the seedlings in the laboratory and greenhouse. The SL of the plants in the greenhouse showed differences between strains, but not regarding the control and also only observed in the first days of development (3 das). The CC did not prove to be a good selection criterion either. The lamp composed of 15% white light, 27% blue light and 58% red light was the one that most promoted root growth.
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With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
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• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
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ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Insecticidal activity of Tagetes sp. on Sitophilus zeamais Mots
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-4, April- 2016]
Page | 31
Insecticidal activity of Tagetes sp. on Sitophilus zeamais Mots
Pamela C. Santos1
, Valter H. M. Santos2
, Gustavo F. Mecina3
, Aníbal R. Andrade4
,
Patrícia A. Fegueiredo5
, Vanessa M. O. Moraes6
, Luciana P. Silva7
, Regildo M. G. Silva8
1,3,4,5,6,8
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas - Laboratório de Fitoterápicos,
Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Assis, Avenida Dom Antônio 2100, CEP: 19806-900, Assis, São Paulo, Brasil.
E-mail address: regildos@yahoo.com.br
2
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociência, Departamento de Botânica, Distrito de Rubião Jr., s/nº,
CEP: 18618-970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil.
7
Fundação Educacional do Município de Assis (FEMA), Assis, São Paulo, Brasil.
Abstract— The indiscriminate use of agricultural inputs, such as fertilizers e and synthetic pesticides, can cause high levels
of toxic residues in food, biological imbalance, environmental contamination, intoxication of humans and animals, and other
direct and indirect effects. The use of plant extracts as alternative insecticides is a way to minimize the problems caused by
synthetic insecticides. Insecticides are in the second position in the trading market of agrotoxics in Brazil. The species
Tagetes erecta L. and Tagetes patula L. have antioxidant properties, larvicidal, fungicidal, antimicrobial, nematicide and
insecticide. In order to verify the possibility of Tagetes sp. extracts be suitable alternative to the use of synthetic insecticides,
the bioassays laboratorial were designed through of insect mortality test of Sitophilus zeamais. We evaluated the antioxidant
activity by the test of DPPH, in addition to screen the chromatographic profile of the extracts. It is concluded that the
extracts evaluated are efficient in insect mortality, checking still considerable amount of antioxidant compounds, as
identified also flavonoids, terpenes and alkaloids in extracts. According to these results we conclude that T. erecta and T.
patula has phytotoxic compounds that can promote and expand its use as a natural insecticide.
Keywords— Alternative insecticides, natural defensive, organic agriculture, plant extracts.
I. INTRODUCTION
The world population growth has led to increased food production demand (Menezes, 2005; Corrêa and Salgado, 2011),
resulting in a green revolution, dating from the 1960s, which led to agriculture to be characterized as extensive monocultures
and great use of synthetic fertilizers and agrotoxics, the latter being mainly composed of synthetic herbicides and insecticides
(Menezes, 2005).
In relation to pesticides, several properties must be associated with the activity, such as effectiveness at low concentrations,
no toxicity front of mammals and higher animals, easily obtainable, handling and application, economic feasibility and not be
accumulated in human adipose tissue and also selective (Addor, 1994; Viegas Júnior, 2003). Within the insecticides
classification are also included substances that repel and attract insects (Viegas Júnior, 2003).
Insecticides are in the second position in the trading market of agrotoxics in Brazil, with 25%, behind herbicides with 48%
(Agrow, 2007; Ibama, 2009; Tavella et al., 2011). Insects are the major cause of losses in crops, especially grains and seeds,
as they reduce their nutritional and commercial values, these attacks can occur before, during and after crop (Almeida et al.,
2005). To date Brazil has its economy based on primary sector production, occupying a prominent position on the world
supply of cereals, fruits and other products of plant origin (Viegas Júnior, 2003).
The maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Mots., 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a cosmopolitan insect, of cross-infestation,
means that the insect attack seeds in the field and also in warehouses (Almeida et al., 1999; Lorini et al., 2010; Antunes et al.,
2011), have high reproductive potential, is considered an internal primary pest (Lorini et al., 2010; Antunes et al., 2011),
causing serious economic losses (Restello et al., 2009, Antunes et al., 2011), because it has many hosts, such as wheat, corn,
rice, barley and oats. Corn is one of the most important products of the agricultural sector in Brazil (Embrapa, 2010), is also
considered the culture more attacked by S. zeamais, which in turn is reported as the most widespread and destructive species
of cereals held in the world (Capps et al., 2010; Almeida et al., 2012).
Today we know that the frequent and indiscriminate use of chemicals, which are not always effective often cause the
presence of high levels of toxic residues in food, of biological unbalance, environmental contamination, Intoxication humans
and animals (Almeida et al. 1999; Lima et al., 2008; Marcomini et al, 2009; Queiroga et al, 2012), resurgence of pests and
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-4, April- 2016]
Page | 32
strains of resistant insects (Dequech et al, 2008; Almeida et al, 2012), among other direct and indirect effects (Lima et al,
2008). It is also known that the use of plant extracts, as an alternative insecticide, is a way to provide a control without
triggering the problems caused by chemical synthetic insecticides (Almeida et al., 1999).
An alternative to attenuate these problems is to use allelochemicals extracted from plant (Dequech et al., 2008). These factors
justify the studies to identify management practices that reduce the use of synthetic products such as cultural practices based
on allelopathy (Balbinot-Junior, 2004). The genus Tagetes, family Asteraceae , is used as an alternative for the control of
pests and diseases (Salinas-Sánchez et al., 2012), and due to the chemical composition of their secondary metabolites, their
biology activity have provided the development of new drugs and insecticides, among others (Verdi et al., 2005; Duque,
2006); is native to Mexico and Central America (Marotti et al., 2004; Peres, 2007; Santos, 2013), has therapeutic properties
that have been recognized since the time of the Aztecs, being used to combat various diseases (Rondón et al., 2006; Jain et al,
2012; Tonuci et al, 2012). Among secondary metabolites found in the species Tagetes are: alilanisol, anetol, limonene,
methyl eugenol, and β-karyophyllene that are have toxic to insects, mites, nematodes, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Such
compounds have been reported to be present in Tagetes essential oil, and they belong to certain groups of hydrocarbons,
alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, esters, carotenoids (Rondón et al., 2006; Jain et al., 2012; Salinas-Sánchez et al., 2012;
Santos, 2013), flavonoids, terpenes (Santos, 2013) and thiophenes (Duque, 2006; Dasgupta et al., 2012). The species Tagetes
erecta L. e Tagetes patula L have antioxidant properties, larvicidal, fungicidal (Lopes et al, 2009; Martinez et al, 2009;
Restello et al., 2009; Tonuci et al, 2012;) antimicrobial, nematicide, insecticide (Restello et al., 2009; Barboza et al., 2010).
Considering these perspectives, the aim of the study was evaluating the effects of hydroethanolic and ethanol extracts of
Tagetes erecta L. and Tagetes patula L. (Asteraceae), on Sitophilus zeamais.
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
2.1. Vegetal material and extract preparation
The vegetative parts of T. patula and T. erecta were collected from specimens grown in the field in Agência Paulista de
Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (APTA) - Polo Regional Médio Paranapanema (22º37'07.92” S and 50º22'26.85' W, with
altitude 701m). For preparation of extracts plant parts were washed, dried in an oven (40°C) and sprayed. The hydroethanolic
extract was obtained by mechanical stirring in a solution of ethanol: water (70:30) at a ratio of 1:10 (w/v) for 24h at room
temperature, and the process was repeated three times with the same plant material. Then, the extract was filtered and rotary
evaporated (model MA120, Marconi, Brazil) at 60°C to remove the ethanol and was subsequently frozen and lyophilized to
obtain the dry extract. Similarly, the ethanol extract was obtained by replacing the ethanol:water solution (70:30) for absolute
ethanol (Impex, Brazil), being that the dried extract was obtained after concentration on a rotary evaporator followed by
drying at room temperature.
2.2. Test insecticide of extracts of Tagetes sp.
2.2.1. Obtaining and Breeding of Insects
The species of insect Sitophilus zeamais was used. The insects were bred in wide-mouth plastic bottles with a capacity of one
liter. The bottles were sealed with a fine mesh and inside grains of corn, such as food substrate to insects. The insects were
separated randomly and kept without food for three hours before the preparation of bioassays, as suggested by Prates e
Santos (2000).
2.2.2. Insecticide evaluation by application topical
We randomly selected 20 adults of S. zeamais and these put in Petri dishes containing 20 corn seeds were previously
sterilized with sodium hypochlorite solution to 10%. After sterilization, the seeds were sprayed with the extracts
(experimental groups) and with water (control group), the procedure was repeated every 24 hours for both.
The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications for each experimental and control groups.
The treatments consisted of ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts in the concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg.mL-1
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-4, April- 2016]
Page | 33
and control group using distilled water. The test was conducted in controlled conditions in BOD, temperature 25±2 °C,
humidity of 70 ± 2% and photoperiod of 12 hours.
For the implementation of the solutions we used a hand sprayer with a capacity of 200 mL, ensuring application of 1.5 ± 0.5
mL per cm2
of the Petri dishes.
The calibration of sprayer was performed by applying distilled water on filter paper discs were weighed before and after
application. The mean of difference between the weighings was used as a standard value, according to the methodology
established by members of the IOBC (Hassan, 1997). The monitoring of the experiment was carried out every 12 hours for
96 hours. During the experiment was evaluated the insect mortality.
2.2.3. Statistical analysis
The estimates of the lethal concentrations (LC50 e LC90) were obtained through a Probit analysis (Finney, 1971).The
software used for this purpose was Statgraphics Plus 5.0 (Statistical Graphics Corp., Fairfax, VA, U.S.A.).
2.3. Stable DPPH free radical scavenging activity
The stable 1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, Sigma, USA) radical scavenging activity was determined by Blois’s
method (1958). The extracts of each sample were dissolved in absolute ethanol at different concentrations (250, 500, 1000,
2000, and 4000 μg.ml-1
) and then mixed with 250μL solution of DPPH (500μM). The extracts reacted with the DPPH radical
for a period of 30min at a low luminosity and were then submitted to the UV–vis spectrophotometer (Femto-600 Plus) at a
517nm wave length. The calculation of the antioxidant activity was performed according to the formula: antioxidant activity
(%)=[(control-sample)/control]x100. The effective concentration and quantity of antioxidant required to decrease the initial
concentration of DPPH by 50% (EC50) was estimated from an exponential curve is obtained by plotting on the abscissa the
concentration of the sample (mg.mL-1
), or positive control and the ordinate, the percentage of antioxidant activity. Gallic acid
(Vetec-QuímicaFina, Brazil) was used as the reference. Three repetitions were performed.
2.4. Chromatographic profile of the extracts
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed for separation and identification of compounds from different extracts of
T. erecta and T. patula. For TLC analysis was performed an optimization of methodology described by Wagner and Bladt
(1996), extracts were diluted in the methanol, at a concentration of 100 mg.mL-1
. After this procedure, was applied 20ul of
each sample in the TLC plates F250 (10cm x 10cm - MERCK).
The mobile phase for the detection of flavonoid was used eluent system chloroform-methanol-water (75:23:2) and standards
were quercetin, rutin and gallic acid. The revelation of the plates was performed by spraying of solution polyethylene glycol
(NP/PEG).
The different chromatographies were examined in ultraviolet (254 and 366nm) and after setting the chromatographic zones
were calculated respective retention factors (Rf) using the following formula: Rf =Zcm/FRONT cm.
III. RESULTS
3.1. Insecticidal activity
The results for the evaluation of potential insecticide in the different concentrations of hydroethanolic and ethanolic extract
of T. erecta and T. patula are shown in Table 1. The CL50 decreased progressively with increasing time of exposure to the
various treatments being more marked between 12-24 hours. The smallest CL50 were observed in the time of 12 hours of
treatment with hydroethanolic extract of T. erecta with a value of 17,07 mg.mL-1
and for time of 24 and 36 hours on the
hydroethanolic extract of T. patula with value of 11.43 and 10.88 mg.mL-1
respectively.
After 60 hours from the beginning of the test, all treated with T. erecta extract reached a maximum value for mortality (80%
of dead insects), because the treatments with T. patula reached its peak of mortality in 84 hours (Figure 1A e B).
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-4, April- 2016]
Page | 34
TABLE 1
INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF THE EXTRACT OF TAGETES ERECTA AND TAGETES PATULA AGAINST SITOPHILUS
ZEAMAIS ADULTS.
Species Extract
Duration
(h)
LC50 (95%
confidence
interval) (mg/mL)
LC95 (95%
confidence
interval) (mg/mL)
Degrees of
freedom
Chi-square
Slope±S
E
Intercept±S
E
T.
erecta
Hydroethanolic
12 17.07 (12.64-20.53) 47.21 (41.01-57.67) 21 10 6.3±1.20 -16.02±2.6
24 12.82 (10.58-14.50) 24.07 (21.50-28.60) 21 8 3.3±0.25 -11.17±3.9
36 12.59 (10.75-14.02) 21.70 (19.31-26.32) 21 8 2.9±0.93 -10.04±2.1
Ethanolic
12 18.69 (11.75-23.92) 68.65 (58.51-86.13) 21 10 5.1±1.12 -7.89±2.6
24 12.14 (3.84-17.40) 55.21 (46.64-71.14) 21 8 2.4±1.01 -6.76±1.2
36 11.23 (6.58-13.88) 28.78 (24.90-36.83) 21 8 2.8±1.23 -5.43±0.9
T.
patula
Hydroethanolic
12 19.27 (15.13-22.72) 50.30 (43.87-60.89) 21 10 4.5±2.09 -11.09±2.3
24 11.43 (6.75-14.12) 29.57 (25.52-37.95) 21 8 3.6±1.87 -8.16±3.6
36 10.88 (6.39-13.43) 27.16 (23.61-34.39) 21 8 2.8±0.78 -7.09±2.5
Ethanolic
12 27.92 (23.15-32.47) 72.14 (62.65-87.41) 21 13 7.6±0.98 -19.14±3.4
24 17.56 (11.80-21.87) 56.80 (48.70-70.90) 21 10 3.9±1.16 -16.09±2.1
36 12.59 (10.75-14.02) 21.70 (19.31-26.32) 21 8 3.5±1.12 -11.36±3.5
A B
FIGURE 1 - PERCENTAGE OF DEAD INSECTS BY THE TIME IN HOURS AFTER SPRAYING HYDROETHANOLIC
AND ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF T. ERECTA (A) AND T. PATULA (B), IN TWO DOSES FOR EACH TREATMENT.
3.2. Antioxidant activity
In the method of DPPH radical scavenging free stable activity the highest activities observed for T. erecta and T. patula
extracts were for the concentration of 4000 μg.mL-1
(Table 2). The hydroethanolic extract of T. erecta showed 81.43% and
the ethanolic was 74.89%. For T. patula, the values observed for the hydroethanolic and ethanolic extracts were 79.76% and
72.06% respectively. In relation to the EC50 values, the ethanolic extracts of T. erecta and T. patula had higher antioxidant
potential, with values of 1793.73 and 1947.21 μg.mL-1
respectively (Table 2).
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-4, April- 2016]
Page | 35
TABLE 2.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY BY DPPH METHOD AND EC50 OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS, HYDROETHANOLIC AND
ETHANOLIC T. ERECTA AND T. PATULA.
Extract
(µg/mL)
(%) DPPH
T. erecta T. patula
Hydroethanolic Ethanolic Hydroethanolic Ethanolic
250 05.63±0.70 00.76±0.26 09.31±3.60 10.80±3.44
500 08.07±0.53 10.05±1.99 15.79±1.07 15.38±3.64
1000 25.57±1.21 22.68±1.47 28.21±1.64 24.97±4.08
2000 48.10±0.70 57.23±0.70 41.16±3.67 52.23±4.38
4000 81.43±1.15 74.89±1.58 79.76±1.07 72.06±0.40
EC50 2245.68 1793.73 2373.96 1947.21
3.3. Profile chromatographic
In the chromatogram in the TLC revealed with reagent NP/PEG subjected to ultraviolet light, which were applied and eluted
samples hydroethanolic and ethanolic extract of T. patula (TpH and TpE respectively) and T. erecta (TeH and TeE
respectively), along with the standards, quercetin, rutin and gallic acid. The presence of polifenolis was performed by
chromatographic elution and calculations of values Rfs to different samples (Fig 2).
The Rfs of quercetin and gallic acid standards were 0,66 and 0,24 respectively, and the rutin was 0,11. The hydroethanolic
extract of T. patula presented the Rfs 0.22 and 0.65 cm, values similar to those found in the quercetin and rutin standards,
already in the ethanolic extract of the same plant was observed the Rf 0.23 cm, similar to the gallic acid standard.
The hydroethanolic and ethanolic extracts of T. erecta showed the values of Rfs 0,22 and 023 cm respectively, similar to the
Rfs of gallic acid standard. Despite the similarity of Rf s, we can not affirm the presence of standard in the samples because it
was not observed the same colorations in Rfs analyzed in comparison to standards, with the exception of rutin, with yellow
coloration present in all extracts (Fig 2).
In the different samples analyzed occur also Rfs different of standards used for chromatographic comparison, thus suggesting
the presence of different classes of polyphenols in the plant extracts.
FIGURE 2. CHROMATOGRAM OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF T. ERECTA (HYDROETHANOLIC=TE H,
ETANOLIC=TE E), T. PATULA (HYDROETHANOLIC=TE H, ETANOLIC=TE E), QUERCETIN, RUTIN AND
GALLIC ACID STANDARDS, AS ELUENT SYSTEM CHLOROFORM-METHANOL-WATER (75:23:2) AND
DEVELOPER NP/PEG, FOR IDENTIFICATION OF FLAVONOID COMPOUNDS. CHROMATOGRAPHIC
IDENTIFICATION OF AREAS WITH THEIR RF VALUES (CM).
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-4, April- 2016]
Page | 36
IV. DISCUSSION
In the evaluation of insecticide bioassay performed in this study, was observed the insecticide effect of T. erecta and T.
patula extracts on adult Sitophilus zeamais, under laboratory conditions. The different concentrations of the extracts
evaluated, except the concentration of 12.5 mg.mL-1
, had a mortality rate of 100% at the end of 36 hours, while the control
group showed no mortality until the end of the study.
According to Prates and Santos (2000), a possible mechanism of action for plant extracts is connected to "knockdown effect",
this shock effect is characterized by insect inability to walk and progressing to death. Thus, similar results were observed by
Nascimento et al., (2008), where 96-100% of adult Sitophilus zeamais died in T. patula extract when applied in vapor form;
Restello et al (2009) showed 100% mortality of the insects with the use of essential oil of T. patula. In addition to the
"knockdown effect", Prates and Santos (2000) reported that the most effective insecticides are action by contact and/or
ingestion and fumigant because they are more effective on stored grain pests.
In particular for specie T. erecta, in studies conducted by Marcomini et al., (2009), there were no significant results,
regarding the use of essential oils from flowers in mortality Alphitobius diaperinus. Salinas-Sánchez et al., (2012) tested
different extracts of T. erecta in mortality of Spodoptera frugiperda in different stages, obtaining better results for the
ethanolic extract of the leaves. Therefore, it is found in this study the efficacy insecticide of T. erecta on the kind of target
insect. Keita et al., (2000), in studies with species of the genus Tagetes have insecticidal activity against pests of stored
products.
Recent studies by Ben El Hadj Ali et al. (2015), Ulukanli et al. (2014) and Khiyari et al. (2014) have shown that plant species
that exhibit insecticidal compounds may be correlated with the presence of different phenolic compounds in its composition.
The activity of these compounds is proven with the determination of antioxidant potential.
Evaluation of antioxidant activity of different extracts of T. erecta and T. patula was measured by verifying an increase,
depending on the concentration, for the DPPH test. The scavenging activity of DPPH radical may be related to the content of
certain phenolic compounds, including flavonoids. Similar results were demonstrated in studies carried out by Cetkovic et al.
(2004), Siriamornpun et al. (2012) and Gong et al. (2012) in different species of genus Tagetes. In studies conducted by
Toscan (2010), Sá (2011) and Jain et al., (2012) using plant extracts is observed that plants with insecticidal activity also
showed antioxidant potential, therefore these studies are in accordance with this work.
For chromatographic tests, according to Wagner and Bladt (1996), the fluorescence seen in wavelength of 254nm indicates
the presence of the group of flavonoid compounds and in the wavelength of 365nm, depending on the structural type.
Flavonoids reflects the dark yellow color, green or blue fluorescence, which is the case of gallic acid standard, used in
chromatographic plate, whose presence was not observed in the extracts analyzed, the blue coloration observed in the
treatment indicates the presence of other phenolic acids. The analysis of Rfs and colorations, orange yellow and fluorescent
orange, observed in treatments only indicate the presence of rutin standard, greenish yellow coloration may indicated the
presence specific flavonoids, such as flavones. According to Schaller (2008) flavonoids are among the classes of plant
secondary metabolites with known insecticidal activity, and these compounds are known to confer protection to the plant
against herbivores.
V. CONCLUSION
Considering the results, this study showed that T. erecta and T. patula extracts has insecticidal effect on Sitophilus zeamais
and may come to replace synthetic products and is used as an alternative method, improving efficiency in pest control,
reducing economic losses and enabling greater sustainability to the agricultural system.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP - Assis); Technical
support Eutimio Gustavo Fernández Núñez.
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