Endophytes are tiny organisms present in living tissues of distinct plants and have been extensively studied for their endophytic microbial complement. Roots of Rosmarinus officinalis were subjected to the isolation of endophytic fungi and screened for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. Genomic DNA from active fungal strain of Trichoderma harzianum was isolated, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using ITS4 and ITS5 primers and sequenced for genetic inference in fungus. The crude extract of T. harzianum isolate with Ethyl acetate was showed significant antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, B. subtilis and E. coli. The antimicrobial activity was highest against P. aeruginosa at concentration of 40μg/ml, followed by S. aureus and K. pneumonia at the same concentration. The lowest antimicrobial activity was against by S. aureus at concentration of 60μg/ml. The current
Pseudomonas aeruginosa WS-1 shows potential as a biopesticide for managing fruit rot and die back disease in chili caused by Colletotrichum capsici. In laboratory experiments, P. aeruginosa WS-1 inhibited the growth of C. capsici in dual plate cultures and produced antifungal compounds including chitinases, proteases, hydrogen cyanide, and siderophores. In greenhouse tests, treatment of chili seedlings with P. aeruginosa WS-1 prior to inoculation with C. capsici resulted in similar disease control as the fungicide carbendazim. This suggests that P. aeruginosa WS-1 could provide effective biological control of the disease under field conditions.
Isolation, identification of antagonistic rhizobacterial strains obtained fro...Shazia Shahzaman
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are associated with roots, found in the rhizosphere and can directly or indirectly enhance the plant growth. In this study soil was collected from rhizosphere of chickpea fields of different areas of Rawalpindi division of Pakistan. PGPR were isolated, screened and characterized. Eight isolates of rhizobacteria (RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RTR, RT and RK) were isolated from Rawalpindi division and were characterized. The antagonistic activity of these PGPR isolates against root infecting fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium spp.,) was done and production of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore and P-solubilization was evaluated. The isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD and RT were found to be positive in producing siderophore, IAA and P-solubilization. Furthermore, most of the isolates showed antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillium spp. The rhizobacterial isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD, RTR, RT and RK were used as bio-inoculants that might be beneficial for chickpea cultivation as the rhizobacterial isolates possessed the plant growth promoting characters i.e. siderophore, IAA production, phosphate solubilization. In in vitro tests, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus spp. inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal root pathogens. The isolates (RHA and RPG) also significantly increased (60-70%) seed germination, shoot length, root length of the chickpea. The incidence of fungi was reduced by the colonization of RHA and RPG which enhanced the seedling vigor index and seed germination. The observations revealed that isolates RHA and RPG is quite effective to reduce the fungal root infection in greenhouse, and also increases seed yields significantly. These rhizobacterial isolates appear to be efficient yield increasing as well as effective biocontrol agent against fungal root pathogen.
Pseudomonas fluorescens as plant growth promoting Rhizo- Bacteria and biologi...Innspub Net
The use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to control disastrous diseases in many crops has been considered important recently. The research was conducted to evaluate several bacterial strains to control white rust in chrysanthemum. The research consisted of two chronological experiments, in vitro and in vivo testing of bacterial isolate against the disease. 16 bacteria isolates were collected, purified and applied on the rust-infected leaf. Three isolates showed more effective in suppressing white rust during in vitro testing and further identification confirmed these strains, Pf Kr 2, Pf Smd 2 and Pf Ktl were grouped into P. flourescens. In vivo testing of the Pf isolates also revealed consistent performances of these three Pf isolates in retarding the growth of fungal Puccinia horiana and even more effective than Azotobacter sp. and Azospirilium sp. The production of ethylene on the leaf was coincidence with the slower development and lower disease intensity on the treated plants. Among the three strains, Pf Kr 2 showed stronger suppression to the disease. Further investigations are needed to further elucidate the existence of specific interrelation between Pf strains and plant genotypes or cultivars. Prior to a selection of good bacterial inoculants, it is recommended to select cultivars that benefit from association with these bacteria. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/pseudomonas-fluorescens-as-plant-growth-promoting-rhizo-bacteria-and-biological-control-agents-for-white-rust-disease-in-chrysanthemum/
Study of antagonistic capability of trichoderma harzianum isolates against so...AL-kitab university -IRAQ
This study evaluated the antagonistic potential of two isolates of Trichoderma harzianum against seven soil-borne pathogenic fungi. In dual culture tests, T. harzianum isolate T2 showed the highest inhibitory effect against the pathogens, reducing their mycelial growth by 45.99% on average. Alternaria sp. was most inhibited by T2 at 51.18%. Volatile metabolites from T2 were also effective at inhibiting pathogen growth. Non-volatile metabolites collected from T2 cultures at different time periods and concentrations inhibited pathogen mycelial growth, with the highest (100%) concentration having the greatest effect. Microscopic analysis revealed T2 interacting with and inhibiting the pathogens through mechanisms like coiling around their
Isolation of endophytes from potato and their antagonist effect against Fusar...Innspub Net
Plant endophytes may be intercellular or intracellular depending upon their location in the plant tissue because they are present inside the cells or in the intracellular space, respectively. Isolation of endophytic bacteria has been reported from both monocot and dicot plants, ranging from woody trees, such as teak and pear, to herbaceous crop plants such as mustard and maize. The aim of this study was the isolation of endophytes from potato and their antagonist effect against Fusarium oxysporum. Endophytic fungi were isolated from leaves, stems and roots of healthy Potato plant derived from Chak No.359/E.B Village, Tehsil Burewala. Isolation of endophytic fungi from plant parts was done according to the method described by Petrini. The media used in the present study was the Potatodextrose agar (PDA) for fungus and nutrient agar medium for maintaining bacterial stains. F.oxysporum was taken from the Plant pathology lab of UAF sub-campus Burewala-Vehari . The results of the experiment clearly revealed that the stems, root and leaf of the potato plants under present investigation had the maximum colonization frequency for fungal endophytes. Fusarium oxysporum showed rapid growth 5-7cm in5 days. Fusarium oxysporum was white and growing rapidly that later produced dark violet pigments in PDA. Erwinia showed light green, circular, shining, slimy, smooth characteristics. The isolate strain of Bacillus showed rodshaped, fuzzy white or slightly yellow circular and irregular characteristics.
Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Methanolic Extract of S. Caryophyllatum (L.) A...iosrjce
S.caryophyllatum (L.) Alston belongs to the family Myrtaceae is an endangered species. It possesses
traditional as well as pharmacological properties. The objective of the present investigation was to find out the
antibacterial activity of S. caryophyllatum leaf methanolic extract against some human pathogenic bacteria. It
was followed by Disc Diffusion method using gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains such as
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Sarcina lutea, Esherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella Spp., Salmonella typhi and Proteus mirabilis. The result showed that the
inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis (24mm) was high when compared to E. coli (21mm) and Bacillus cereus
(20mm).This effect on the bacterial strains may be due to the presence of secondary metabolites present in the
leaf methanolic extract of Syzygium caryophyllatum.
Biological Efficacy of Quassia Indica (Geratn) Nooteb and Centella Asiatica (...IOSRJPBS
Antimicrobial activity of different extracts of two selected plants, Quassia indica (Geartn) Nooteb and Centella asiatica (L.) Urban were tested against selected strains of bacteria viz; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sps, Bacillus thuringiensis, Klebsiella sps and Serratia sps using agar disc diffusion technique. Petroleum ether, acetone, methanol and water extracts of seed and leaf of Q. indica and leaf of C. asiatica showed moderate to significant antimicrobial activity. Of the four extracts tested, petroleum ether and water fractions showed more activity against all the bacterial strains. The zone of inhibition of the active fractions for the petroleum ether ranged from 8.57 to 12.63 mm and 8.53 to 14.5mm for the water fraction of Q. indica seed and leaf and C. asiatica leaf; and exhibited comparable results with widely used commercial antimicrobial agents (16 to19 mm for Kanamycin and 14 to 17mm for Cefotaxime). The results prove the efficacy of the most active fractions of the selected plant extracts to be used for developing potent antimicrobial formulations.
Exploitation of endophytic fungi for plant disease management
Introduction
Plant- Endophytic fungi interaction
Diversity of endophytic fungi in plants
Colonization
Endophytic fungi : Mechanism
Case studies
Conclusion
Future aspects
Endophytic fungi in disease resistance (Latz et al., 2018)
Antibiotics produced by fungal endophytes
Plant immune defense system
Lytic enzyme secretion
Endophytic fungi in stress tolerance
Pseudomonas aeruginosa WS-1 shows potential as a biopesticide for managing fruit rot and die back disease in chili caused by Colletotrichum capsici. In laboratory experiments, P. aeruginosa WS-1 inhibited the growth of C. capsici in dual plate cultures and produced antifungal compounds including chitinases, proteases, hydrogen cyanide, and siderophores. In greenhouse tests, treatment of chili seedlings with P. aeruginosa WS-1 prior to inoculation with C. capsici resulted in similar disease control as the fungicide carbendazim. This suggests that P. aeruginosa WS-1 could provide effective biological control of the disease under field conditions.
Isolation, identification of antagonistic rhizobacterial strains obtained fro...Shazia Shahzaman
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are associated with roots, found in the rhizosphere and can directly or indirectly enhance the plant growth. In this study soil was collected from rhizosphere of chickpea fields of different areas of Rawalpindi division of Pakistan. PGPR were isolated, screened and characterized. Eight isolates of rhizobacteria (RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RTR, RT and RK) were isolated from Rawalpindi division and were characterized. The antagonistic activity of these PGPR isolates against root infecting fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium spp.,) was done and production of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore and P-solubilization was evaluated. The isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD and RT were found to be positive in producing siderophore, IAA and P-solubilization. Furthermore, most of the isolates showed antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillium spp. The rhizobacterial isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD, RTR, RT and RK were used as bio-inoculants that might be beneficial for chickpea cultivation as the rhizobacterial isolates possessed the plant growth promoting characters i.e. siderophore, IAA production, phosphate solubilization. In in vitro tests, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus spp. inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal root pathogens. The isolates (RHA and RPG) also significantly increased (60-70%) seed germination, shoot length, root length of the chickpea. The incidence of fungi was reduced by the colonization of RHA and RPG which enhanced the seedling vigor index and seed germination. The observations revealed that isolates RHA and RPG is quite effective to reduce the fungal root infection in greenhouse, and also increases seed yields significantly. These rhizobacterial isolates appear to be efficient yield increasing as well as effective biocontrol agent against fungal root pathogen.
Pseudomonas fluorescens as plant growth promoting Rhizo- Bacteria and biologi...Innspub Net
The use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to control disastrous diseases in many crops has been considered important recently. The research was conducted to evaluate several bacterial strains to control white rust in chrysanthemum. The research consisted of two chronological experiments, in vitro and in vivo testing of bacterial isolate against the disease. 16 bacteria isolates were collected, purified and applied on the rust-infected leaf. Three isolates showed more effective in suppressing white rust during in vitro testing and further identification confirmed these strains, Pf Kr 2, Pf Smd 2 and Pf Ktl were grouped into P. flourescens. In vivo testing of the Pf isolates also revealed consistent performances of these three Pf isolates in retarding the growth of fungal Puccinia horiana and even more effective than Azotobacter sp. and Azospirilium sp. The production of ethylene on the leaf was coincidence with the slower development and lower disease intensity on the treated plants. Among the three strains, Pf Kr 2 showed stronger suppression to the disease. Further investigations are needed to further elucidate the existence of specific interrelation between Pf strains and plant genotypes or cultivars. Prior to a selection of good bacterial inoculants, it is recommended to select cultivars that benefit from association with these bacteria. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/pseudomonas-fluorescens-as-plant-growth-promoting-rhizo-bacteria-and-biological-control-agents-for-white-rust-disease-in-chrysanthemum/
Study of antagonistic capability of trichoderma harzianum isolates against so...AL-kitab university -IRAQ
This study evaluated the antagonistic potential of two isolates of Trichoderma harzianum against seven soil-borne pathogenic fungi. In dual culture tests, T. harzianum isolate T2 showed the highest inhibitory effect against the pathogens, reducing their mycelial growth by 45.99% on average. Alternaria sp. was most inhibited by T2 at 51.18%. Volatile metabolites from T2 were also effective at inhibiting pathogen growth. Non-volatile metabolites collected from T2 cultures at different time periods and concentrations inhibited pathogen mycelial growth, with the highest (100%) concentration having the greatest effect. Microscopic analysis revealed T2 interacting with and inhibiting the pathogens through mechanisms like coiling around their
Isolation of endophytes from potato and their antagonist effect against Fusar...Innspub Net
Plant endophytes may be intercellular or intracellular depending upon their location in the plant tissue because they are present inside the cells or in the intracellular space, respectively. Isolation of endophytic bacteria has been reported from both monocot and dicot plants, ranging from woody trees, such as teak and pear, to herbaceous crop plants such as mustard and maize. The aim of this study was the isolation of endophytes from potato and their antagonist effect against Fusarium oxysporum. Endophytic fungi were isolated from leaves, stems and roots of healthy Potato plant derived from Chak No.359/E.B Village, Tehsil Burewala. Isolation of endophytic fungi from plant parts was done according to the method described by Petrini. The media used in the present study was the Potatodextrose agar (PDA) for fungus and nutrient agar medium for maintaining bacterial stains. F.oxysporum was taken from the Plant pathology lab of UAF sub-campus Burewala-Vehari . The results of the experiment clearly revealed that the stems, root and leaf of the potato plants under present investigation had the maximum colonization frequency for fungal endophytes. Fusarium oxysporum showed rapid growth 5-7cm in5 days. Fusarium oxysporum was white and growing rapidly that later produced dark violet pigments in PDA. Erwinia showed light green, circular, shining, slimy, smooth characteristics. The isolate strain of Bacillus showed rodshaped, fuzzy white or slightly yellow circular and irregular characteristics.
Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Methanolic Extract of S. Caryophyllatum (L.) A...iosrjce
S.caryophyllatum (L.) Alston belongs to the family Myrtaceae is an endangered species. It possesses
traditional as well as pharmacological properties. The objective of the present investigation was to find out the
antibacterial activity of S. caryophyllatum leaf methanolic extract against some human pathogenic bacteria. It
was followed by Disc Diffusion method using gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains such as
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Sarcina lutea, Esherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella Spp., Salmonella typhi and Proteus mirabilis. The result showed that the
inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis (24mm) was high when compared to E. coli (21mm) and Bacillus cereus
(20mm).This effect on the bacterial strains may be due to the presence of secondary metabolites present in the
leaf methanolic extract of Syzygium caryophyllatum.
Biological Efficacy of Quassia Indica (Geratn) Nooteb and Centella Asiatica (...IOSRJPBS
Antimicrobial activity of different extracts of two selected plants, Quassia indica (Geartn) Nooteb and Centella asiatica (L.) Urban were tested against selected strains of bacteria viz; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sps, Bacillus thuringiensis, Klebsiella sps and Serratia sps using agar disc diffusion technique. Petroleum ether, acetone, methanol and water extracts of seed and leaf of Q. indica and leaf of C. asiatica showed moderate to significant antimicrobial activity. Of the four extracts tested, petroleum ether and water fractions showed more activity against all the bacterial strains. The zone of inhibition of the active fractions for the petroleum ether ranged from 8.57 to 12.63 mm and 8.53 to 14.5mm for the water fraction of Q. indica seed and leaf and C. asiatica leaf; and exhibited comparable results with widely used commercial antimicrobial agents (16 to19 mm for Kanamycin and 14 to 17mm for Cefotaxime). The results prove the efficacy of the most active fractions of the selected plant extracts to be used for developing potent antimicrobial formulations.
Exploitation of endophytic fungi for plant disease management
Introduction
Plant- Endophytic fungi interaction
Diversity of endophytic fungi in plants
Colonization
Endophytic fungi : Mechanism
Case studies
Conclusion
Future aspects
Endophytic fungi in disease resistance (Latz et al., 2018)
Antibiotics produced by fungal endophytes
Plant immune defense system
Lytic enzyme secretion
Endophytic fungi in stress tolerance
Multidrug resistant microorganisms are globally becoming a major confrontment because of illogical use of antibiotics and this played a good role in investigation about the antibacterial compounds in plants. Thus, the present study investigate for the antibacterial effect of alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes , CommiphoramyrrhaL. gums and Ginkgo biloba L. leaves products against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plants samples extracted by soxhlet with methanol and fractionation with and four solution ( chloroform, hexane, water and ethyl acetate) were used for investigation about antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method. The results showed that methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of C. longa L. rhizomes , C. myrrha L. gums showed biological activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria, but methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of G. biloba L. leaves product didn’t show any activity as antibacterial substance. It can be concluded that the presence of secondary metabolites as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and saponins in the plants under study would be marked a good anti-bacterial effect.
Antimicrobial properties and phytochemical analysis of methanolic extracts of...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the antimicrobial properties and phytochemical analysis of methanolic extracts of Aframomum melegueta seeds and Zingiber officinale rhizomes on fungal diseases of tomato fruit. Key findings include:
1) Extracts of A. melegueta and Z. officinale significantly reduced the growth of fungi (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum, Helminthosporium solani, and Mucor piriformis) isolated from diseased tomatoes.
2) Z. officinale extract completely inhibited fungal growth at 25% concentration or higher, while A. melegueta
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Effect of Extract of Ailanthus Excelsa on Red Cotton Bug (Dysdercus Cingulatus)IOSR Journals
Botanical pesticides have pesticidal or ovicidal or repellent activities. The development of resistance to existing conventional synthetic pesticides and the increasing public concern over environmental pollution and health hazards created by synthetic pesticides, generate a great need for new types of pest management agent’s advantage with higher activity against the target pests, and lower impact on humans and environmental quality. Repellents are the chemicals which cause an insect to make an oriented movement away from its source. Due to their odoriferous nature, oils of plants have been used for this purpose. Repellency in the present study has been noted visually in the treated insects and the observations recorded have been depicted. The results showed 95% repellency in the treated arms of petridish in fraction of Ailanthus ecxcelsa.
Effects of Plant Extracts and Commercial Bactericides on Erwinia Chrysanthemi...ijtsrd
Isolation of Erwinia chrysanthemi rhizome rot bacteria from infected rhizome of banana plants in Twentay Township, Yangon Region was conducted in Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Yangon. Antibacterial activity on Erwinia chrysanthemi from the nine selected plant species and the four chemical bactericides were evaluated by paper disc diffusion methods. The solvent extracts of the eight plant samples Capsicum annuum L., Curcuma longa L., Languas galangal L. Stuntz, Nicotiana tobacum L., Piper nigrum L., Synzygium aromaticum L. Merr. Perry, Zingiber barbatum Wall. and Zingiber officinale Rose indicated bioactivity on E. chrysanthemi. However, the extracts of Piper betel L. did not show antibacterial activity on E. chrysanthemi. Chemical bactericides Agri mycin 17, Ariston, Bio save and Blocker 4E showed the weak activity on E. chrysanthemi. Ko Tin | Sithu Aung Min "Effects of Plant Extracts and Commercial Bactericides on Erwinia Chrysanthemi (Rhizome Rot Bacteria) in Banana Plants" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27862.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/27862/effects-of-plant-extracts-and-commercial-bactericides-on-erwinia-chrysanthemi-rhizome-rot-bacteria-in-banana-plants/ko-tin
Potential of Entomopathogenic Bacillus thuringiensis as Plant Growth Promotin...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Bacillus thuringiensis has been used as an effective bioinsecticide because it produces the proteins Cry and Cyt, which are highly toxic to insects in certain situations. However, recently, B. thuringiensis was used as a biological control agent that can suppress plant disease. In this study, the antagonistic activities of B. thuringiensisAS17 japonensisand AS18 kurstaki against the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL) were examined using a dual culture technique. Furthermore, B. thuringiensis strains suppressed the development of wilt symptoms caused by FOL in tomato plants. After inoculating six strains of B. thuringiensis suspension following inoculation of FOL, the development of wilt symptoms became less than control, especially with B. thuringiensisAS17 japonensis and AS20 CR371-H. Furthermore, we proved that B. thuringiensis strains are plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that can promote plant growth. Seed germination and shoot elongation were promoted by treating the tomato seeds with a bacterial culture filtrate and a bacterial suspension.
Adeniyi et al 2010. effect of neem (azadirachta indica) leaf extracts on the ...deleadeniyi
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extracts on the growth of Fusarium spp, a fungus that causes rot in stored kola nuts. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of neem leaves at concentrations of 5-25% were tested against Fusarium spp in vitro. Both extracts significantly inhibited the radial growth of the fungus, with 20-25% concentrations exhibiting the highest inhibition of 82%. The ethanolic extracts showed greater inhibition at lower concentrations compared to aqueous extracts. This suggests that neem leaf extracts have potential as natural antifungal agents to help control rot fungus and extend the storage life of kola nuts.
First report on fusarium solani, a pathogenic fungus causing stem rot disease...Alexander Decker
This document reports on the first identification of Fusarium solani as the causal agent of stem rot disease in dragon fruits in Bali, Indonesia. Two Fusarium isolates (w1 and w2) were isolated from diseased dragon fruit stems and identified as F. solani based on morphological characteristics, molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region, and Koch's postulates tests. Sequence analysis of the 18S rDNA region from both isolates showed 99% similarity to F. solani, representing the first report of this pathogenic fungus affecting dragon fruits in Bali.
Antibacterial Screening of Different Parts Datura alba NeesMusfirah Anjum
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antibacterial activity of different extracts (ethanol, methanol, chloroform, acetone) of leaves, flowers, seeds, and stem of Datura alba plant against four bacterial strains. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts of leaves and flowers showed the highest activity against gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The seed extracts showed minimal activity compared to other plant parts. In general, the extracts showed higher activity against gram-positive versus gram-negative bacteria. The results indicate that D. alba extracts have potential as sources of antibacterial compounds.
Abstract— The indiscriminate use of agricultural inputs, such as fertilizers e and synthetic pesticides, can cause high levels of toxic residues in food, biological imbalance, environmental contamination, intoxication of humans and animals, and other direct and indirect effects. The use of plant extracts as alternative insecticides is a way to minimize the problems caused by synthetic insecticides. Insecticides are in the second position in the trading market of agrotoxics in Brazil. The species Tagetes erecta L. and Tagetes patula L. have antioxidant properties, larvicidal, fungicidal, antimicrobial, nematicide and insecticide. In order to verify the possibility of Tagetes sp. extracts be suitable alternative to the use of synthetic insecticides, the bioassays laboratorial were designed through of insect mortality test of Sitophilus zeamais. We evaluated the antioxidant activity by the test of DPPH, in addition to screen the chromatographic profile of the extracts. It is concluded that the extracts evaluated are efficient in insect mortality, checking still considerable amount of antioxidant compounds, as identified also flavonoids, terpenes and alkaloids in extracts. According to these results we conclude that T. erecta and T. patula has phytotoxic compounds that can promote and expand its use as a natural insecticide.
The document summarizes a study that examined the inhibitory effects of extracts from Rheum ribes (rhubarb) roots and stems on pathogenic fungi and cancer cell lines. Phytochemical screening of the plant extracts found secondary metabolites including flavonoids, phenols, and fatty acids. The aqueous and alcoholic extracts were tested for their antioxidant effects in vitro. The alcoholic extracts showed greater inhibition of fungal growth than the aqueous extracts in a dose-dependent manner. Both root and stem extracts appeared to effectively inhibit fungal growth, though the stem extracts showed greater efficacy. The study evaluated the extracts' potential as natural antifungal and anticancer agents.
Trichosporon sp. are widely distributed in nature and can predominantly be found in the environmental substrates, such as soil, birds, vegetables, water, and decomposing wood. These fungi can colonize skin and, less frequently, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts of humans. Currently, the genus Trichosporon sp. is considered one of the most important emerging causes of invasive infection in immune compromised patients, with T. asahii being the most frequently reported species. In this study, T. asahii was procured from MTCC and its sensitivity was checked against different solvents (Methanol, Ethanol, Acetone, and Chloroform) of Iris ensata, a medicinal plant. Zone of inhibition and MIC were evaluated using Agar well diffusion assay and Tube dilution broth assay. Ketoconazole and Nystatin B were used as positive controls. Phytochemical screening was done to determine the phytochemicals present in the plant. The methanol extract was found to be most effective compared to other solvent extracts and positive controls. Phytochemicals play a major role in this anti Trichosporon activity. Key-words- Yeast infection, Trichosporon, Medicinal plant, Phytochemicals test
Identification and characterization of actinomycetes forAlexander Decker
This document describes a study that identified and characterized two actinomycete bacterial strains with
antagonistic activity against Streptomyces scabies, the pathogen that causes potato scab disease. The two strains
were isolated from soil samples. Molecular characterization using 16S rDNA gene sequencing identified the first
strain as Streptomyces avermitilis and the second strain as Actinomyces odontolyticus. Both strains showed high
levels of antibiosis against S. scabies in in vitro and in vivo assays, effectively controlling potato scab disease
symptoms on potato varieties Cara and Diamond.
Identification and characterization of actinomycetes forAlexander Decker
This document describes a study that identified and characterized two actinomycete bacterial strains with
antagonistic activity against Streptomyces scabies, the pathogen that causes potato scab disease. The two strains
were isolated from soil samples. Molecular characterization using 16S rDNA gene sequencing identified the first
strain as Streptomyces avermitilis and the second strain as Actinomyces odontolyticus. Both strains showed high
levels of antibiosis against S. scabies in in vitro and in vivo assays, effectively controlling potato scab disease
symptoms on potato varieties Cara and Diamond.
Medicinal plants are in use in many countries and cultures as a source of medicine. Biotechnological tools like tissue culture are important for selection, multiplication and conservation of medicinal plants genotypes. In addition, in-vitro regeneration plays a great role in the production of high-quality plant-based medicine. Plant tissue culture techniques offer an integrated approach for the production of standardized quality phytopharmaceutical through mass production of consistent plant material for physiological characterization and analysis of active ingredients. A number of medicinal plants reported to regenerate in vitro from their various parts but still, fewer are grown in soil, while their micropropagation on a mass scale has rarely been achieved. Micropropagation protocols for cloning of some medicinal plants had been developed by using different concentrations of plant growth regulators in a Murashige and Skoog media variant (Murashige and Skoog, 1962). Regeneration occurred via organogenesis and embryogenesis in response to auxins and cytokinins. The production of secondary metabolite is also becoming familiar by tissue culture for pharmaceutical use. The integrated approaches of culture systems will provide the basis for the future development of safe, effective, and high-quality products for consumers.
- The document evaluates the antimicrobial activity of extracts from four plants - Glycyrrhiza glabra, Piper betle, Azadirachta indica, and Moringa olifera - against various microbes using the well diffusion method.
- The extracts of Piper betle showed the highest antimicrobial activity against all microbes tested. Moringa extract only inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and other microbes were resistant. Escherichia coli was resistant to all extracts except Piper.
- The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts was determined to evaluate their antimicrobial effectiveness at different concentrations.
Comparative study on screening methods of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) producing...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
antioxidant profiling of fungal endophytes isolated from a critically endang...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: Micro-organisms living within a plant that causes asymptomatic infections entirely within the plant tissues are called as “endophytes.” These can be bacteria as well as fungi and can be isolated from different parts of plants. They have been observed to be saprophytic and are cultivable on agar. Medicinal plants had been used to isolate and characterize directly the bioactive metabolites. However, the discovery of fungal endophytes inside these plants with capacity to produce the same compounds shifted the focus of new drug sources from plants to fungi. This work is being conducted to test the hypothesis that endophytic fungi produce bioactive compounds which might have some pharmaceutical potential. This hypothesis is based on the rationale that endophytes are capable of protecting their host in adverse and diverse conditions by the production of many novel bioactive metabolites which can be a lead for the development of novel pharmaceutical agents against many diseases. When working with endophytic fungi, the choice of host plant is of critical importance. Endophytic fungi have been isolated from an endemic species (A. amygdalina) of genus Artemisia. Stems, leaves and roots of this plant were sampled for the investigation of endophytic fungal communities. Healthy and mature host plants were collected from different areas in Kashmir valley. Fresh plant material was used for isolation work using surface-sterilization technique. The fungi have been identified on the basis of their morphological and cultural characteristics using standard taxonomic keys and monographs. The fungi were cultured in appropriate media for the production of secondary metabolites. A total of twenty-seven (27) fungal endophytes were isolated from this medicinal plant found belonging to twenty-four (24) different species. Almost all the endophytic fungal metabolites tested possessed some degree of antioxidant activity.
Evaluation of four plants compost teas against fungi responsible for Corn dam...IJEABJ
Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereals in Côte d'Ivoire. However, Corn seeds and seedlings are susceptible to infection by a number of soilborne fungi which caused seeds decay before or after germination. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suppressive effect of Four plants compost teas (Chromolaena odorata, Ricinus communis, Nicotiana tabacum, Azadiracta indica) on Corn damping off. In vitro assays showed a most suppressive effect of C. odorata and R. communis compost teas on mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi. Results of in vivo trials showed significant reduction of Corn seedlings diseases incidence and high seed germination percent after treatment with C. odorata, R. communis and A. indica compost teas. No efficiency effect was noted with N. tabacum compost tea. This study demonstrated the usefulness of compost tea as an efficient biological tool for the control of fungi responsible of corn damping-off.
in vitro screening of larvicidal and insecticidal activity of methanolic extr...IJEAB
The aim of this work was to evaluate the larvicidal and insecticidal activity of the selected plants namelyArtocarpus altilis, Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllus. The leaves of Artocarpus altilis and Artocarpus heterophyllus and roots of Piper betle were subjected to methanolic solvent extraction for the isolation of various bioactive constituents. The evaluation of larvicidal activity was carried out using late third instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. The insecticidal activity of extracts was studied against adult Bruchus pisorum, Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus oryzae and was evaluated by direct contact application method .Nucleic acids and protein contents are regarded as important biomarkers of the metabolic potential of cells, as these play the main role in regulating the different activities of cells. Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllusextractshad a reducing effect on the nucleic acid and protein content in the larvae in a dose dependent manner whereas Artocarpus altilis extract did not exhibit any significant larvicidal activity. Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllusextractsshowed good insecticidal activity whereas A.altilis extract showed poor insecticidal activity. The results of the present study clearly indicate that Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllus extracts can be developed as ecofriendly larvicides and were also quite effective as insecticides for providing a better and excellent alternate for the control of insects.
Multidrug resistant microorganisms are globally becoming a major confrontment because of illogical use of antibiotics and this played a good role in investigation about the antibacterial compounds in plants. Thus, the present study investigate for the antibacterial effect of alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes , CommiphoramyrrhaL. gums and Ginkgo biloba L. leaves products against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plants samples extracted by soxhlet with methanol and fractionation with and four solution ( chloroform, hexane, water and ethyl acetate) were used for investigation about antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method. The results showed that methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of C. longa L. rhizomes , C. myrrha L. gums showed biological activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria, but methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of G. biloba L. leaves product didn’t show any activity as antibacterial substance. It can be concluded that the presence of secondary metabolites as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and saponins in the plants under study would be marked a good anti-bacterial effect.
Antimicrobial properties and phytochemical analysis of methanolic extracts of...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the antimicrobial properties and phytochemical analysis of methanolic extracts of Aframomum melegueta seeds and Zingiber officinale rhizomes on fungal diseases of tomato fruit. Key findings include:
1) Extracts of A. melegueta and Z. officinale significantly reduced the growth of fungi (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum, Helminthosporium solani, and Mucor piriformis) isolated from diseased tomatoes.
2) Z. officinale extract completely inhibited fungal growth at 25% concentration or higher, while A. melegueta
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Effect of Extract of Ailanthus Excelsa on Red Cotton Bug (Dysdercus Cingulatus)IOSR Journals
Botanical pesticides have pesticidal or ovicidal or repellent activities. The development of resistance to existing conventional synthetic pesticides and the increasing public concern over environmental pollution and health hazards created by synthetic pesticides, generate a great need for new types of pest management agent’s advantage with higher activity against the target pests, and lower impact on humans and environmental quality. Repellents are the chemicals which cause an insect to make an oriented movement away from its source. Due to their odoriferous nature, oils of plants have been used for this purpose. Repellency in the present study has been noted visually in the treated insects and the observations recorded have been depicted. The results showed 95% repellency in the treated arms of petridish in fraction of Ailanthus ecxcelsa.
Effects of Plant Extracts and Commercial Bactericides on Erwinia Chrysanthemi...ijtsrd
Isolation of Erwinia chrysanthemi rhizome rot bacteria from infected rhizome of banana plants in Twentay Township, Yangon Region was conducted in Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Yangon. Antibacterial activity on Erwinia chrysanthemi from the nine selected plant species and the four chemical bactericides were evaluated by paper disc diffusion methods. The solvent extracts of the eight plant samples Capsicum annuum L., Curcuma longa L., Languas galangal L. Stuntz, Nicotiana tobacum L., Piper nigrum L., Synzygium aromaticum L. Merr. Perry, Zingiber barbatum Wall. and Zingiber officinale Rose indicated bioactivity on E. chrysanthemi. However, the extracts of Piper betel L. did not show antibacterial activity on E. chrysanthemi. Chemical bactericides Agri mycin 17, Ariston, Bio save and Blocker 4E showed the weak activity on E. chrysanthemi. Ko Tin | Sithu Aung Min "Effects of Plant Extracts and Commercial Bactericides on Erwinia Chrysanthemi (Rhizome Rot Bacteria) in Banana Plants" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27862.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/27862/effects-of-plant-extracts-and-commercial-bactericides-on-erwinia-chrysanthemi-rhizome-rot-bacteria-in-banana-plants/ko-tin
Potential of Entomopathogenic Bacillus thuringiensis as Plant Growth Promotin...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Bacillus thuringiensis has been used as an effective bioinsecticide because it produces the proteins Cry and Cyt, which are highly toxic to insects in certain situations. However, recently, B. thuringiensis was used as a biological control agent that can suppress plant disease. In this study, the antagonistic activities of B. thuringiensisAS17 japonensisand AS18 kurstaki against the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL) were examined using a dual culture technique. Furthermore, B. thuringiensis strains suppressed the development of wilt symptoms caused by FOL in tomato plants. After inoculating six strains of B. thuringiensis suspension following inoculation of FOL, the development of wilt symptoms became less than control, especially with B. thuringiensisAS17 japonensis and AS20 CR371-H. Furthermore, we proved that B. thuringiensis strains are plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that can promote plant growth. Seed germination and shoot elongation were promoted by treating the tomato seeds with a bacterial culture filtrate and a bacterial suspension.
Adeniyi et al 2010. effect of neem (azadirachta indica) leaf extracts on the ...deleadeniyi
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extracts on the growth of Fusarium spp, a fungus that causes rot in stored kola nuts. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of neem leaves at concentrations of 5-25% were tested against Fusarium spp in vitro. Both extracts significantly inhibited the radial growth of the fungus, with 20-25% concentrations exhibiting the highest inhibition of 82%. The ethanolic extracts showed greater inhibition at lower concentrations compared to aqueous extracts. This suggests that neem leaf extracts have potential as natural antifungal agents to help control rot fungus and extend the storage life of kola nuts.
First report on fusarium solani, a pathogenic fungus causing stem rot disease...Alexander Decker
This document reports on the first identification of Fusarium solani as the causal agent of stem rot disease in dragon fruits in Bali, Indonesia. Two Fusarium isolates (w1 and w2) were isolated from diseased dragon fruit stems and identified as F. solani based on morphological characteristics, molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region, and Koch's postulates tests. Sequence analysis of the 18S rDNA region from both isolates showed 99% similarity to F. solani, representing the first report of this pathogenic fungus affecting dragon fruits in Bali.
Antibacterial Screening of Different Parts Datura alba NeesMusfirah Anjum
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antibacterial activity of different extracts (ethanol, methanol, chloroform, acetone) of leaves, flowers, seeds, and stem of Datura alba plant against four bacterial strains. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts of leaves and flowers showed the highest activity against gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The seed extracts showed minimal activity compared to other plant parts. In general, the extracts showed higher activity against gram-positive versus gram-negative bacteria. The results indicate that D. alba extracts have potential as sources of antibacterial compounds.
Abstract— The indiscriminate use of agricultural inputs, such as fertilizers e and synthetic pesticides, can cause high levels of toxic residues in food, biological imbalance, environmental contamination, intoxication of humans and animals, and other direct and indirect effects. The use of plant extracts as alternative insecticides is a way to minimize the problems caused by synthetic insecticides. Insecticides are in the second position in the trading market of agrotoxics in Brazil. The species Tagetes erecta L. and Tagetes patula L. have antioxidant properties, larvicidal, fungicidal, antimicrobial, nematicide and insecticide. In order to verify the possibility of Tagetes sp. extracts be suitable alternative to the use of synthetic insecticides, the bioassays laboratorial were designed through of insect mortality test of Sitophilus zeamais. We evaluated the antioxidant activity by the test of DPPH, in addition to screen the chromatographic profile of the extracts. It is concluded that the extracts evaluated are efficient in insect mortality, checking still considerable amount of antioxidant compounds, as identified also flavonoids, terpenes and alkaloids in extracts. According to these results we conclude that T. erecta and T. patula has phytotoxic compounds that can promote and expand its use as a natural insecticide.
The document summarizes a study that examined the inhibitory effects of extracts from Rheum ribes (rhubarb) roots and stems on pathogenic fungi and cancer cell lines. Phytochemical screening of the plant extracts found secondary metabolites including flavonoids, phenols, and fatty acids. The aqueous and alcoholic extracts were tested for their antioxidant effects in vitro. The alcoholic extracts showed greater inhibition of fungal growth than the aqueous extracts in a dose-dependent manner. Both root and stem extracts appeared to effectively inhibit fungal growth, though the stem extracts showed greater efficacy. The study evaluated the extracts' potential as natural antifungal and anticancer agents.
Trichosporon sp. are widely distributed in nature and can predominantly be found in the environmental substrates, such as soil, birds, vegetables, water, and decomposing wood. These fungi can colonize skin and, less frequently, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts of humans. Currently, the genus Trichosporon sp. is considered one of the most important emerging causes of invasive infection in immune compromised patients, with T. asahii being the most frequently reported species. In this study, T. asahii was procured from MTCC and its sensitivity was checked against different solvents (Methanol, Ethanol, Acetone, and Chloroform) of Iris ensata, a medicinal plant. Zone of inhibition and MIC were evaluated using Agar well diffusion assay and Tube dilution broth assay. Ketoconazole and Nystatin B were used as positive controls. Phytochemical screening was done to determine the phytochemicals present in the plant. The methanol extract was found to be most effective compared to other solvent extracts and positive controls. Phytochemicals play a major role in this anti Trichosporon activity. Key-words- Yeast infection, Trichosporon, Medicinal plant, Phytochemicals test
Identification and characterization of actinomycetes forAlexander Decker
This document describes a study that identified and characterized two actinomycete bacterial strains with
antagonistic activity against Streptomyces scabies, the pathogen that causes potato scab disease. The two strains
were isolated from soil samples. Molecular characterization using 16S rDNA gene sequencing identified the first
strain as Streptomyces avermitilis and the second strain as Actinomyces odontolyticus. Both strains showed high
levels of antibiosis against S. scabies in in vitro and in vivo assays, effectively controlling potato scab disease
symptoms on potato varieties Cara and Diamond.
Identification and characterization of actinomycetes forAlexander Decker
This document describes a study that identified and characterized two actinomycete bacterial strains with
antagonistic activity against Streptomyces scabies, the pathogen that causes potato scab disease. The two strains
were isolated from soil samples. Molecular characterization using 16S rDNA gene sequencing identified the first
strain as Streptomyces avermitilis and the second strain as Actinomyces odontolyticus. Both strains showed high
levels of antibiosis against S. scabies in in vitro and in vivo assays, effectively controlling potato scab disease
symptoms on potato varieties Cara and Diamond.
Medicinal plants are in use in many countries and cultures as a source of medicine. Biotechnological tools like tissue culture are important for selection, multiplication and conservation of medicinal plants genotypes. In addition, in-vitro regeneration plays a great role in the production of high-quality plant-based medicine. Plant tissue culture techniques offer an integrated approach for the production of standardized quality phytopharmaceutical through mass production of consistent plant material for physiological characterization and analysis of active ingredients. A number of medicinal plants reported to regenerate in vitro from their various parts but still, fewer are grown in soil, while their micropropagation on a mass scale has rarely been achieved. Micropropagation protocols for cloning of some medicinal plants had been developed by using different concentrations of plant growth regulators in a Murashige and Skoog media variant (Murashige and Skoog, 1962). Regeneration occurred via organogenesis and embryogenesis in response to auxins and cytokinins. The production of secondary metabolite is also becoming familiar by tissue culture for pharmaceutical use. The integrated approaches of culture systems will provide the basis for the future development of safe, effective, and high-quality products for consumers.
- The document evaluates the antimicrobial activity of extracts from four plants - Glycyrrhiza glabra, Piper betle, Azadirachta indica, and Moringa olifera - against various microbes using the well diffusion method.
- The extracts of Piper betle showed the highest antimicrobial activity against all microbes tested. Moringa extract only inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and other microbes were resistant. Escherichia coli was resistant to all extracts except Piper.
- The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts was determined to evaluate their antimicrobial effectiveness at different concentrations.
Comparative study on screening methods of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) producing...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
antioxidant profiling of fungal endophytes isolated from a critically endang...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: Micro-organisms living within a plant that causes asymptomatic infections entirely within the plant tissues are called as “endophytes.” These can be bacteria as well as fungi and can be isolated from different parts of plants. They have been observed to be saprophytic and are cultivable on agar. Medicinal plants had been used to isolate and characterize directly the bioactive metabolites. However, the discovery of fungal endophytes inside these plants with capacity to produce the same compounds shifted the focus of new drug sources from plants to fungi. This work is being conducted to test the hypothesis that endophytic fungi produce bioactive compounds which might have some pharmaceutical potential. This hypothesis is based on the rationale that endophytes are capable of protecting their host in adverse and diverse conditions by the production of many novel bioactive metabolites which can be a lead for the development of novel pharmaceutical agents against many diseases. When working with endophytic fungi, the choice of host plant is of critical importance. Endophytic fungi have been isolated from an endemic species (A. amygdalina) of genus Artemisia. Stems, leaves and roots of this plant were sampled for the investigation of endophytic fungal communities. Healthy and mature host plants were collected from different areas in Kashmir valley. Fresh plant material was used for isolation work using surface-sterilization technique. The fungi have been identified on the basis of their morphological and cultural characteristics using standard taxonomic keys and monographs. The fungi were cultured in appropriate media for the production of secondary metabolites. A total of twenty-seven (27) fungal endophytes were isolated from this medicinal plant found belonging to twenty-four (24) different species. Almost all the endophytic fungal metabolites tested possessed some degree of antioxidant activity.
Evaluation of four plants compost teas against fungi responsible for Corn dam...IJEABJ
Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereals in Côte d'Ivoire. However, Corn seeds and seedlings are susceptible to infection by a number of soilborne fungi which caused seeds decay before or after germination. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suppressive effect of Four plants compost teas (Chromolaena odorata, Ricinus communis, Nicotiana tabacum, Azadiracta indica) on Corn damping off. In vitro assays showed a most suppressive effect of C. odorata and R. communis compost teas on mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi. Results of in vivo trials showed significant reduction of Corn seedlings diseases incidence and high seed germination percent after treatment with C. odorata, R. communis and A. indica compost teas. No efficiency effect was noted with N. tabacum compost tea. This study demonstrated the usefulness of compost tea as an efficient biological tool for the control of fungi responsible of corn damping-off.
in vitro screening of larvicidal and insecticidal activity of methanolic extr...IJEAB
The aim of this work was to evaluate the larvicidal and insecticidal activity of the selected plants namelyArtocarpus altilis, Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllus. The leaves of Artocarpus altilis and Artocarpus heterophyllus and roots of Piper betle were subjected to methanolic solvent extraction for the isolation of various bioactive constituents. The evaluation of larvicidal activity was carried out using late third instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. The insecticidal activity of extracts was studied against adult Bruchus pisorum, Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus oryzae and was evaluated by direct contact application method .Nucleic acids and protein contents are regarded as important biomarkers of the metabolic potential of cells, as these play the main role in regulating the different activities of cells. Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllusextractshad a reducing effect on the nucleic acid and protein content in the larvae in a dose dependent manner whereas Artocarpus altilis extract did not exhibit any significant larvicidal activity. Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllusextractsshowed good insecticidal activity whereas A.altilis extract showed poor insecticidal activity. The results of the present study clearly indicate that Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllus extracts can be developed as ecofriendly larvicides and were also quite effective as insecticides for providing a better and excellent alternate for the control of insects.
Co-Chairs, Val J. Lowe, MD, and Cyrus A. Raji, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease for this CME/AAPA activity titled “Alzheimer’s Disease Case Conference: Gearing Up for the Expanding Role of Neuroradiology in Diagnosis and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PvVY25. CME/AAPA credit will be available until June 28, 2025.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
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low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdfrightmanforbloodline
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
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1. Abdulhadi et al (2020): Detection and activity of Endophytic fungi September 2020 Vol. 23 Issue 13B
Annals of Tropical Medicine & Public Health http://doi.org/10.36295/ASRO.2020.231384
Molecular detection and antimicrobial activity of Endophytic fungi
isolated from a medical plant Rosmarinus officinalis
Shimal Yonuis Abdulhadi, Ghazwan Qasim Hasan* and Raghad NawafGergees
Department of Biology, College of Education for pure science, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq.
*For correspondence. E-mail: ghazwan.qasim@yahoo.com.
ABSTRACT
Endophytes are tiny organisms present in living tissues of distinct plants and have been extensively studied for their
endophytic microbial complement. Roots of Rosmarinus officinalis were subjected to the isolation of endophytic
fungi and screened for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and
Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. Genomic DNA from
active fungal strain of Trichoderma harzianum was isolated, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was
amplified using ITS4 and ITS5 primers and sequenced for genetic inference in fungus. The crude extract of T.
harzianum isolate with Ethyl acetate was showed significant antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus,
K. pneumonia, B. subtilis and E. coli. The antimicrobial activity was highest against P. aeruginosa at concentration of
40µg/ml, followed by S. aureus and K. pneumonia at the same concentration. The lowest antimicrobial activity was
against by S. aureus at concentration of 60µg/ml. The current study is confirmed that the antimicrobial activity is due
to bioactive compounds founded in endophytic fungi.
Key words: Rosmarinus officinalis, Endophytic fungi, antimicrobial
How to cite this article: Abdulhadi SY, Hasan GQ, Gergees RN (2020): Molecular detection and antimicrobial activity of
Endophytic fungi isolated from a medical plant Rosmarinus officinalis, Ann Trop Med & Public Health; 23(S13B): SP231384.
DOI: http://doi.org/10.36295/ASRO.2020.231384
INTRODUCTION
Rosmarinus officinalis, commonly known as Rosemary, is a member of mint family Lamiaceae. The name
"rosemary" derives from Latin ros marinus ("dew of the sea") (Room, 1986). Plant roots are not only colonized
by mycorrhizal bacteria and rhizobial, but also by endophytic fungi (Girlanda and Luppi, 2006). The endophytic
fungi, do not cause obvious disease, but colonize different plant tissues. For example, can improve host growth,
provide the host with some nutrients, convey stress tolerance, and many other benefits. In contrast to endophytic
growth in the ground plant organs, growing within the roots has frequently been found to be extensive (Stone et
al., 2000, Schulz and Boyle, 2005). The interaction between the plant and endophyte be based on the disposition
of host and fungus and the environmental conditions, this relationship could be neutral, mutualistic or
antagonistic. Some endophytic fungi may adopt mycorrhizal functions and gives the plants opportunity to
competitive other organisms such as insect pests, herbivores, or bacteria (Carroll, 1988; Hawksworth, 1991).
Other endophytes can be pathogenic to the host when conditions are unsuitable (Schulz et al. 1999). The
biodiversity of root endophytic communities differs depending on the type of vegetation , environmental factors
and the interactions between microorganisms. About 80% of endophytic fungi produce secondary metabolites
that active biologically in vitro and have fungicidal, antibacterial and herbicidal activities (Schulzetal.2002). For
instance, Fusarium spp. colonize both the roots and shoots in many hosts, and synthesis a number of toxins
including beauvericin, a cyclic hexadepsipeptide to protect infected plants against herbivory insects (Kuldau
and Yates 2000; Miller, 2001). Moreover, fungal root endophytes produce metabolites toxic to the nematode
Meloido gyneincognita. For instance, both phomalactone are produced by Verticillium chlamydosporium
(Khambay et al., 2000), and secondary compounds present in the culture filtrate of F. oxysporum decreased the
mobility of the nematode within10 minutes after exposure (Hallmann and Sikora, 1996).
In addition, several root endophytic fungi synthesis antimicrobial metabolites (Schulz et al., 2002), e.g. the
antibacterial and antifungal metabolites synthesized in vitro by Cryptosporiopsis sp. from Larix decidua (Schulz
et al., 1995), which help to protect the host from other organisms. In addition, the endophytic Neotyphodium
spp. can be stimulated in shoots of the host after the damage, to increase production of mycotoxins as a kind of
adaptive (Bultman and Murphy, 2000); the same effect can be occurred in the injured roots which colonized by
2. Abdulhadi et al (2020): Detection and activity of Endophytic fungi September 2020 Vol. 23 Issue 13B
Annals of Tropical Medicine & Public Health http://doi.org/10.36295/ASRO.2020.231384
endophytic fungi. Furthermore, the fungal roots can synthesis biologically active secondary compounds in both
in vitro and in vivo (in planta), which able to be antagonistic against other organisms such bacteria, and lead to
suppress the disease; it could also play a vital role in keeping a balance of antagonism between endophyte and
host.
In the other side, many endophytic fungi have shown antimicrobial activity against the human pathogenic
bacteria which the current paper about. For instance, the isolated endophytic fungi (Phomopsis sp.) from Vitex
negundo L leaves with ethyl acetate showed significant antimicrobial activity against, S. typhimurium, E. coli,
B. subtilis, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and B. cereus (Desale and Bodhankar, 2013). The ethyl acetate extract of
endophytic fungi Colletotrichum gloeosporioides showed potential inhibition against E. coli, S. aureus, S.
typhimurium, B. cereus and P. aeruginosa; again the ethyl acetate extract of Fusarium oxysporum has the same
effect against previous bacteria except P. aeruginosa (Ramesha and Srinivas, 2014). Endophyte fungi strains
isolated from the roots of Sonneratia griffithii Kurz with ethyl acetate and butanol have shown higher
antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli comparing with other parts (Handayani et al., 2017).
Endophyte fungi isolated from leaves of Bush mango showed antibacterial activity against some pathogenic
bacteria such as S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa (Nwakanma et al ., 2016). The ethyl acetate
extracts of mycelia and filtrates isolated from Vaccinium dunalianum var. Urophyllum revealed a significant
inhibit of the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as B. subtilis, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, L. monocytogenes and
Salmonella bacteria (Tong et al ., 2018).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant samples collection:
Samples of R. officinalis plants were collected from Mosul city, north of Iraq during a week in September 2019. The
roots were excised from vegetable parts using a sterile knife and brought to the laboratory in sterile polythene bags.
Isolation of endophytic fungi:
The roots were washed with water several times to remove the soil and the impurities sticking to it. The roots were cut
into small pieces (5 mm × 2 mm) using sterile blade and washed with sterile distilled water thrice and allowed to
surface dry under aseptic conditions (Nithya and Muthumary, 2010). Then samples were dipping into 96% ethanol for
one minute and then in 2% sodium hypochlorite for three minutes and 70% ethanol for one minute, then washed with
sterile water twice and allowed to surface dry by placing them into sterile filter papers. The samples were placed on
Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plates with adding 50 mg/L tetracycline to inhibit the bacterial growth and incubated at
28ºC for 14 days. The hyphal tip of growing out from root tissue was conveyed to fresh PDA plates amended with 50
mg/L tetracycline. The surface sterilization process was confirmed for efficacy by taking 0.5 ml of washing water from
the last step and spreading it on the Petri dishes containing PDA medium, the plates were incubated in the same steps
above. The absence of any fungal colony is an indication of the efficiency of the surface-sterilization process.
Identification of endophytic fungi:
Morphological identification:
Several fungal isolates were appeared. The most common fungi selected was T. harzianum as shown in Figure1.
Figure1: Culture plate of T. harzianum which was marked by the green color.
DNA extraction, PCR amplification and molecular detection:
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The T. harzianum were grown in 100 ml Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) for 10 days at 25º C. The Mycelia were
collected from the PDB and washed with distilled water and ground using sterile pestle and mortar with liquid nitrogen
until dry powder was obtained. 1.0 g DNA of fresh mycelium was extracted (Saghai Maroof et al., 1984). The nucleic
acid was extracted using the cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (cTAB) method (O'Donnell et al., 1997). The
internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using the universal primers ITS4
(5′- TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) and ITS5 (5′-GGAAG TAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3′) (Shweta et al., 2010).
The 590- bp DNA fragment PCR products was checked by electrophoresis on a 1 % agarose with ethidium bromide
and visualized using a UV transilluminator. The fragment was eluted and purified using and the Agarose Gel DNA
Extraction Kit (Takara, Japan). Sequencing of ITS product was sent to macrogen company/ South Korea
https://dna.macrogen.com/#. A basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analysis was carried out in the NCBI
database, the results showed a 100% matches between the current sequences and deposited sequences in Genebank
(Accession: MH363810.1).
Fungal Isolates and Culturing Conditions:
The T. harzianum isolates were obtained from Rosmarinus officinalis roots growing in Mosul city north of Iraq.
For cultivation of fungi, five mycelia plugs taken from actively growing colony margin using cork borer No. 2
(5- mm diameter) were inoculated into a 500 ml conical flasks containing 100 ml PDB and incubated at 25°C
for 14 days.
Extraction of secondary metabolites:
After incubation the culture filtrate was separated from the fermentation medium using a rotary vacuum evaporator,
and filtered through a filter paper type Whaitman No.1, then the pH was adjusted to 3 by adding some drops of 0.1 N
HCL. In order to extract the bioactive compounds, the equal amount of ethyl acetate was added to the culture filtrate
and allowed to stand for one day using Separating funnel. The organic phase was collected in petri dishes and was
evaporated to dryness at room temperature. The dry extract was collected in sterile and tightly closed flasks and put in
the refrigerator until use.
Antimicrobial activity by agar well diffusion method
Endophytic fungi isolated from a medical plant of R. officinalis was subjected to screening for antimicrobial activity
against the human pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia,
Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli. The crude extract of T. harzianum was dissolved in Dimethyl sulfoxide
(DMSO) at different concentrations of 20 µg/ml, 40 µg/ml and 60 µg/ml ; poured into the 5-mm diameter well made
in Petri dishes containing 2% nutrient agar (Peptone-5 g, Beef Extract-3 g, NaCl-5 g, distilled water-1000 ml, Agar
powder-20 g, pH 7.0). The cultures were kept for 24 hours at 28 °C for the antimicrobial metabolite diffusion and
thereafter they were incubated at an appropriate temperature for the growth of test-microorganisms. The zone of
inhibition was measured in mm (Visalakchi and Muthumary, 2009). Furthermore, Gentamicin (40 µg/mL) and used as
positive control, while Distilled water was used as the negative control (Table 1).
Results
DNA extraction and ITS sequence analysis
The DNA was extracted using cTAB method, the ITS region was amplified by PCR using the universal primers ITS4
and ITS5. The product was examined by electrophoresis in 1% agarose gels (Figure 2). The purified fragment was sent
for sequencing. The sequence data of the ITS region was compared with deposited sequences in NCBI (Accession:
MH363810.1) using (BLAST) analysis. The studied ITS sequence result showed a homology of 100% with deposited
sequences (Figure 3).
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1kb
500bp
100bp
1 2
Figure 2: Amplified ITS fragments of T. harzianum. Agarose gel image showing: Lane (1) 100 bp DNA ladder, lane
(2) ITS PCR product amplified with ITS4 forward and ITS5 reverse primers, Fragment size around 650 bp.
Figure 3: Multiple alignments of ITS sequences of T. harzianum with deposited sequences in Genebank
(Accession: MH363810.1
HPLC analysis
1 ml of culture filtrate of T. harzianum extracted by ethyl acetate was used for high-performance liquid
chromatography analysis according to (Mradu et al ., 2012), the process of diagnosing phenolic compounds was
carried out in the laboratories of the Ministry of Science and Technology / Environment and Water Department after
acid hydrolysis
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a
process by HPLC model (SYKAM) Germany. Column is 18-ODS and dimensions 4.6 mm* 25 cm. The mobile phase
is (Methanol: D.W. : acetic acid) (85:13:2), samples were detected at a wavelength 360 nm at a flow rate of 1 ml per
minute. The HPLC analysis of the fungal extracts revealed the presence of many natural products which may be
responsible for the antimicrobial activities they elicit. Five compounds apiginine, catechine, gallic acid, keamferol and
qurcetine were identified as the major compounds (Figure 4).
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b
c
7. Abdulhadi et al (2020): Detection and activity of Endophytic fungi September 2020 Vol. 23 Issue 13B
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e
d
8. Abdulhadi et al (2020): Detection and activity of Endophytic fungi September 2020 Vol. 23 Issue 13B
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g h
i j
f
9. Abdulhadi et al (2020): Detection and activity of Endophytic fungi September 2020 Vol. 23 Issue 13B
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k
Figure 4: The HPLC data and result tables of compounds detected in T. harzianum extracted by ethyl acetate: (a)
HPLC chromatogram showing the detection of sample plenolic; (b) apiginine; (c) catechine; (d) gallic acid; (e)
kaemferol; (f) quercetin (g) Chemical structure of apiginine (C15H10O5) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apigenin ; (h)
Chemical structure of catechine (C15H14O6) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechin; (i) Chemical structure of gallic acid
(C7H6O5) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_acid; (j) Chemical structure of kaemferol (C15H10O6)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaempferol; and (k) Chemical structure of quercetin (C15H10O7)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercetin .
Antimicrobial activity
Different fungal isolates were obtained from the roots of a medical plant R. officinalis, but the most frequency fungi
selected was T. harzianum. Identification of this endophyte was carry out based on morphology where culture plate of
was marked by the green color, also by molecular identification of the most common region which is ITS region using
universal primers ITS4 and ITS5 in a standard PCR reaction. The crude extracted from T. harzianum roots and isolate
with ethyl acetate was screened for its antimicrobial potential. This extract showed significant antimicrobial activity
against
P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, , K. pneumonia, B. subtilis, and E. coli. The antimicrobial activity was highest against P.
aeruginosa (35mm) at a concentration of 40µg/ml, followed by S. aureus (25mm) and K. pneumonia (25mm) at the
same concentration (Table 1). The second- highest antimicrobial activity was at a concentration of 20 µg/ml against P.
aeruginosa (25mm), followed by K. pneumonia (20mm) and B. subtilis (20mm). The lowest antimicrobial activity was
against E. coli at all concentrations used in this study (Table 1). These antimicrobial activities might be due to some
bioactive secondary metabolites founded in Entophytic fungi T. harzianum such as apiginine, catechine, gallic acid,
kaemferol and quercetin. These results are in agreement with (Schulz et al, 2002) that several root endophytic fungi
synthesis antimicrobial metabolites, also these findings are in corroborate with the previous work that the endophytes
have shown the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids (Ramesha and Srinivas, 2014) which are known to
have strong antimicrobial activities.
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Table 1: Antibacterial activity of phenolic extract by ethyl acetate of Trichoderma harizanum. Zone of inhibition
(Diameter in mm).
DISCUSSION
There is no doubt that Endophytic fungi are important microorganisms that are widespread in different environments,
which is a source of secondary metabolites. It possesses effectiveness against many human pathogens (Desale and
Bodhankar., 2013, Ramesha and Srinivas, 2014., Handayani et al., 2017). Plant roots are colonized by endophytic
fungi (Girlanda and Luppi, 2006). These organisms do not harm the host, but have many benefits to the host such as
improving host growth, supply the host with nutrients, etc. (Stone et al., 2000, Schulz and Boyle, 2005). Some
endophytic fungi produce metabolites compounds that active biologically against fungi, bacteria, and herbicids (Schulz
et al., 2002). The secondary metabolites contain active chemical groups such as flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids,
terpenoids, steroids, quinines, etc (Tran et al., 2010, Aly et al., 2010, Muthu et al., 2011 ). In this study the T.
harzianum isolates were obtained from Rosmarinus officinalis roots to test its ability to produce secondary metabolites
that are effective against bacteria, and to determine the optimal concentrations of fungi activity and its production of
secondary metabolism using agar disc diffusion method, as it is a rapid test method and shows whether the fungus has
the ability to produce effective compounds outside the hypha that inhibits bacterial growth. The efficacy of fungal
discs in inhibiting bacterial growth may be attributed to the ability of the fungus to produce effective metabolites
compounds outside cells which inhibit the growth of a wide range of bacteria and other microorganisms (Kaul et al.,
2012, Jain and Pundir., 2011). The difference in the effectiveness of the fungal species may be due to the difference in
the secreted substances and their vital effect, or it may be due to the different components of the extract, such as mono
and twin turbines, as well as different phenolic compounds, because different compounds have different diffusion rates
which may be responsible for the differences in the inhibitory areas obtained during testing the effectiveness of the
materials against sensitive organisms (Irobi et al., 1996). Here, many human pathogenic bacteria were used such as P.
aeruginosa, S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli which considered a dangerous
species, and as a result of the mutations occurrence continuously; they became resistant to antibiotics. Therefore, it is
necessary to constantly search for new types of antibiotics that are more effective against pathogenic bacteria,
Endophytic fungi are among the most important sources of antibiotics (Mekawey, 2010, Fischbach, 2009). In order to
obtain secondary metabolites in abundant quantities, the fungus was grown in a liquid food medium (PDB) at 25 ° C
and using a vibrator for a 10-day incubation period, which is the ideal conditions for fungi growth (Ritchie et al .,
2009, Bhattacharyya and Jha., 2011), as it is known that the process of producing secondary metabolites occurs during
the final stages of growth (Calvo et al., 2002), therefore the fungal isolates were extracted after 10 days. The current
results are also consistent with previous studies on other fungal groups (Rosa et al., 2003, Peláez et al., 1998). The
process of extracting secondary metabolites is an important stage in obtaining bioactive compounds, when extracting
the crude compounds from the filtrate of fungal isolates; the appropriate solvent must be chosen depending to the
nature of the extracted substance. Here, ethyl acetate was used in the extraction process, as it mixes with water in a low
percentage by 33%, in addition to its low boiling point about 77 °C, therefore the process of removing it by
evaporation is easy (El-Naggar., 2001). The extraction process depended on reducing the pH of the filtrate of fungal
S. No Microorganisms Distilled
water
Gentamycin 20ϻg/ml 40ϻg/ml 60ϻg/ml
40ϻg/ml
(-ve control)
1. Pseudomonas
aeuroginosa
-
( +ve
control)
23 25 35 12
2. Staphylococcus aureus - 15 19 25 10
3. Klebsiella pneumonia - 17 20 25 15
4. Bacillus subtilis - 22 20 22 16
5. Escherichia coli - 14 18 20 11
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isolates to pH = 3, to convert the active substance (antagonist) extracted into ionic form, thus reducing its solubility in
the aqueous solution and facilitating its extraction by ethyl acetate (Boon., 1988, Endo et al., 1986). In the present
study, HPLC analysis of ethyl acetate extracts of T. harzianum extract reveald the presence of phenolic compounds
(Table 4). Our results are consistent with those described by Ramesha and Srinivas, (2014) that the endophytes have
phenolic compounds and flavonoids with displaying antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria. This result is
also consistent with (Desale and Bodhankar, 2013, Nwakanma et al., 2016, Tong et al., 2018, Mekawey, 2010,
Fischbach, 2009 ) which confirmed that most fungal extracts have a inhibitory effect on bacteria and that fungi are an
important source of antibiotics. The difference in the effectiveness of extracted compounds against bacteria may be
due to several factors, including the differences in cellular structure of bacteria, as well as some of inhibitory
substances are working on a specific site which is the target site. For example, many bacterial inhibitors are inhibiting
the important steps of peptidoglycan production, which is a main component of the cell wall (Ghannoum and Rice.,
1999). However, E. coli bacteria showed resistance against the secondary metabolites at all concentrations used, this
may be due to the difference in structure of the cell wall between the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as the
wall of negative bacteria is characterized by low permeability to metabolites due to the presence of the outer layer,
which prevents the access of the antibiotics to the target area (Yoshimura and Nikaido., 1982), also the Gram-negative
bacteria wall contains lipopolysaccharides, lipoprotein and phospholipids compounds which maybe making it less
permeable and resistant to antibiotics and other compounds (Wu., 2014).
CONCLUSION
The current study revealed that the endophytic fungi T. harzianum isolated from the roots of a medical plant R.
officinalis is effective alternative sources of antimicrobial drugs, with a diversified chemical composition and vital
effectiveness against other microorganisms.
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