This document summarizes a study on the epidemiology and management of mango malformation disease in Guerrero, Mexico. The study compared three management approaches - high technology, low traditional technology, and integrated management - in commercial mango orchards over two growing cycles from 1993-1995. The integrated approach, which included pruning, acaricide, and fungicide applications, resulted in slower disease progression, lower initial and final disease levels, and higher yields compared to the other approaches. Changes in disease incidence were positively correlated with the number of trapped Fusarium spores and wind speed over a 4-month lag period. Environmental factors like temperature and humidity also affected disease levels, likely by influencing spore dispersal.
Agronomic evaluation of eight genotypes of hot pepper (capsicum spp l.) in a ...Alexander Decker
This document evaluates the agronomic performance of eight pepper genotypes, including six exotic and two local varieties, under rain-fed conditions in Ghana. The study found that exotic hybrid varieties matured earlier and had better fruit weight, length, and yield compared to the local varieties. However, the two local varieties, Anloga and Legon 18, produced the highest number of undamaged fruits. The results identify pepper genotypes suitable for cultivation in the local environment and provide information to plant breeders for developing new varieties adapted to local conditions.
Salmonella spp. dynamics in wild blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium AitonPremier Publishers
A six-year field study (2012-2015) was conducted in the two major wild blueberry growing regions in Maine USA, Midcoast and Downeast. This study used data from two cropping cycles (four years) to model the dynamics of Salmonella spp. prevalence in wild blueberry fields (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton). A path diagram based upon structural equation modeling suggests that beyond annual variation, the type of cropping system determined wild blueberry production methods of fertilization and fungicide applications for control of plant pathogens that then both affect the prevalence of Salmonella spp. Fungicide applications have a direct negative effect on Salmonella spp. prevalence and the microbial community on the fruit that positively affects Salmonella spp. prevalence. Fertilizer application has an indirect effect on the presence of Salmonella spp. by determining soil fertility that then determines the blueberry plant nutrient profile. This then determines specific nutrient levels in the plant, especially Cu, K, Mg, Mn, and K. These nutrients (especially Ca, K, and Mg and to a lesser extent Cu, Mn, and Zn) directly affect Salmonella spp. prevalence in a complex mix of indirect and direct, and negative and positive interactions, including the regulation of sugars in the fruit that appears to have a negative effect on Salmonella spp. prevalence. The conceptual model presented in this study generates several new hypotheses to test regarding the ecology of Salmonella spp. in commercial wild blueberry fields in Maine, USA.
The document summarizes the results of a trial evaluating the potential of various accessions of leafy vegetables (amaranth, kale, mustard, paitsai, and rape) for summer production in Taiwan. Some accessions of amaranth (TOT2353 and TOT2355) and mustard (CN078) showed the best yield, largest leaves, and good heat tolerance. While several kale accessions had good yield, the local variety performed poorly. Overall, the trial identified several promising accessions of different crops that warrant further testing for their potential to increase summer leafy vegetable production in Taiwan.
Biological Control of Post-harvest Disease of Blue Mould (Penicillium expansu...AymenIsmaelAhmed
Biological Control of Post-harvest Disease of Blue Mould (Penicillium expansum) of Pear Fruit by using Antagonist Microorganisms under Laboratory and Cold Storage Conditions
Nearly 20 Years of Bt Hybrids: What Have We Learned and Where Do We Go from Here?
The document summarizes the lessons learned from nearly 20 years of using Bt corn hybrids in the midwestern US corn belt. It discusses the initial benefits of Bt corn in reducing pesticide use and increasing yields. However, it also notes that western corn rootworm has now evolved resistance to some Bt proteins. Additionally, excessive use of neonicotinoid seed treatments and prophylactic soil insecticides threatens the sustainability of current pest management approaches. The future of pest management will require re-emphasizing integrated pest management principles like scouting and economic thresholds over insurance-based overuse of chemicals
Pushing towards cogongrass patch eradication.Jatinder Aulakh
This study tested strategies for eradicating cogongrass, an invasive grass, from infested patches. The researchers applied glyphosate, imazapyr, and a tank mix of both herbicides in spring, summer, or fall for 3 consecutive years. Measurements of cogongrass visual control, shoot biomass, rhizome biomass, rhizome depth, and carbohydrate content were taken over 3 years. By 36 months, several treatment-timing combinations at both study locations achieved complete elimination of cogongrass shoots and rhizomes, including glyphosate plus imazapyr applied at any timing, imazapyr in August or October, and glyphosate in May
This study evaluated the biopesticidal potential of extracts from three desert plants - Aerva tomentosa, Peganum harmala, and Fagonia critica - against three stored grain pests. Extracts were prepared from different plant parts and tested at various concentrations. P. harmala extracts caused 60-80% mortality, while the other plant extracts resulted in 30-50% mortality. Stem extracts were the least effective while leaf extracts caused the most mortality. In general, higher concentration extracts and those from P. harmala led to the highest pest mortality. The results suggest these plants have compounds with insecticidal properties and potential for use as natural grain protectants.
Agronomic evaluation of eight genotypes of hot pepper (capsicum spp l.) in a ...Alexander Decker
This document evaluates the agronomic performance of eight pepper genotypes, including six exotic and two local varieties, under rain-fed conditions in Ghana. The study found that exotic hybrid varieties matured earlier and had better fruit weight, length, and yield compared to the local varieties. However, the two local varieties, Anloga and Legon 18, produced the highest number of undamaged fruits. The results identify pepper genotypes suitable for cultivation in the local environment and provide information to plant breeders for developing new varieties adapted to local conditions.
Salmonella spp. dynamics in wild blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium AitonPremier Publishers
A six-year field study (2012-2015) was conducted in the two major wild blueberry growing regions in Maine USA, Midcoast and Downeast. This study used data from two cropping cycles (four years) to model the dynamics of Salmonella spp. prevalence in wild blueberry fields (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton). A path diagram based upon structural equation modeling suggests that beyond annual variation, the type of cropping system determined wild blueberry production methods of fertilization and fungicide applications for control of plant pathogens that then both affect the prevalence of Salmonella spp. Fungicide applications have a direct negative effect on Salmonella spp. prevalence and the microbial community on the fruit that positively affects Salmonella spp. prevalence. Fertilizer application has an indirect effect on the presence of Salmonella spp. by determining soil fertility that then determines the blueberry plant nutrient profile. This then determines specific nutrient levels in the plant, especially Cu, K, Mg, Mn, and K. These nutrients (especially Ca, K, and Mg and to a lesser extent Cu, Mn, and Zn) directly affect Salmonella spp. prevalence in a complex mix of indirect and direct, and negative and positive interactions, including the regulation of sugars in the fruit that appears to have a negative effect on Salmonella spp. prevalence. The conceptual model presented in this study generates several new hypotheses to test regarding the ecology of Salmonella spp. in commercial wild blueberry fields in Maine, USA.
The document summarizes the results of a trial evaluating the potential of various accessions of leafy vegetables (amaranth, kale, mustard, paitsai, and rape) for summer production in Taiwan. Some accessions of amaranth (TOT2353 and TOT2355) and mustard (CN078) showed the best yield, largest leaves, and good heat tolerance. While several kale accessions had good yield, the local variety performed poorly. Overall, the trial identified several promising accessions of different crops that warrant further testing for their potential to increase summer leafy vegetable production in Taiwan.
Biological Control of Post-harvest Disease of Blue Mould (Penicillium expansu...AymenIsmaelAhmed
Biological Control of Post-harvest Disease of Blue Mould (Penicillium expansum) of Pear Fruit by using Antagonist Microorganisms under Laboratory and Cold Storage Conditions
Nearly 20 Years of Bt Hybrids: What Have We Learned and Where Do We Go from Here?
The document summarizes the lessons learned from nearly 20 years of using Bt corn hybrids in the midwestern US corn belt. It discusses the initial benefits of Bt corn in reducing pesticide use and increasing yields. However, it also notes that western corn rootworm has now evolved resistance to some Bt proteins. Additionally, excessive use of neonicotinoid seed treatments and prophylactic soil insecticides threatens the sustainability of current pest management approaches. The future of pest management will require re-emphasizing integrated pest management principles like scouting and economic thresholds over insurance-based overuse of chemicals
Pushing towards cogongrass patch eradication.Jatinder Aulakh
This study tested strategies for eradicating cogongrass, an invasive grass, from infested patches. The researchers applied glyphosate, imazapyr, and a tank mix of both herbicides in spring, summer, or fall for 3 consecutive years. Measurements of cogongrass visual control, shoot biomass, rhizome biomass, rhizome depth, and carbohydrate content were taken over 3 years. By 36 months, several treatment-timing combinations at both study locations achieved complete elimination of cogongrass shoots and rhizomes, including glyphosate plus imazapyr applied at any timing, imazapyr in August or October, and glyphosate in May
This study evaluated the biopesticidal potential of extracts from three desert plants - Aerva tomentosa, Peganum harmala, and Fagonia critica - against three stored grain pests. Extracts were prepared from different plant parts and tested at various concentrations. P. harmala extracts caused 60-80% mortality, while the other plant extracts resulted in 30-50% mortality. Stem extracts were the least effective while leaf extracts caused the most mortality. In general, higher concentration extracts and those from P. harmala led to the highest pest mortality. The results suggest these plants have compounds with insecticidal properties and potential for use as natural grain protectants.
Examining the spatial distribution pattern and optimum sample size for monito...AI Publications
The white mango scale insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is one of the most destructive pests of mango trees in Egypt. The main objective of the present work is to estimate the spatial distribution pattern and minimum sample size for monitoring populations of A. tubercularis on six different cultivars of mango through the two successive years of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 at Esna district, Luxor Governorate, Egypt. Data on the indices of distribution and Taylor’s and Iwao’s regression analyses indicate significant aggregation behaviour during each year in all the tested cultivars of mango trees, that may be caused by environmental heterogeneity. The regression models of Taylor’s power law (b) and Iwao’s patchiness (β) were both significantly >1, indicating that A. tubercularis had an aggregation distribution with a negative binomial distribution during each year in all the tested mango cultivars. The Iwao regression coefficients were used to determine the optimum sample size required to estimate populations at three fixed precision levels. The optimum size decreased with increased density in all levels of precision (5, 10 and 15%) in all tested mango cultivars. These can be deployed to develop a sampling plan to estimate the population density accurately. Results suggesting that the optimum sample size was flexible and the precision levels of 5 and 10% were suitable for ecological or insect behavioral studies of A. tubercularis where a higher level of precision is required, whereas, for pest management programs, a 15% level would be acceptable. Furthermore, the distribution, different mango cultivars, and sampling protocol presented here could be used as a tool for future research on pest management methods for this pest.
Effects of 60Co gamma radiation doses on seed germination of Jatropha curcas ...Innspub Net
By: Baudouin K. Nyembo, Alexandre N. Mbaya, Calvin C. Ilunga, Jean-Louis N. Muambi, Luc L. Tshilenge
Key Words: Jatropha curcas, Gamma irradiation, Seed germination, LD50.
Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 13(5), 46-52, November 2018.
This study aimed to assess the effects of different gamma radiation doses from Cobalt -60 isotopic source on seed germination and early growth parameters of Jatropha curcas L. Healthy and dry seeds were subjected to three doses of gamma rays (100, 200 and 300 Gy). The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design, with three replicates. The significantly maximum germination percentage (89.85 %), seedling survival (92.3 %), seedling collar diameter (0.892 cm), plant height (17.30 cm), number of leaves (7) were observed at 30 days after germination. The results revealed that seed germination percentages and seedling shoot length decreased with increasing dose of gamma-rays. Higher gamma-ray dose (300 Gy) in particular had a pronounced effect on these germination parameters than others, probably because high-dose inhibited cell division due to free radicals and DNA system damage. The LD50 for seeds germination rates was obtained at 254 Gy. These results implied that germination traits of Jatropha curcas seeds were sensitive to increase in gamma-ray.
Emerging issues and challenges associated with conservation of the African ba...Innspub Net
The aim of this review is to discuss the emerging issues and challenges in baobab conservation based on the climate change, emerging challenges related to herbivory and human use such as emerging of new markets for baobab products and land use changes.Specifically, the review summarizes scientific questions and challenges for the conservation of one of the most important indigenous fruit tree species, Adansonia digitata in Sub-Saharan Africa. It highlights on new information on the status of A. digitata in Tanzania with a strong focus on ethno-botanical issues, traditional and modern uses as well as challenges for the management and conservation of the tree species.We have done that by using facts from different parts of the geographical ranges of Africa and other parts of the world. The review is based on the belief that understanding the factors underpinning the use and management of A. digitata is an essential step towards development of credible strategies and plans that would advance and lead to sustainable management of baobabs.
Glyphosate resistance trait into soybean Cuban varieties: agronomical assessm...Innspub Net
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was one of the first major applications of genetic engineering in field crops and offered farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds. Weeds are a problem for soybean production in Cuba, so our work aim was the GTS 40-3-2 event introgression into Cuban varieties. Two local cultivars were crossed with transgenic genotypes that carry the event. From F1 to F3 generations, individual plants that produced more than 60 g of seeds per plant were chosen to obtain next generation. Individual lines were selected from F4 generation. F5 and F6 generations of five selected transgenic lines and their relatives were chosen to evaluate seven
agronomic traits throughout the summers of 2012 and 2013. A Random Block experimental design was done. First flowering (R1) and maturity (R8) stages of all genotypes were affected by planting date. Plant height of I1B2- 3, I1B4, I36B4 and RP5 lines ranged from 80 to 111 cm. I1B2-2 and I1B2-3 lines would be suitable for mechanized harvesting because they had the insertion of the first pod at 14.63 cm and 13.93 cm respectively. I36B4 line produced the greatest number of pods per plant (127). Transgenic lines produced more than 180 seeds per plant and 100-seed weight ranged from 13.75 g to 17.46 g. Seed yield per plant of transgenic lines and their parents IncaSoy36, CEB2 and CEB4 weren’t statistically different. These results could be a start point for other studies
involving larger areas, different planting dates and localities. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
This document discusses a study on managing Valsa canker disease of apple trees through adjustments to tree potassium nutrition. The study found that higher leaf potassium levels in apple trees were correlated with lower incidence and severity of Valsa canker disease. Greenhouse and field experiments demonstrated that increasing potassium fertilization enhanced apple tree resistance to the Valsa canker fungus and significantly reduced disease incidence. Proper management of tree nutrition, especially maintaining optimal potassium levels, shows promise as an effective strategy for controlling this destructive apple disease.
Comparison of the effectiveness of zero tillage andAlexander Decker
1) A study compared the effectiveness of zero tillage using glyphosate and intercropping maize with Dolicos lablab for weed management and maize yield.
2) The results found no significant differences between glyphosate and intercropping in terms of weed counts, biomass, or maize yield, indicating that intercropping can be as effective as herbicide use for weed control.
3) Intercropping has the added benefit of obtaining yields from two crops and reducing labor needs for weeding, making it a useful alternative weed management strategy for small-scale farmers.
Morphological Characterization and Proximate Analysis of Three Edible Mushroo...Premier Publishers
The study examined the morphological and proximate compositions of three edible mushrooms including Termitomyces clypeatus R. Heim, Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. and Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. in Plateau and Kogi States, Nigeria. The collection of the fruiting bodies was done at random during the rainy season (July to September). The fruiting bodies of the macrofungi at the point of collection were photographed on site and the important morphological features were recorded before collection and packaging. The moisture content, protein content, total carbohydrate, ash content, crude fiber and crude fat compositions of the edible mushrooms were determined. T. clypeatus mushroom had a significantly (p≤0.05) higher moisture content (91.67%) and lower crude protein content (2.5%), compared to L. tigrinus and L. squarrosulus. T. clypeatus mushroom had a significantly (p≤0.05) lower crude fiber (2.10%) and crude fat (2.27%) contents, compared to the significantly higher (p≤0.05) crude fiber and crude fat compositions of L. tigrinus and L. squarrosulus. The ash content and carbohydrate content of the mushrooms species ranged from 0.90% to 20.33% and 6.88% to 26.18% respectively. Based on the high nutritional value of the three edible mushrooms assessed, it can thus be inferred that the mushrooms are valuable diet assets.
Out Crossing, Heterozygosis and Inbreeding with Environments Interaction in R...paperpublications3
Abstract:The progenies of five sorghum heterozygous populations’ cycles were tested under main and off-season on two different environments irrigated and rainfall conditions for their outcrossing, heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient using SSR markers,the marker combinations were optimized according to their fragment size. Multi-locus outcrossing rate (tm) and average single-locus (ts) outcrossing rates were estimated using the MLTR software, and TFPGA computer program. The outcrossing rate effected directly by the temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the initial flowering period, which the low temperature with high RH under main season is revealed positive increased in outcrossing than off-season. Progenies outcrossing rate revealed same trend with main population outcrossing and the same trend was observed heterozygosity with decreased in inbreeding coefficient. Higher levels in outcrossing rate and heterozygosity was detected under rainfall environment in two based population progenies, but in three advanced population cycles the outcrossing rate was higher under irrigated than rainfed environment. Inbreeding coefficient revealed negative relation with outcrossing rate and heterozygosity in different population’s progenies.
Keyword:environment, recurrent selection, outcrossing, sorghum, progenies.
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
The Use of Dwarf Tomato Cultivar for Genetic and Physiology Study Applicable ...Premier Publishers
The effect of Gibberellic acid (GA) on plant growth and Mendel’s law of heredity were integrated in biology textbooks in many countries. However, there were not practical experiments described in those textbooks, especially in the Cambodian biology textbooks. Students had to learn based on the theories written in the books. Therefore, it was very difficult for them to understand the contents by imaging the terms from the books. In this study, we introduced experimental methods using dwarf tomato plant which is applicable for school education. The result of our research suggested that the causal factor of dwarf tomato using in this study was the less of GA and the inheritance of this dwarf followed Mendel’s law of dominance and segregation. Dwarf tomato being used in this study was a good material and it will also be a good plant material for biological experiment in schools all over the world.
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
8_Diversity and antimicrobial activity of fungal endophyte communities associ...Aline Bruna Martins Vaz
This study examined the diversity and antimicrobial activity of fungal endophyte communities associated with three plant species in Brazilian savanna ecosystems. A total of 93 fungal endophyte isolates were obtained from the plants and identified through DNA sequencing. The most common genera isolated were Colletotrichum from Myrciaria floribunda and Alchornea castaneifolia, and Mycosphaerella from Eugenia aff. bimarginata. Crude extracts of the fungal isolates were screened for antimicrobial activity, with 38 extracts showing activity against pathogenic microorganisms. Emericellopsis donezkii and Colletotrichum gloesporioides demonstrated the strongest antimicrobial activity, with
This study examined the population dynamics, disease incidence, and effects on tomato yield of the false root-knot nematode (Nacobbus aberrans) under three control regimes in Mexico. At least three nematode generations occurred each crop season. Integrated control, which included fertilization, nematicide, and chicken manure, resulted in less crop damage and higher yields than technical control or the untreated check. Integrated control increased plant growth and yield by 31-53% compared to the other treatments. Yield loss was lowest under integrated control at 12%, compared to 29% for technical control and 83% for the untreated check. Integrated control improved commercial tomato production by 20-81% over the other treatments.
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
This document discusses a study evaluating an integrated disease management (IDM) approach for controlling foliar diseases in groundnuts. The study was conducted on farms in India over two growing seasons with the involvement of farmers. Results showed that combining moderate host plant resistance with seed treatment and one fungicide application led to higher yields compared to using susceptible varieties or relying only on chemical control.
Development of drought tolerant maize cultivars is prerequisite to achieving stable grain yield in
drought–prone ecologies of Nigeria’s Guinea savanna. However, success has been limited mainly due
to lack of maize genotypes that show clear differences in response to well defined moisture deficit
condition. Two sets of drought tolerant (DT) maize germplasm were evaluated under screenhouse and
field conditions between 1999 and 2002. In the screenhouse study, performances of the genotypes
were compared under well-watered condition and moisture deficit imposed at different growth stages.
Under field conditions, the first set comprising 11 accessions along with a check were evaluated for 4
growing seasons while the second set which comprised 3 DT varieties were evaluated along with 2
check varieties using monthly plantings between April and August of 2001 and 2002, respectively. In
the first set, post anthesis moisture deficit significantly reduced grain yield by 25 to 73.5% in the open
pollinated varieties (OPVs) and by 20 to 64% in the hybrids. Grain yield under field conditions ranged
from 2.48 to 3.49, 2.82 to 3.73 and 3.58 to 4.76 tons/ha-1 for 1999, 2000 and 2001 full growing seasons,
respectively, and 2.03 to 2.50 tons/ha-1 for 2000 late growing season. In the second set, pre and post
anthesis moisture deficits reduced grain yield by 77.6 and 95.8%, respectively, of well watered
condition while in the field, grain yields in the genotypes were highest for plantings made in April and
July (1.90 - 2.5 t/ha), lowest for August (0.7 -1.8 t/ha) when moisture deficit coincided with
reproductive phase. Yield stability exhibited under moisture deficit and on the field by 8522-2, Oba
super 2 and AK9943-DMRSR in the first set as well as DT-SR-Y C0 and DT-SR-W C0 in the second set,
indicates their suitability either as cultivars per se or as potential source of DT alleles for
development of DT maize varieties for Nigeria’s savanna ecologies.
The document summarizes the results of biological assays performed on various crude plant extracts from Vitex trifolia L. Hexane and dichloromethane extracts from stems and foliage showed toxicity against several cancer cell lines. A hexane leaf extract completely inhibited the growth of the fungal plant pathogen Fusarium sp. within 2 days. Leaf extracts demonstrated antibacterial properties, completely inhibiting the growth of gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria at concentrations of 10 mg/ml or less. An important antifeeding activity was also observed for a hexane extract against the insect pest Spodoptera frugiperda. The potential uses of V. trifolia extracts are discussed.
The proximate and phytochemical composition of SI and CS at different stages ...OGUNSOLA OLADELE KAYODE
This document summarizes a study on the proximate and phytochemical composition of two plant species - Sesamum indicum and Ceratotheca sesamoides - at different stages of growth. The study found significant differences in the nutritional and chemical makeup of the two plants as they developed. S. indicum generally had higher percentages of moisture, protein, ash, and crude fiber, while C. sesamoides had higher levels of some phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols. Both plants saw declines in proximate and phytochemical constituents as they approached flowering and fruiting stages. The analysis supports the use of these plants as vegetables and suggests potential medicinal value
Identification and pathogenicity of fusarium and phomopsis foliar diseases of...Premier Publishers
Research on foliage disease of Jatropha curcas was conducted in Sokoto, Kebbi and Zamfara States of Nigeria to determine the occurrence, incidence and severity of the diseases. Fusarium and Phomopsis species were the fungal pathogens found to be responsible for the disease on J. curcas in the study area. A spore count of the isolates was made and used as inocula in the pathogenicity trial in glasshouse of the department to prove Kochs’ postulate. Results from the farmers’ field revealed that, highest incidence (81.00%) and severity (53.33%) of Phomopsis leaf blight was recorded in Tsaki of Sokoto State, while Janbaki in Kebbi State had the highest incidence (75.33%) and severity (60.00%) of Fusarium leaf blight. The surveys conducted showed that, J. curcas planted in lowland areas tend to be more prone to the fungal leaf blight particularly those close to water source. In the pathogenicity trial, results indicated that, there was no significant difference in the methods of inoculation and number of days after inoculation with respect to incidence and severity of leaf blight. It is recommended that fungicides that can be used for the management of fungal leaf blight of J. curcas should be identified.
This document summarizes a study on farmers' perceptions of ecological changes after the introduction of Bt cotton in China. The study surveyed 1,000 farm households across five Chinese provinces. It found that farmers perceived a substantial increase in secondary pests like aphids and spider mites in Bt cotton fields compared to non-Bt cotton fields. This is consistent with the hypothesis that as primary pests are controlled by Bt cotton, secondary pests may emerge if lower pesticide use allows them to thrive. However, the actual reduction in pesticide use reported by farmers was lower than that found in previous research. The emergence of secondary pests could counteract some benefits of Bt cotton over time.
Biological Control of Weeds in European Crops
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
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Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Two field experiment were run at the farms of Omar AL-Mokhtar university, in order to knew the effect of some methods used to control tomato pests on soil arthropod systemic groups in organic cultivated tomato field such as (BT, algifol, methyl salicylate, neem oil), Results indicated that application of B. thuringensis and Algifol achieved the highest performance showing 100% reduction in mites and other soil arthropods systemic groups, and gave reduction 55.5 and 54.96% in both insect and total population of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps. As far as Neemazone and Methyl salicylate increased the insect population with percentages 132.5 and 310% and total soil arthropods with 133.2% and 308.6% respectively and reduced the mites and the other arthropods population with 100%. Also results showed that the pesticides (avermectin, indoxacarb, & neemazone) increased the average number of the total soil arthropod population groups, and these pesticides showed selective effect, so that, it will be recommended that in order to preserve the beneficial predators, carnivorous and parasitoids these biological and selective pesticides in conventional tomato field should be applied.
According to the results obtained from this work, the changes in diversity and equitability and decrease or increase of percent population of soil arthropods groups were differed according to the soil arthropod groups, sampling period, applied plant protection products and system of agricultural.
Examining the spatial distribution pattern and optimum sample size for monito...AI Publications
The white mango scale insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is one of the most destructive pests of mango trees in Egypt. The main objective of the present work is to estimate the spatial distribution pattern and minimum sample size for monitoring populations of A. tubercularis on six different cultivars of mango through the two successive years of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 at Esna district, Luxor Governorate, Egypt. Data on the indices of distribution and Taylor’s and Iwao’s regression analyses indicate significant aggregation behaviour during each year in all the tested cultivars of mango trees, that may be caused by environmental heterogeneity. The regression models of Taylor’s power law (b) and Iwao’s patchiness (β) were both significantly >1, indicating that A. tubercularis had an aggregation distribution with a negative binomial distribution during each year in all the tested mango cultivars. The Iwao regression coefficients were used to determine the optimum sample size required to estimate populations at three fixed precision levels. The optimum size decreased with increased density in all levels of precision (5, 10 and 15%) in all tested mango cultivars. These can be deployed to develop a sampling plan to estimate the population density accurately. Results suggesting that the optimum sample size was flexible and the precision levels of 5 and 10% were suitable for ecological or insect behavioral studies of A. tubercularis where a higher level of precision is required, whereas, for pest management programs, a 15% level would be acceptable. Furthermore, the distribution, different mango cultivars, and sampling protocol presented here could be used as a tool for future research on pest management methods for this pest.
Effects of 60Co gamma radiation doses on seed germination of Jatropha curcas ...Innspub Net
By: Baudouin K. Nyembo, Alexandre N. Mbaya, Calvin C. Ilunga, Jean-Louis N. Muambi, Luc L. Tshilenge
Key Words: Jatropha curcas, Gamma irradiation, Seed germination, LD50.
Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 13(5), 46-52, November 2018.
This study aimed to assess the effects of different gamma radiation doses from Cobalt -60 isotopic source on seed germination and early growth parameters of Jatropha curcas L. Healthy and dry seeds were subjected to three doses of gamma rays (100, 200 and 300 Gy). The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design, with three replicates. The significantly maximum germination percentage (89.85 %), seedling survival (92.3 %), seedling collar diameter (0.892 cm), plant height (17.30 cm), number of leaves (7) were observed at 30 days after germination. The results revealed that seed germination percentages and seedling shoot length decreased with increasing dose of gamma-rays. Higher gamma-ray dose (300 Gy) in particular had a pronounced effect on these germination parameters than others, probably because high-dose inhibited cell division due to free radicals and DNA system damage. The LD50 for seeds germination rates was obtained at 254 Gy. These results implied that germination traits of Jatropha curcas seeds were sensitive to increase in gamma-ray.
Emerging issues and challenges associated with conservation of the African ba...Innspub Net
The aim of this review is to discuss the emerging issues and challenges in baobab conservation based on the climate change, emerging challenges related to herbivory and human use such as emerging of new markets for baobab products and land use changes.Specifically, the review summarizes scientific questions and challenges for the conservation of one of the most important indigenous fruit tree species, Adansonia digitata in Sub-Saharan Africa. It highlights on new information on the status of A. digitata in Tanzania with a strong focus on ethno-botanical issues, traditional and modern uses as well as challenges for the management and conservation of the tree species.We have done that by using facts from different parts of the geographical ranges of Africa and other parts of the world. The review is based on the belief that understanding the factors underpinning the use and management of A. digitata is an essential step towards development of credible strategies and plans that would advance and lead to sustainable management of baobabs.
Glyphosate resistance trait into soybean Cuban varieties: agronomical assessm...Innspub Net
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was one of the first major applications of genetic engineering in field crops and offered farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds. Weeds are a problem for soybean production in Cuba, so our work aim was the GTS 40-3-2 event introgression into Cuban varieties. Two local cultivars were crossed with transgenic genotypes that carry the event. From F1 to F3 generations, individual plants that produced more than 60 g of seeds per plant were chosen to obtain next generation. Individual lines were selected from F4 generation. F5 and F6 generations of five selected transgenic lines and their relatives were chosen to evaluate seven
agronomic traits throughout the summers of 2012 and 2013. A Random Block experimental design was done. First flowering (R1) and maturity (R8) stages of all genotypes were affected by planting date. Plant height of I1B2- 3, I1B4, I36B4 and RP5 lines ranged from 80 to 111 cm. I1B2-2 and I1B2-3 lines would be suitable for mechanized harvesting because they had the insertion of the first pod at 14.63 cm and 13.93 cm respectively. I36B4 line produced the greatest number of pods per plant (127). Transgenic lines produced more than 180 seeds per plant and 100-seed weight ranged from 13.75 g to 17.46 g. Seed yield per plant of transgenic lines and their parents IncaSoy36, CEB2 and CEB4 weren’t statistically different. These results could be a start point for other studies
involving larger areas, different planting dates and localities. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
This document discusses a study on managing Valsa canker disease of apple trees through adjustments to tree potassium nutrition. The study found that higher leaf potassium levels in apple trees were correlated with lower incidence and severity of Valsa canker disease. Greenhouse and field experiments demonstrated that increasing potassium fertilization enhanced apple tree resistance to the Valsa canker fungus and significantly reduced disease incidence. Proper management of tree nutrition, especially maintaining optimal potassium levels, shows promise as an effective strategy for controlling this destructive apple disease.
Comparison of the effectiveness of zero tillage andAlexander Decker
1) A study compared the effectiveness of zero tillage using glyphosate and intercropping maize with Dolicos lablab for weed management and maize yield.
2) The results found no significant differences between glyphosate and intercropping in terms of weed counts, biomass, or maize yield, indicating that intercropping can be as effective as herbicide use for weed control.
3) Intercropping has the added benefit of obtaining yields from two crops and reducing labor needs for weeding, making it a useful alternative weed management strategy for small-scale farmers.
Morphological Characterization and Proximate Analysis of Three Edible Mushroo...Premier Publishers
The study examined the morphological and proximate compositions of three edible mushrooms including Termitomyces clypeatus R. Heim, Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. and Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. in Plateau and Kogi States, Nigeria. The collection of the fruiting bodies was done at random during the rainy season (July to September). The fruiting bodies of the macrofungi at the point of collection were photographed on site and the important morphological features were recorded before collection and packaging. The moisture content, protein content, total carbohydrate, ash content, crude fiber and crude fat compositions of the edible mushrooms were determined. T. clypeatus mushroom had a significantly (p≤0.05) higher moisture content (91.67%) and lower crude protein content (2.5%), compared to L. tigrinus and L. squarrosulus. T. clypeatus mushroom had a significantly (p≤0.05) lower crude fiber (2.10%) and crude fat (2.27%) contents, compared to the significantly higher (p≤0.05) crude fiber and crude fat compositions of L. tigrinus and L. squarrosulus. The ash content and carbohydrate content of the mushrooms species ranged from 0.90% to 20.33% and 6.88% to 26.18% respectively. Based on the high nutritional value of the three edible mushrooms assessed, it can thus be inferred that the mushrooms are valuable diet assets.
Out Crossing, Heterozygosis and Inbreeding with Environments Interaction in R...paperpublications3
Abstract:The progenies of five sorghum heterozygous populations’ cycles were tested under main and off-season on two different environments irrigated and rainfall conditions for their outcrossing, heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient using SSR markers,the marker combinations were optimized according to their fragment size. Multi-locus outcrossing rate (tm) and average single-locus (ts) outcrossing rates were estimated using the MLTR software, and TFPGA computer program. The outcrossing rate effected directly by the temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the initial flowering period, which the low temperature with high RH under main season is revealed positive increased in outcrossing than off-season. Progenies outcrossing rate revealed same trend with main population outcrossing and the same trend was observed heterozygosity with decreased in inbreeding coefficient. Higher levels in outcrossing rate and heterozygosity was detected under rainfall environment in two based population progenies, but in three advanced population cycles the outcrossing rate was higher under irrigated than rainfed environment. Inbreeding coefficient revealed negative relation with outcrossing rate and heterozygosity in different population’s progenies.
Keyword:environment, recurrent selection, outcrossing, sorghum, progenies.
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
The Use of Dwarf Tomato Cultivar for Genetic and Physiology Study Applicable ...Premier Publishers
The effect of Gibberellic acid (GA) on plant growth and Mendel’s law of heredity were integrated in biology textbooks in many countries. However, there were not practical experiments described in those textbooks, especially in the Cambodian biology textbooks. Students had to learn based on the theories written in the books. Therefore, it was very difficult for them to understand the contents by imaging the terms from the books. In this study, we introduced experimental methods using dwarf tomato plant which is applicable for school education. The result of our research suggested that the causal factor of dwarf tomato using in this study was the less of GA and the inheritance of this dwarf followed Mendel’s law of dominance and segregation. Dwarf tomato being used in this study was a good material and it will also be a good plant material for biological experiment in schools all over the world.
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
8_Diversity and antimicrobial activity of fungal endophyte communities associ...Aline Bruna Martins Vaz
This study examined the diversity and antimicrobial activity of fungal endophyte communities associated with three plant species in Brazilian savanna ecosystems. A total of 93 fungal endophyte isolates were obtained from the plants and identified through DNA sequencing. The most common genera isolated were Colletotrichum from Myrciaria floribunda and Alchornea castaneifolia, and Mycosphaerella from Eugenia aff. bimarginata. Crude extracts of the fungal isolates were screened for antimicrobial activity, with 38 extracts showing activity against pathogenic microorganisms. Emericellopsis donezkii and Colletotrichum gloesporioides demonstrated the strongest antimicrobial activity, with
This study examined the population dynamics, disease incidence, and effects on tomato yield of the false root-knot nematode (Nacobbus aberrans) under three control regimes in Mexico. At least three nematode generations occurred each crop season. Integrated control, which included fertilization, nematicide, and chicken manure, resulted in less crop damage and higher yields than technical control or the untreated check. Integrated control increased plant growth and yield by 31-53% compared to the other treatments. Yield loss was lowest under integrated control at 12%, compared to 29% for technical control and 83% for the untreated check. Integrated control improved commercial tomato production by 20-81% over the other treatments.
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
This document discusses a study evaluating an integrated disease management (IDM) approach for controlling foliar diseases in groundnuts. The study was conducted on farms in India over two growing seasons with the involvement of farmers. Results showed that combining moderate host plant resistance with seed treatment and one fungicide application led to higher yields compared to using susceptible varieties or relying only on chemical control.
Development of drought tolerant maize cultivars is prerequisite to achieving stable grain yield in
drought–prone ecologies of Nigeria’s Guinea savanna. However, success has been limited mainly due
to lack of maize genotypes that show clear differences in response to well defined moisture deficit
condition. Two sets of drought tolerant (DT) maize germplasm were evaluated under screenhouse and
field conditions between 1999 and 2002. In the screenhouse study, performances of the genotypes
were compared under well-watered condition and moisture deficit imposed at different growth stages.
Under field conditions, the first set comprising 11 accessions along with a check were evaluated for 4
growing seasons while the second set which comprised 3 DT varieties were evaluated along with 2
check varieties using monthly plantings between April and August of 2001 and 2002, respectively. In
the first set, post anthesis moisture deficit significantly reduced grain yield by 25 to 73.5% in the open
pollinated varieties (OPVs) and by 20 to 64% in the hybrids. Grain yield under field conditions ranged
from 2.48 to 3.49, 2.82 to 3.73 and 3.58 to 4.76 tons/ha-1 for 1999, 2000 and 2001 full growing seasons,
respectively, and 2.03 to 2.50 tons/ha-1 for 2000 late growing season. In the second set, pre and post
anthesis moisture deficits reduced grain yield by 77.6 and 95.8%, respectively, of well watered
condition while in the field, grain yields in the genotypes were highest for plantings made in April and
July (1.90 - 2.5 t/ha), lowest for August (0.7 -1.8 t/ha) when moisture deficit coincided with
reproductive phase. Yield stability exhibited under moisture deficit and on the field by 8522-2, Oba
super 2 and AK9943-DMRSR in the first set as well as DT-SR-Y C0 and DT-SR-W C0 in the second set,
indicates their suitability either as cultivars per se or as potential source of DT alleles for
development of DT maize varieties for Nigeria’s savanna ecologies.
The document summarizes the results of biological assays performed on various crude plant extracts from Vitex trifolia L. Hexane and dichloromethane extracts from stems and foliage showed toxicity against several cancer cell lines. A hexane leaf extract completely inhibited the growth of the fungal plant pathogen Fusarium sp. within 2 days. Leaf extracts demonstrated antibacterial properties, completely inhibiting the growth of gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria at concentrations of 10 mg/ml or less. An important antifeeding activity was also observed for a hexane extract against the insect pest Spodoptera frugiperda. The potential uses of V. trifolia extracts are discussed.
The proximate and phytochemical composition of SI and CS at different stages ...OGUNSOLA OLADELE KAYODE
This document summarizes a study on the proximate and phytochemical composition of two plant species - Sesamum indicum and Ceratotheca sesamoides - at different stages of growth. The study found significant differences in the nutritional and chemical makeup of the two plants as they developed. S. indicum generally had higher percentages of moisture, protein, ash, and crude fiber, while C. sesamoides had higher levels of some phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols. Both plants saw declines in proximate and phytochemical constituents as they approached flowering and fruiting stages. The analysis supports the use of these plants as vegetables and suggests potential medicinal value
Identification and pathogenicity of fusarium and phomopsis foliar diseases of...Premier Publishers
Research on foliage disease of Jatropha curcas was conducted in Sokoto, Kebbi and Zamfara States of Nigeria to determine the occurrence, incidence and severity of the diseases. Fusarium and Phomopsis species were the fungal pathogens found to be responsible for the disease on J. curcas in the study area. A spore count of the isolates was made and used as inocula in the pathogenicity trial in glasshouse of the department to prove Kochs’ postulate. Results from the farmers’ field revealed that, highest incidence (81.00%) and severity (53.33%) of Phomopsis leaf blight was recorded in Tsaki of Sokoto State, while Janbaki in Kebbi State had the highest incidence (75.33%) and severity (60.00%) of Fusarium leaf blight. The surveys conducted showed that, J. curcas planted in lowland areas tend to be more prone to the fungal leaf blight particularly those close to water source. In the pathogenicity trial, results indicated that, there was no significant difference in the methods of inoculation and number of days after inoculation with respect to incidence and severity of leaf blight. It is recommended that fungicides that can be used for the management of fungal leaf blight of J. curcas should be identified.
This document summarizes a study on farmers' perceptions of ecological changes after the introduction of Bt cotton in China. The study surveyed 1,000 farm households across five Chinese provinces. It found that farmers perceived a substantial increase in secondary pests like aphids and spider mites in Bt cotton fields compared to non-Bt cotton fields. This is consistent with the hypothesis that as primary pests are controlled by Bt cotton, secondary pests may emerge if lower pesticide use allows them to thrive. However, the actual reduction in pesticide use reported by farmers was lower than that found in previous research. The emergence of secondary pests could counteract some benefits of Bt cotton over time.
Biological Control of Weeds in European Crops
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For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
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Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
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Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Two field experiment were run at the farms of Omar AL-Mokhtar university, in order to knew the effect of some methods used to control tomato pests on soil arthropod systemic groups in organic cultivated tomato field such as (BT, algifol, methyl salicylate, neem oil), Results indicated that application of B. thuringensis and Algifol achieved the highest performance showing 100% reduction in mites and other soil arthropods systemic groups, and gave reduction 55.5 and 54.96% in both insect and total population of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps. As far as Neemazone and Methyl salicylate increased the insect population with percentages 132.5 and 310% and total soil arthropods with 133.2% and 308.6% respectively and reduced the mites and the other arthropods population with 100%. Also results showed that the pesticides (avermectin, indoxacarb, & neemazone) increased the average number of the total soil arthropod population groups, and these pesticides showed selective effect, so that, it will be recommended that in order to preserve the beneficial predators, carnivorous and parasitoids these biological and selective pesticides in conventional tomato field should be applied.
According to the results obtained from this work, the changes in diversity and equitability and decrease or increase of percent population of soil arthropods groups were differed according to the soil arthropod groups, sampling period, applied plant protection products and system of agricultural.
Control of Mites and Thrips and its Impact on the Yield of Avocado cv. “Hass”...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— For social and economic reasons Avocado is an important crop; however, some arthropods, of which mites are especially important, can limit its production, as is the case in the state of Guerrero. In order to determine which treatment is the best for controlling these pests, an experiment was carried out in Filo de Caballos, Guerrero, where five treatments were applied, together with an absolute control. Sampling was continuous, and the mites found in each treatment were counted. The treatment was applied when the economic threshold of 10 mites/leaf/tree was reached. The best treatments for controlling mites were T1 (abamectin and azadirachtin), and T3 (abamectin and imidacloprid), with 8 and 10 applications each. The population of thrips never reached the economic threshold; their densities were low throughout the experiment. Treatments 4, 1, 3, 2, and 5 had higher weights and they were classified into the “Extra” caliber. The fruits with the greatest length were those from treatments 4, 1, 3, 2 and 5, ordered decreasingly according to their size. Regarding fruit quality, the differences were not well marked among the treatments. The choice of control to be used is left to the farmers; however, it is necessary to remember that there are alternatives to the control of mites and thrips that help to increase caliber, size, and fruit quality.
The study evaluated the efficacy of various botanical pesticides in controlling fruit borer in tomato plants. Neem oil applied at 3 ml/L of water every 3 days was the most effective treatment, resulting in the highest plant height, number of fruit per plant, healthy fruit, and yield. It produced the fewest infested fruits. Applying neem oil every 3 days at this concentration controlled fruit borer best and produced the highest yield of 66.8 tons. Other treatments using neem leaf extract, garlic extract, and marsh pepper extract were less effective at controlling the pest.
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Assessment of Endophytic Fungal Flora Responsible for Plant Growth Promotion...Sryahwa Publications
The present paper discusses the highest colonization of fungal endophytes as Alternaria speciesin comparison with Colletotrichumspecies and Fusarium species in all three plants Pongamia pinnata, Securinega leucopyrus and Rhus mysorensis. These endophytic fungi protect these plants from various
environmental factors such as temperature, moisture and other environmental factors.
This document discusses a study on the effects of induced mutations through physical and chemical mutagens on yield and other traits in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Mutations were induced using gamma irradiation at doses from 5-40kR and chemical mutagen ethyl methane sulphonate at concentrations from 0.1-0.3%. Observations were recorded on the parental variety, M2 generation, and M3 generation for traits like flowering time, pod yield, pod length, plant height, and seeds per pod. Genetic component analysis found both additive and dominance gene effects were induced, with overdominance observed for most traits, suggesting selection should be deferred to later generations. The study estimated genetic components like additive,
Insecticidal activities of diketopiperazines of Nomuraea rileyi entomopathoge...IJEAB
Entomopathogenic fungi are fungal organisms extensively used in various parts of the world as biopesticides against insect pests that cause important economic damage. Various secondary metabolites produced by these fungi have many potential biological activities. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the insecticidal activity of extracts and pure compounds from Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson entomopathogenic fungi against Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera), Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera) and Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera), three insect pests that generate serious economic losses in the northwest of Argentina. Diketopiperazines were extracted from the culture free supernatant of the media with ethyl acetate. Antifeedant properties were detected in all extracts under dietary choice conditions (300 ug/ g of diet). The maximum antifeedant activity was noted in cycles (Pro-Val) (86.02) and cycle (Pro-Phe) (73.47), while the rest of the extracts and metabolites exhibited varying degrees of moderate or less toxic effects. The maximum oviposition deterrence against C. capitata (55.86%) was recorded with cycle (Pro-Phe) at a 50 µm/cm2 dose. Culture medium extracts supplemented with insect remains and all pure compounds showed repellent action against T. castaneum. The main repellency was observed in phenylacetic acid and cycle (Pro-Val) with RI values of 42 and 41% respectively. The present study would suggest the possible utilization of entomopathogenic fungal metabolites as an effective agent for controlling insect pests that cause important economic losses.
This document describes the development of a prototype pest management system using a wireless sensor network to monitor environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, and leaf wetness in apple and Kutki farms. The sensor data is transmitted wirelessly to a server to alert farmers when infection risk is high so they can take preventative measures and reduce unnecessary pesticide spraying. The system aims to improve crop growth and yield by monitoring conditions and notifying farmers to spray only when needed. The wireless sensor network allows for real-time monitoring across wide farm areas compared to traditional wired systems.
This review article discusses the potential of RNA interference (RNAi) technology as a new platform for crop pest control. Currently, major strategies for controlling insect pests include cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods, as well as transgenic approaches, but all have limitations. RNAi is a naturally occurring process in insects that leads to gene silencing through double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The article reviews how host-induced RNAi mediated by transgenic plants could silence key insect genes upon ingestion by pests, potentially providing effective and targeted control of insect populations without affecting other organisms or the environment, if key factors such as target gene selection and dsRNA delivery are properly considered.
This study evaluated endophytic bacteria from Pinus taeda L. as potential biocontrol agents of Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pitch canker disease affecting pine seedlings. Five bacterial strains - four Bacillus subtilis and one Burkholderia sp. isolated from healthy pine tissue - were tested against F. circinatum in dual culture experiments. All bacteria inhibited the fungal pathogen, arresting mycelial growth within 1 cm. Thermostable metabolites from the bacterial cultures also significantly reduced fungal growth over 50% when added to media. These endophytic bacteria adapted to pine tissues showed potential as biocontrol agents to control the pitch canker fungus in nurseries and prevent disease spread.
This study evaluated endophytic bacteria isolated from Pinus taeda L. as potential biocontrol agents of the pitch canker fungus Fusarium circinatum. Five bacterial strains - four Bacillus subtilis and one Burkholderia sp. - were tested for their ability to inhibit F. circinatum growth both through direct confrontation and through thermostable metabolites. All bacterial strains showed antagonism against F. circinatum in dual culture experiments, arresting fungal growth. Thermostable metabolites from the bacterial cultures reduced F. circinatum growth by over 50% in some cases. The results demonstrate that these endophytic bacteria and their metabolites have potential as biocontrol agents for F. circinatum affecting Pin
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antibacterial properties of extracts from the leaves of two Viburnum species (Viburnum nervosum and Viburnum foetens) that grow in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. The leaves were extracted using different solvents and tested against 8 bacterial pathogens using the disc diffusion method. The ethanol and methanol extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity, with zones of inhibition ranging from 10 to 30 mm. The chloroform extracts had moderate activity, while the petroleum ether extracts showed little to no effect. Overall, the results indicate that extracts from these Viburnum species have antibacterial properties and warrant further investigation.
Chemical and ecological control methods for Epitrix spp.GJESM Publication
Very little information exists in regards to the control options available for potato flea beetles, Epitrix spp. This short review covers both chemical and ecological options currently available for control of Epitrix spp. Synthetic pyrethroids are the weapon of choice for the beetles. However, the impetus in integrated pest management is
to do timely (early-season) applications with something harsh which will give long-term protection at a time when there are not a lot of beneficials in the field. Finding the balance for control of Epitrix spp. is proving difficult.
Pheromone Technology Applications In Cotton Fields In Egypt final 1.docxAbdallah Albeltagy
1. The document discusses the history and development of pheromone technology in pest management. It describes how only 20 years passed between the discovery of the first insect pheromone (Bombykol) in 1959 and its application in pest control tactics.
2. It provides context on the initial discovery and widespread use of the first chemical insecticide, DDT, in the late 1930s and 1940s. It then contrasts this with the later discovery and integration of insect pheromones into integrated pest management strategies from the 1950s onward.
3. The document emphasizes how pheromone technology can be used in various tactics as part of integrated pest management programs for monitoring and controlling insect p
pheromone traps for assessment and monitoring محطة بحوث وقاية النباتات 2019.pptxAbdallah Albeltagy
The document discusses insecticide resistance in insect pests and proposes using pheromone traps as an alternative to conventional insecticide applications. It notes that heavy insecticide use has led to many insects developing resistance. Pheromone traps could be used to monitor insect populations and insecticide resistance over time without the environmental and financial costs of widespread insecticide spraying. The document then describes research conducted in Egypt using pheromone traps and an "attracticide resistance monitoring technique" to study the efficacy of insecticides against field strains of pink bollworm and detect any resistance development. Laboratory and field studies were carried out using various insecticides and pheromone traps to monitor susceptibility over time.
This document summarizes information about the genus Trichoderma, a type of fungus known for its ability to control plant pathogens and promote plant growth. Some key points:
- Trichoderma species are common soil fungi that can attack and kill other fungi through mycoparasitism, antibiotic production, and competition for resources. They have been widely used as biocontrol agents against phytopathogens.
- Over 100 Trichoderma species have been identified internationally. They are found in soils worldwide and can colonize plant materials and roots. Trichoderma was first described in the late 18th century and its potential as a biocontrol agent was recognized in the early 20th century.
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This document summarizes information about the genus Trichoderma, a type of fungus known for its ability to control plant pathogens and promote plant growth. Some key points:
- Trichoderma species are common soil fungi that can attack and kill other fungi through mycoparasitism, antibiotic production, and competition for resources. They have been widely used as biocontrol agents against phytopathogens for over 70 years.
- Trichoderma has many advantages as a biocontrol agent, including high reproduction rates, ability to survive harsh conditions, and promotion of plant defenses. However, some species can also be plant pathogens in certain situations.
- Over 100 Trichoderma species have been identified
Acciones para atención de roya 25 de mayoSINAVEF_LAB
Este documento presenta información sobre la roya del cafeto, una enfermedad causada por el hongo Hemileia vastatrix que afecta los cultivos de café. Describe brevemente la historia y distribución de la enfermedad, así como las acciones implementadas por SENASICA en México para su control, incluyendo vigilancia epidemiológica, alertas tempranas, capacitación y tratamiento focalizado de brotes en diferentes estados del país. También se resumen líneas de investigación sobre la biología del hongo y pruebas de control químico
El documento propone varias acciones para mejorar la vigilancia epidemiológica en el cultivo de café en México, incluyendo la capacitación de asesores técnicos, la constitución de comités técnicos a nivel estatal, la inclusión de la broca del cafeto en el programa de vigilancia, y el desarrollo de un análisis presupuestal para ampliar la cobertura del programa a más estados productores de café. También recomienda enviar resúmenes semanales a actores clave de la política cafetalera y realizar una
Este documento describe los procedimientos para la delimitación de focos de roya del cafeto (Hemileia vastatrix) en zonas cafetaleras de Chiapas, Veracruz y Puebla. Incluye tres niveles de responsabilidad para la activación de la delimitación de focos, sistemas de muestreo para delimitar focos simples y transectuales, y el registro y envío de los resultados utilizando un sistema en línea. El objetivo es caracterizar, delimitar y recomendar acciones de control para focos epidémicos identificados previamente.
10. adecuaciones formatos pvef cafe v23nov14 ing. gerardo acevedo s+ínchezSINAVEF_LAB
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Este documento proporciona información sobre el manejo de la roya del cafeto, una enfermedad que causa grandes pérdidas en los cafetales. Explica que la roya es causada por un hongo que hace caer las hojas y evita la maduración de los frutos. También describe las aplicaciones químicas necesarias para el control de la enfermedad, basadas en el periodo de floración principal, así como la importancia de la calibración correcta. Finalmente, recomienda renovar cafetales defoliados con variedades resistent
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O documento resume as principais doenças que afetam o cafeeiro, com ênfase nas manchas de Phoma e mancha aureolada. Ele descreve as espécies de fungos e bactérias causadoras, sintomas, condições favoráveis e formas de manejo.
Este documento presenta el sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica de la roya del cafeto en Chiapas y Veracruz durante 2013-2014. Se describe el monitoreo de parcelas fijas y móviles para determinar los niveles de daño y riesgo de roya en las regiones. Los resultados muestran las actividades de vigilancia realizadas, incluyendo el número de evaluaciones, hectáreas monitoreadas, y mediciones climáticas. Se presentan ejemplos de curvas epidémicas y estimaciones de pérdidas de producción a nivel municipal.
Sist. de vig. epidem. roya mex.14mar14 recfinSINAVEF_LAB
Este documento presenta los avances, resultados y perspectivas de la vigilancia epidemiológica de la roya del cafeto en México. Se describen los antecedentes epidemiológicos, los fundamentos operativos del modelo de vigilancia, y los resultados de 2013-2014 en estados como Chiapas, Veracruz y Puebla. El modelo de vigilancia incluye muestreo y monitoreo de parcelas fijas y móviles, capacitación técnica, y una plataforma web para la gestión de datos e indicadores de riesgo. Los resultados muestran
Sist. de vig. epidem. roya 07may14 sagarpaSINAVEF_LAB
1) El programa de vigilancia epidemiológica de la roya del café ha realizado más de 10,000 evaluaciones en parcelas fijas y móviles en Chiapas, Veracruz y Puebla para detectar brotes epidémicos oportunamente.
2) El programa permite monitorear más de 485,000 hectáreas de cafetales y cuenta con 1.3 millones de datos climáticos recopilados.
3) La estrategia fitosanitaria se orienta a un modelo integral de vigilancia del cultivo de café considerando factores como variedades
El documento describe el Sistema de Alerta Temprana (SAT) para la roya del café desarrollado por la Organización Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (OIRSA) para los países productores de café de Centroamérica. El SAT monitorea la incidencia de la enfermedad, variables climáticas y fenológicas para generar alertas que permitan tomar medidas preventivas. Se basa en parcelas centinela, muestreos aleatorios, un sistema experto y una plataforma regional para el análisis de datos e información a productores
Reunion de coordinación 28feb2014 xalapa, veracruzSINAVEF_LAB
El documento presenta los resultados del programa de monitoreo de la roya del cafeto en Chiapas entre agosto y diciembre de 2013. Se realizaron 47 muestreos fijos y 3,243 muestreos móviles en 35 municipios y 840 localidades. Se desarrollaron modelos para pronosticar daños y perdidas productivas basados en indicadores epidemiológicos como severidad foliar. El sistema de monitoreo fue implementado exitosamente y la plataforma digital es fundamental para gestionar la información recolectada.
El documento describe el Programa de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de la Roya del Cafeto en Chiapas, Puebla y Veracruz. El programa monitorea la severidad y distribución de la roya del cafeto y otras plagas en parcelas fijas y móviles a través de muestreos sistemáticos. Los datos recolectados se cargan en una plataforma en línea para generar informes sobre el estado de la enfermedad y guiar las acciones de control.
1. Este documento propone un Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica para la roya del cafeto en México que monitoree la enfermedad en municipios seleccionados para determinar niveles de daño y riesgos regionales.
2. El sistema se basa en un marco epidemiológico racional y utiliza muestreo y monitoreo de parcelas fijas y móviles para recopilar datos que se analizan en una plataforma en línea.
3. Después de 11 meses de implementación, el sistema ha demost
Este documento describe un enfoque no convencional para determinar el tamaño óptimo de muestra para el muestreo de plagas o enfermedades a nivel de parcela. Se utilizará una matriz de datos de 10x10 sobre la presencia de ácaros en rosales para comparar muestreos aleatorios y sistemáticos. Para el muestreo aleatorio, se generarán números aleatorios para seleccionar las unidades de muestreo. Para el muestreo sistemático, se seleccionarán diferentes tamaños de muestra distribuidos uniforme
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2. 224 Plant Disease / Vol. 83 No. 3
(double-tree plots) per treatment. The ex-
perimental unit was a tree, and the same
trees were used in both cycles.
The HT treatment included removal of
symptomatic shoots from the previous
cycle (30 cm below the lowest diseased
shoot in a branch); nine fungicides sprays
(copper oxychloride at 2.6 g a.i./liter [C],
benomyl at 0.25 g a.i./liter [B], and man-
cozeb at 4 g a.i./liter [M]) in the sequence
C(6)-B(2)-M applied singly in succession
at fortnightly intervals from before flow-
ering until fruit set; control of ants
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (methyl para-
thion at 8 g a.i./ha); and addition of
chicken manure (2.5 kg/tree once a year).
The LT consisted of sanitary pruning
similar to the previous treatment and two
alternated fungicide sprays (benomyl at
0.25 g a.i./liter and mancozeb at 4 g
a.i./liter) applied at fortnightly intervals
during panicle development. The IM con-
sisted of removing of diseased shoots (80
cm below the lowest diseased shoot); four
fungicide sprays (copper oxychloride at 2.6
g a.i./liter) applied at monthly intervals
during the vegetative period and three
sprays (captan at 1.5 g a.i./liter, benomyl at
0.25 g a.i./liter, and mancozeb at 4 g
a.i./liter) in succession applied at fort-
nightly intervals from before flowering
until fruit set; five applications of an acari-
cide (sulfur 3.6 g a.i./liter) applied at
monthly intervals during the vegetative
period; and control of ants and addition of
chicken manure as before. For both, HT
and IM, 3% potassium nitrate (KNO3) (18)
was applied in water to the whole canopy
to promote uniformity in flowering. Fruit
picking, done in April and May, and stan-
dard cultural practices such as irrigation,
fertilization, one general insecticide spray
(malathion at 1.5 ml a.i./liter), and weed
elimination were the same for all treat-
ments.
Disease assessment. For the purpose of
disease assessment, 5 of 10 trees per treat-
ment were selected in 1993-94. In 1994-95,
one additional tree was evaluated. Four
branches at the four cardinal points were
labeled per tree canopy. During each as-
sessment, the total number of healthy and
diseased shoots (vegetative and floral) was
counted on each branch and averaged over
the four branches per tree. The disease
progress was determined as the accumu-
lated proportion of diseased shoots per tree
(Yic) corrected for host growth. At each
time, i, Yic was calculated as: Yic = Yi/N, in
which, Yi is the accumulated number of
diseased shoots at time i; N is the total
number of shoots produced in the growing
cycle. Evaluations were carried out
monthly in the vegetative stage (June to
December) of mango growth and weekly
during panicle development (January to
February).
Temporal analyses. Disease progress
data were corrected initially for maximum
disease incidence (Ymax) (2,15), with arbi-
trary values of 0.1, 0.5, and 0.7. Only one
Ymax value, 0.7, was selected to correct all
epidemic curves for purposes of compari-
son. The apparent infection rate (r) was
estimated with the slope parameter of the
linearized forms of the monomolecular,
Gompertz, and logistic models fitted with
the least square method of the GLM proce-
dure of SAS (Release 6.03, SAS Institute,
Cary, NC). The best model was selected by
examining the proportion of variance ex-
plained (r2
) and by plotting standardized
residual versus predicted values (2). After
the best model for each epidemic was se-
lected, the values of the slope parameter
from the various models were transformed
onto a standardized scale (rs) through the
use of the weighted mean absolute rate of
disease incidence as the ρ-parameter of the
Richard’s model (25) for the overall linear
model that was selected most frequently.
The epidemics also were characterized
with the Weibull distribution function
modified as a two-parameter model
(20,26,33). The b parameter is related in-
versely to apparent infection rate (r), and
the c parameter is related to the shape and
slope of the density function (dy/dt per
unit) for disease progress curve. The esti-
mation of b and c was done empirically by
means of the interactive process of nonlin-
ear regression with the DUD method
(SAS, Release 6.03, SAS Institute).
Epidemics were also characterized by
the area under the disease progress curve
(AUDPC) of malformation estimated with
the trapezoidal integration method.
AUDPC was standardized for differential
epidemic duration as AUDPCS =
AUDPC/Tt in the 1994-95 growth cycle,
where Tt was length of duration of the
epidemic (2). Other curve parameters in-
cluded initial (YO) and final disease inci-
dence (Yf).
Effect of treatments. Analysis of vari-
ance was performed on the r, YO, c, b–1
, Yf,
AUDPC, AUDPCS, and yield of mango for
each growing cycle. The Student-Newman-
Fig. 1. Disease progress curves of malformation of mango cv. Haden in North Guerrero, México,
during 1993-94 and 1994-95. HT = treatment with high technology; LT = treatment with low tradi-
tional technology; and IM = integrated management. 1Jan to 4Jan = first to fourth week of January.
3. Plant Disease / March 1999 225
Keuls (SNK) was used to separate treat-
ment means, provided that the F value of
the ANOVA was significant (31).
Climatic data. Wind speed, air tem-
perature, and relative humidity were meas-
ured at the canopy level using an ane-
mometer and hygrothermograph (both by
Weather Measure Corporation, Sacra-
mento, CA), respectively. Measurements
were recorded daily during 1 week per
month during the vegetative stage and
daily during panicle development.
Fungus isolation and trapping of
spores. Fungus isolations were made from
15 malformed shoots and 10 asymptomatic
shoots from the experimental orchard.
These shoots were kept in plastic bags at
10°C until used, which usually was within
48 h after shoot removal. Five to seven
pieces (4 to 6 mm) of tissue were taken
from each of the malformed and asympto-
matic shoots. The tissue was surface-disin-
fested with sodium hypochlorite (0.5%) for
5 min, rinsed three times in sterile distilled
water, and dried with paper toweling. The
tissue was aseptically transferred to 3.9%
potato dextrose agar (PDA) (Difco Labo-
ratories, Detroit, MI) in petri dishes and
placed under natural illumination at room
temperature. Single-conidium transfers
were made to PDA from developing
Fusarium colonies for identification pur-
poses (16).
A volumetric spore trap with a 7-day
record (9) was used to estimate conidial
abundance in the air. The spore trap was
placed at 60 m from the east side of the
orchard border and 15 m to the south of the
experimental plots, at 2-m height in the
canopy. A clear tape on which spores were
deposited was cut into 39.5-mm sections
corresponding to each 24-h period and
mounted on microscope slides. Slides were
examined at ×600 magnification in three
transects across each slide for counting of
spores. The mean number observed was
calculated. If fewer than five macroconidia
of Fusarium spp. were observed, an addi-
tional three transects were counted and the
mean was calculated. Traps were operated
daily in 1 week per month during the
vegetative stage and daily during flower-
ing.
Correlative studies. The variables
number of hours with relative humidity
(RH) higher or equal to 60%, number of
hours with RH ≤ 40%, maximum (Tmax),
and minimum (Tmin) daily temperature,
average temperature per hour (Th), wind
speed (m/s), and numbers of spores trapped
were regressed against the change of dis-
ease incidence. Variables were recorded
during June to January in 1993-94 and June
to February in 1994-95 growing cycle.
RESULTS
Disease assessment. The malformation
disease progress curves in 1993-94 and
1994-95 varied greatly in shape among
treatments, particularly in the first growth
cycle; the final disease incidence (Yf) was
also greater in 1993-94 (Fig. 1). The first
visible symptoms on the vegetative shoots
(YO) and the greatest incremental increase
of disease incidence occurred after fruit
picking in October and November (Fig. 2).
A second, small incremental change oc-
curred during full-bloom in the first (1993-
94) and last (1994-95) 2 weeks of January.
A third peak in disease change on vegeta-
tive shoots was observed in March only in
the 1994-95 cycle. Correction of disease
incidence for host growth was needed in 12
of 14 and in 16 of 16 disease progress
curves in first and second growth cycles,
respectively.
Temporal analyses. Ten out of 14 epi-
demics of 1993-94 were best described by
the Gompertz model, three by the mono-
molecular, and one by the logistic. Overall,
six epidemics were fitted by the best model
with an r2
≥ 0.90; the remaining epidemics
had an r2
≥ 0.80 (Table 1). For comparison
purposes, estimates of the rate of disease
progress for epidemics described by the
monomolecular and logistic models were
transformed with the Richard’s procedure
(25) to provide values of the rate parame-
ters equivalent to those for the Gompertz
model.
All 16 epidemics of 1994-95 were best
described by the monomolecular model.
Nine epidemics were fitted with an r2
≥
0.73, and seven had an r2
≥ 0.90 (Table 1).
The rm was used for comparative purposes.
Two IM repetitions that remained healthy
were included with an rm of zero.
The Weibull model adequately described
all the epidemics in both growing cycles
(Table 1). In 1993-94, 10 out of 14 epi-
demics were fitted with r2
≥ 0.90. The
remaining epidemics had r2
values of 0.83
to 0.86. These epidemics in general had the
lowest YO (0.021 to 0.030) and Yf (0.051 to
0.247) values. In 1994-95, 10 out of 16
epidemics were fitted with r2
≥ 0.90. The
remaining epidemics had r2
values of 0.84
to 0.89. These epidemics had also the low-
Fig. 2. Change of disease incidence of malformation of mango (MM) in vegetative and floral shoots
of mango cv. Haden, number of macroconidia of Fusarium spp., maximum temperature (Tmax) and
average temperature per hour (Th), number of hours with relative humidity (RH) higher than or equal
to 60%, and wind speed. 1Jan to 4Jan = first to fourth week of January. North Guerrero, México,
during 1993-94 and 1994-95.
4. 226 Plant Disease / Vol. 83 No. 3
est YO (0.010 to 0.069) and Yf (0.026 to
0.155) values. The c and b parameter esti-
mates were negatively correlated in both
growth cycles (r > –0.89, P = 0.05).
Effect of treatments. In the 1993-94
cycle, the HT treatment had the highest
values of rs, YO, b–1
, Yf, and AUDPC (P =
0.05) followed by IM and LT. IM and LT
were not significantly different with re-
spect to rs and YO but differed in values of
b–1
, Yf, and AUDPC (P = 0.05) (Table 2).
Values of the c parameter were not signifi-
cantly different among treatments. The
highest average yield (97 kg/tree) was
recorded in IM (P = 0.05) (Table 2). This
yield was 74 and 51% more than that ob-
tained with the LT and HT treatments,
respectively (Table 3). The significance of
these yield differences was evident in the
financial analysis (Table 3).
In the 1994-95 cycle, the disease inci-
dence was generally lower than in the pre-
vious cycle (Figs. 1 and 2). HT had the
greatest values of rm, Yf, AUDPC, and
AUDPCS followed by LT and IM. Values
for parameters associated with HT were
statistically different from those of LT and
IM only for AUDPC and AUDPCS (P =
0.05). LT and IM were different with re-
spect to values for rm, YO, and AUDPCS (P
= 0.05). Yield was lower in this cycle (6 to
14 kg/tree) than in 1993-94, and no statis-
tical differences were found among treat-
ments (Tables 2 and 3).
Fungus isolation. Fusarium sp. was
isolated consistently from diseased (86%)
and asymptomatic (5%) vegetative and
flowering mango shoots. These isolates
were identified as F. subglutinans (Jean
Juba, Fusarium Research Center, Penn
State University). Other fungal genera
(Pestalotia, Lasiodiplodia [=Botryodiplodia],
and Aspergillus) were also recovered at
lower frequencies.
Correlative studies. The correlation
among change in malformation incidence
in treatment HT, number of macroconidia,
and climatic factors (Fig. 2) were exam-
ined using a Pearson’s correlation matrix
(Table 4). Change in incidence of malfor-
mation was correlated with values for the
number of macroconidia of Fusarium spp.
(r = 0.90, P = 0.0001) and the wind speed
(r = 0.83, P = 0.0001) obtained 4 months
prior to the specific observation of disease
incidence (=lag 4 months).
Conidia were trapped most frequently
during July in the cycles 1993-94 and
1994-95. Another peak in conidial number
was reached in November (1993-94) and
October (1994-95). A third peak, found
only in 1994-95, was recorded in February.
The number of conidia was correlated
positively with wind (r = 0.812, P =
0.0001) (Table 4). The largest number of
conidia was caught on the average between
Table 3. Financial analysis of production of a 10-year orchard of mango cv. Haden under three technological management systems in Guerrero, México
Treatmentsx Trees/ha Fruit kg/ha Fruit value ($)y Cost/ha ($) Net benefit/ha B/C B/C totalz
Cycle 1993-94
HT 100 4,700 2,087 863 1,226 1.4 0.72
LT 100 2,500 1,110 591 520 0.9 0.27
IM 100 9,700 4,307 827 3,484 4.2 2.15
Cycle 1994-95
HT 100 1,400 617 714 –96 –0.13
LT 100 600 265 489 –224 –0.46
IM 100 1,000 441 684 –243 –0.36
x Treatments: HT = high technology, LT = low traditional technology, and IM = integrated management.
y Using $0.444 (1993-94) and $0.441/kg (1994-95) of fruit in average per cycle. The U.S. dollar exchange rates were 4.50 and 6.80 Mexican pesos in May
1994 and May 1995, respectively.
z Benefit/cost per two cycles (1993-94 and 1994-95).
Table 2. Effect of treatments on parametersy of the curve of progress of the “malformation” and yield of the mango, cv. Haden, in the state of Guerrero for
growth cycles in 1993-94 and 1994-95
Treatmentsz r YO c b–1 Yf AUDPC AUDPCS Yield kg/tree
Cycle 1993-94
HT 0.136 a 0.058 a 1.480 a 0.036 a 0.538 a 7.595 a … 47 b
LT 0.020 b 0.026 b 1.300 a 0.005 c 0.070 c 0.904 c … 25 b
IM 0.069 b 0.029 b 2.348 a 0.022 b 0.269 b 2.922 b … 97 a
Cycle 1994-95
HT 0.0093 a 0.039 a … … 0.161 a 3.306 a 0.129 a 14 a
LT 0.0082 a 0.041 a … … 0.105 ab 1.449 b 0.073 b 6 a
IM 0.0033 b 0.013 b … … 0.051 b 0.797 b 0.030 c 10 a
y r is the apparent infection rate (per unit week–1) standardized by Richard’s method to the Gompertz model (1993-94) and estimated directly with the
monomolecular model (1994-95) (estimated by the slope of the line fitted to each epidemic); c and b are, respectively, the curve-shape and scale pa-
rameters estimated by the Weibull model; YO and Yf are the initial and final disease incidences; AUDPC = area under disease progress curve (proportion-
week), and AUDPCS = the AUDPC standardized by dividing AUDPC by time total duration of an epidemic in week.
z Treatments: HT = high technology, LT = low traditional technology, and IM = integrated management. Multiple comparison of means by Student-New-
man-Keuls test (P = 0.05).
Table 1. Summary of the analysis of regression used to evaluate four models for the progress of
malformation of mango, cycles 1993-94 and 1994-95
Model Epidemicsw r2 MSEx Growth ratey
Cycle 1993-94
Monomolecular 3 0.82-0.94 0.0001-0.0002 0.003-0.004
Logistic 1 0.91 0.1865 0.151
Gompertz 10 0.80-0.94 0.013-0.182 0.035-0.185
Weibull 14 0.83-0.95 0.00002-0.007 1/22-1/4,052
Cycle 1994-95z
Monomolecular 16 0.73-0.94 0.0001-0.0023 0.003-0.013
Logistic 0 … … …
Gompertz 0 … … …
Weibull 16 0.78-0.96 0.00001-0.0004 1/67.2-1/1,382.2
w Number of epidemics best described by a particular model of 14 and 16 epidemics analyzed for
cycles 1993-94 and 1994-95, respectively.
x Mean square error of the estimate of the rate of apparent infection and r2 = coefficient of determi-
nation.
y Growth rate of apparent infection estimated as the slope of the monomolecular, logistic, and Gom-
pertz linearized model forms and with the inverse of the Weibull scale parameter (b).
z In this cycle, two epidemics in the integrated management treatment did not develop.
5. Plant Disease / March 1999 227
0700 and 1100 h. The accumulated pro-
portion of shoots with malformation was
correlated negatively with Tmax (r = –
0.681, P = 0.01), Th (r = –0.586, P = 0.04),
and RH ≥ 60 (r = –0.82, P = 0.001), and
correlated positively (r = 0.935, P =
0.0001) with the wind speed (Table 4).
DISCUSSION
Our goal in this research was to quantify
and examine the progress of malformation
of mango and to compare the dynamics of
epidemic development in orchards with
different management tactics. Change in
the traditional technology of Mexican
mango growers, particularly pruning and
the use of flowering promoters (KNO3)
(IM and HT), resulted in greater numbers
of shoots produced and greater yield.
However, increased shoot production also
requires good management of MM to pre-
vent high incidence levels due to the in-
creased relative abundance of infection
sites. IM, a new and alternative manage-
ment strategy proposed to control MM, in
general resulted in slower rates of epi-
demic development, lower levels of initial
and final disease incidence, and a lower
AUDPC in comparison with the other two
management strategies. Yield was clearly
higher with IM than with the other strate-
gies in the first cycle (1993-94). In the
second production cycle, yield was lower
for all treatments due to alternate bearing,
a common phenomenon in mango. The
benefit-cost ratio of 4.2 for IM was almost
three and four times higher than that ob-
tained with HT and LT, respectively, in the
higher production year. Combining both
cycles, IM still had the higher benefit-cost
ratio, i.e., 2.15 (Table 3). These results
show the efficacy of combining practices,
such as pruning and burning of diseased
shoots, in reducing inoculum and allowing
production of healthy vegetative shoots. In
addition, the protection of these shoots
with systemic and contact fungicides and
the control of mites and ants, which appar-
ently are factors for spore dissemination
and tissue wounding (6,24; D. H. Noriega-
Cantú, unpublished data), contributed to
the reduction of MM. Trees in the LT
treatment did have low levels of disease
in the first and second years; however,
this was attributed primarily to a lack of
vegetative and floral shoots. After the 2
years of this study, the management of
MM using our IM approach appears
promising.
In addition to examining the effects of
the various management strategies, we also
considered several factors related to epi-
demic analysis in the mango malformation
system and to the effects of environment
and inoculum availability on disease de-
velopment. Several challenges, such as a
need for incorporating Ymax into the disease
progress models and for correcting for host
growth, suggested comparison among
treatments with several alterations to curve
parameters in order to generate consistent
conclusions. Incidence of MM never
reached 100% in any of the treatments;
thus a more appropriate value for Ymax was
selected to fit disease progress curves to
linear models (13). Only one Ymax was used
(70%) to allow comparison among treat-
ments (15). Also, the AUDPC was not
used for the 1994-95 cycle due to different
times of epidemic duration. Rather,
AUDPC standardized (AUDPCS) was used
instead. This standardized parameter
proved to be most appropriate for both
cycles. Another correction for disease
dilution due to host growth, i.e., the
division of all values of number of
diseased shoots by the final number of
shoots produced, was applied to all disease
progress curves. These corrections may be
needed for many pathosystems in tropical
perennial crops (2,12).
The causal agent of MM is controver-
sial; however, some studies support the
involvement of an airborne pathogen
(3,4,6,11,19,23). In this study, we isolated
F. subglutinans from diseased shoots, and
the inoculation tests have been positive for
this pathogen (D. H. Noriega-Cantú, un-
published data), which agrees with previ-
ous findings in Mexico and in many other
mango-producing countries (3,4,19,23,32).
However, F. oxysporum has also been
found in some regions where mangos are
grown in México (4,6).
The association between disease inci-
dence and climatic variables reflected a
strong dependence of disease development
on microclimatic factors measured at the
canopy level. The cumulative disease inci-
dence did not increase when the maximum
daily temperatures and the average tem-
perature per hour increased and prevailed
at levels greater than 33 and 25°C, respec-
tively, usually from March to May. In In-
dia, early-emerging flower buds were se-
verely infected; whereas later buds escaped
the disease; this difference was empirically
attributed to the relatively high temperature
during panicle development (11).
Even though F. subglutinans was con-
sistently isolated from diseased shoots, it
cannot be stated that the spores trapped in
the canopy were exclusively attributed to
this species. In general, the highest spore
density was found during the rainy season,
when wind speed (1.5 m/s) and relative
humidity (92 to 94%) were high and the
temperature was moderate (16 to 17.5°C).
Similar results were reported in India (11).
These researchers found high spore density
of F. subglutinans with min/max tempera-
tures of 8/27°C and with humidity of 85%.
In our study, the greatest number of
trapped airborne macroconidia of Fu-
sarium spp. was characterized by morning
periodicity (0700 to 1100 h), when wind
speed (2.8 m/s) and temperature (29°C)
were high and humidity was relatively low
(55%). Because conidial density was
strongly correlated with wind speed, wind
may play a major role in the dispersal of
the causal organism of MM. Wind could
also be more important in the liberation of
spores from dying or dry panicles than
from live, infected panicles.
Integration of our results suggests the
following sequence of events for malfor-
mation in a typical commercial orchard in
the North Guerrero region: (i) Vegetative
shoots emerge from the first (in mid-June)
to the sixth (November) month after pick-
ing (MAP) the fruit. In this stage, the api-
cal meristems are colonized extensively by
Table 4. Correlation coefficient, levels of significance, and number of observations in order to relate the incidence of malformation of mango with the
dispersal of conidial and climatic variables. Growth cycles 1993-94 and 1994-95
Variablesy Fspz Tmax Th RH ≥ 60 RH ≤ 40 Wind
CMM 0.9043 –0.403 –0.389 –0.064 –0.254 0.8336
0.0001 0.137 0.152 0.821 0.361 0.0001
15 15 15 15 15 15
MM –0.681 –0.586 –0.820 –0.164 0.9345
0.010 0.035 0.001 0.593 0.0001
13 13 13 13 13
Fsp –0.252 –0.243 0.029 –0.301 0.8120
0.346 0.365 0.916 0.258 0.0001
16 16 16 16 16
y CMM is the change of the MM for the high technology treatment; MM is the accumulative proportion of disease; Fsp is the number of macroconidia of
Fusarium spp.; Tmax is the maximum daily temperature; Tmin is the minimum daily temperature; Th is the average temperature per hour; RH ≥ 60 is the
number of hours with relative humidity greater than or equal to 60%; RH ≤ 40 is the number of hours with relative humidity less than or equal to 40%;
and wind speed is in m/s.
z First number is the actual value for the correlation; second number is the significance level of the correlation or the probability of obtaining a greater
value; and the third number is n, the number of observations in the correlation analysis.
6. 228 Plant Disease / Vol. 83 No. 3
F. subglutinans (first to third MAP). (ii)
The first visible symptoms appear during
the fifth (October) and sixth (November)
MAP on emerging vegetative shoots (Fig.
2). In this vegetative stage, disease inci-
dence has the highest rate of incremental
increase, with an incubation period from 2
to 5 months. Usually these vegetative
shoots develop into diseased panicles,
which are unproductive. (iii) Full bloom
occurs in the seventh (December) to eighth
(January) MAP. In this period, a second
incremental increase in disease incidence is
observed (January) (Fig. 2). Panicles that
become diseased at this stage are also un-
productive. (iv) A second vegetative flush
occurs during the eighth (January) to the
ninth (February) MAP, and a third incre-
mental increase in disease incidence occurs
(in mid-February to mid-March (Fig. 2).
(v) Deformed vegetative and floral shoots
remain in the tree until conditions of high
humidity, appropriate temperatures, and
strong winds promote dispersion of conidia
and extensive colonization of the new api-
cal meristems after fruit harvest. The
emerging young shoots are susceptible to
infection, and the development of vegeta-
tive and floral shoots is important to com-
plete the inoculum production. However, it
is unlikely that this accounts for all the
variation observed, and other sources of
seasonal variation are likely to be of im-
portance. For example, changes in host
susceptibility to infection between produc-
tion cycles due to the influence of envi-
ronmental and physiologic conditions of
the host may be important. Because shoot
development appears to play a significant
role in the progress of MM, specific meas-
ures of host development and its incorpo-
ration into an epidemic model may be
needed in future studies. Management
influences shoot development and thus
determines dynamics of the epidemic. En-
vironmental factors, however, also
influence changes of disease incidence,
particularly through the inoculum disper-
sal. Studies are underway to take into ac-
count important environmental parameters
and to consider host development more
extensively so that more efficient MM
management strategies can be evaluated,
especially the IM strategy and other, even
better, strategies that may be proposed for
the North Guerrero region.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the Castresana family for allowing
us to use their orchards to conduct these
experiments. We thank INIFAP, Campo Exptal.
Iguala and R. Barajas B. for technical
assistance. We also thank CONACYT/México
for the financial support they provided. The
identification of our Fusarium isolates by Jean
Juba at the Fusarium Research Center,
Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania
State University, is appreciated.
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