description of various insects damaging medicinal plants and their control. Infestation of pest can cause severe damage to plant and affects it quality and can also cause economic damages.
Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) is a herbaceous plant native to Madagascar that is cultivated for its medicinal properties. It contains over 100 alkaloids, notably vinblastine and vincristine in its leaves which are important in cancer therapy. It is grown in tropical and subtropical regions with adequate rainfall. Propagation is through seeds sown directly or in a nursery, and through cuttings. Leaves are harvested twice and roots after one year. Yields of 4 tons/ha of leaves and 1.5 tons/ha each of stems and roots can be obtained under irrigation.
India is the world's largest producer and exporter of chilli. The three main chilli producing states are Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Karnataka. Chilli is an important crop due to its nutritional value as well as its use in curry powders. Hybrid seed production of chilli requires growing a female parent line separately from a male parent line to allow for controlled cross-pollination. Daily emasculation and pollination is needed to produce hybrid seeds, which are then harvested, processed, and certified based on quality standards.
Bottle gourd is commonly grown in India, Africa, and Central America. It has cooling and digestive properties and its fruits, leaves, and seeds can be used for medicinal purposes or to make dishes like halva, kheer, and pickles. Bottle gourd is a vine that grows best in warm weather with adequate sunlight and support from a trellis. It has varied shaped fruits that are harvested young and tender for use as a vegetable or allowed to mature for uses like making containers. Proper training, pruning, harvesting, and post-harvest handling are required to maximize yields which average 20-25 tons/hectare for open pollinated varieties and 40-50 tons/hectare
1. The document describes three diseases that affect elephant foot yam: leaf blight caused by Phytophthora colocasiae, collar rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, and dasheen mosaic virus.
2. It provides details on the symptoms, life cycles, and management strategies for each disease.
3. The diseases can cause significant yield losses, so integrated management approaches including cultural, chemical, and biological controls are recommended.
Peas (Pisum sativum) are an important crop that originated in Southwest Asia and Northeast Africa. They are grown worldwide for their fresh pods and dry seeds, which are rich in nutrients. Peas have pink flowers with five sepals and five petals, including one standard, two wings, and two keel petals fused around the stamens and pistil. Self-pollination is most common due to the timing of stigma receptivity and pollen release. Cross-pollination requires emasculation of male parts and application of pollen from another plant.
The document provides information on the commercial cultivation of knol khol (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L.). It discusses the botany, climate requirements, soil requirements, varieties, nursery management, planting, manuring, irrigation, weed control, and use of mulch for knol khol cultivation. The key points covered are that knol khol is a cool season vegetable grown for its swollen stem, it grows best with temperatures between 15-20°C, requires fertile soil rich in organic matter, and various agronomic practices like transplanting seedlings, fertilizer application, irrigation, and weed control are important to maximize yield.
Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) is a herbaceous plant native to Madagascar that is cultivated for its medicinal properties. It contains over 100 alkaloids, notably vinblastine and vincristine in its leaves which are important in cancer therapy. It is grown in tropical and subtropical regions with adequate rainfall. Propagation is through seeds sown directly or in a nursery, and through cuttings. Leaves are harvested twice and roots after one year. Yields of 4 tons/ha of leaves and 1.5 tons/ha each of stems and roots can be obtained under irrigation.
India is the world's largest producer and exporter of chilli. The three main chilli producing states are Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Karnataka. Chilli is an important crop due to its nutritional value as well as its use in curry powders. Hybrid seed production of chilli requires growing a female parent line separately from a male parent line to allow for controlled cross-pollination. Daily emasculation and pollination is needed to produce hybrid seeds, which are then harvested, processed, and certified based on quality standards.
Bottle gourd is commonly grown in India, Africa, and Central America. It has cooling and digestive properties and its fruits, leaves, and seeds can be used for medicinal purposes or to make dishes like halva, kheer, and pickles. Bottle gourd is a vine that grows best in warm weather with adequate sunlight and support from a trellis. It has varied shaped fruits that are harvested young and tender for use as a vegetable or allowed to mature for uses like making containers. Proper training, pruning, harvesting, and post-harvest handling are required to maximize yields which average 20-25 tons/hectare for open pollinated varieties and 40-50 tons/hectare
1. The document describes three diseases that affect elephant foot yam: leaf blight caused by Phytophthora colocasiae, collar rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, and dasheen mosaic virus.
2. It provides details on the symptoms, life cycles, and management strategies for each disease.
3. The diseases can cause significant yield losses, so integrated management approaches including cultural, chemical, and biological controls are recommended.
Peas (Pisum sativum) are an important crop that originated in Southwest Asia and Northeast Africa. They are grown worldwide for their fresh pods and dry seeds, which are rich in nutrients. Peas have pink flowers with five sepals and five petals, including one standard, two wings, and two keel petals fused around the stamens and pistil. Self-pollination is most common due to the timing of stigma receptivity and pollen release. Cross-pollination requires emasculation of male parts and application of pollen from another plant.
The document provides information on the commercial cultivation of knol khol (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L.). It discusses the botany, climate requirements, soil requirements, varieties, nursery management, planting, manuring, irrigation, weed control, and use of mulch for knol khol cultivation. The key points covered are that knol khol is a cool season vegetable grown for its swollen stem, it grows best with temperatures between 15-20°C, requires fertile soil rich in organic matter, and various agronomic practices like transplanting seedlings, fertilizer application, irrigation, and weed control are important to maximize yield.
This document discusses two pests that affect sweet potato: the sweet potato weevil and the sweet potato leaf eating caterpillar. The sweet potato weevil is a serious pest that can damage 60-70% of sweet potato crops. It lays eggs on tubers and vines and the larvae bore into and feed on the tubers and vines. The sweet potato leaf eating caterpillar is also an important pest that feeds voraciously on leaves and can defoliate plants during severe infestations. The document provides details on identification, life cycles, nature of damage, and management strategies for both pests, including cultural, biological and chemical control methods.
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold.African marigold(Tagetes erecta).CN- 2n=24.Family-Composity/Asteraceae. Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula).CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
This document provides information on 4 major pests of tomato crops: 1) Fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera), 2) Defoliator (Spodoptera litura), 3) Serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii), and 4) Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci). It describes the identification, life cycle, damage caused, and management strategies for each pest. Common natural enemies are also listed. The management approaches emphasized include cultural controls, use of tolerant varieties, pheromone traps, biological control agents, and targeted application of chemical pesticides when needed.
This document discusses the propagation, cultivation, and care of chrysanthemum flowers. It covers varieties developed by IIHR, propagation through cuttings and seeds, planting spacing and requirements, fertilization needs at different growth stages, pests and diseases, post-harvest care including pinching and staking, and harvesting stages. It also touches on uses of chrysanthemums, grading for quality, and provides a reference for further information.
This document discusses hybrid seed production of cabbage. It covers the floral biology of cabbage, methods of facilitating flowering like the stump and head intact methods, techniques for developing parental lines and producing F1 hybrids, considerations for isolation distance and synchronization of flowering, and methods for roguing and harvesting seeds. The goal is to produce F1 hybrid cabbage seeds using bud pollination between self-incompatible parental lines while avoiding contamination.
This document provides information on eggplant (Solanum melangena). It discusses the family, scientific name, leading countries of cultivation, origin, botanical classification, varieties, hybridization, morphology, anthesis, pollination, fertilization, and artificial hybridization techniques of eggplant. It summarizes key details on the plant's structure, flowering characteristics and processes, and breeding methods.
This document provides information about roses, including their botanical classification, major importers and exporters, uses, cultivation practices, and more. It discusses that roses belong to the genus Rosa in the family Rosaceae. Germany is the largest importer of roses, while the top exporter is the Netherlands. The document describes different types of roses and their classifications. It also outlines soil, climate, propagation, planting, pruning, and other cultivation practices required for successful rose production.
This document discusses several fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases that affect sunflower crops. It describes the key symptoms and impact of major diseases like Alternaria leaf blight, downy mildew, rust, Sclerotinia wilt and rot, charcoal rot, and powdery mildew. It provides details on the causal organisms, disease development and spread, and recommends management practices like crop rotation, seed treatment, and fungicide application to control sunflower diseases.
Dioscorea species, commonly known as yams, are an important food crop grown in tropical regions for their starchy tubers. The three major species cultivated are D. alata, D. rotundata, and D. esculenta. Africa is the largest producer, with Nigeria, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and Benin being major producers. Yams are vegetatively propagated and grown in warm, humid climates with adequate rainfall. Pests and diseases that affect yams include anthracnose, dry rot caused by nematodes, and mosaic virus. Tubers are manually harvested after 9-10 months, dried, and stored in well-ventilated structures for several months
Gerbera is commonly grown in several states in India. There are many varieties that differ in color. Propagation is through division of suckers or tissue culture. Optimal growing conditions include temperatures of 22-25°C during the day and 12-16°C at night under 50% shade. Soil preparation includes fumigation, with beds spaced 60cm apart. Drip irrigation of 4.5-6 liters/m2 daily is required. Pests like aphids and diseases like crown rot must be managed. Flowers are harvested once the outer disc florets open, with a yield of 130-200 flowers/m2 annually. Post-harvest care includes hydration and bleach treatment, with boxes
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Gladiolus is an important cut flower crop grown commercially in many parts of the world. Breeding work in gladiolus has been carried out at IARI, New Delhi; IIHR, Bangalore; NBRI, Lucknow, IHBT, Palampur and Horticulture Experiment and Training centre, Chaubattia.
This document provides information on Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii), including its morphology, cultivation practices, varieties, and classification. It states that Gerbera is an important commercial flower crop grown worldwide for its long-lasting cut flowers. The document outlines recommendations for soil preparation, greenhouse construction, irrigation, fertilization, and other cultivation techniques for optimal growth and flowering of Gerbera plants. It also lists several Indian varieties developed by organizations like ICAR-IIHR and CSIR-IHBT.
Production technology of isabgol (plantago ovata)Delince Samuel
- India is the largest producer of isabgol seeds, with a production of 97500 tonnes annually from 137778 hectares, mainly in the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan.
- The plant is an annual herb that is harvested when the leaves turn yellow and spikes turn brown, indicating maturity. Seeds and husk are then separated through threshing and winnowing.
- Husk production in India is 18-19,000 tonnes annually, with 14,000 tonnes exported mainly to the USA. Seed and husk have various medicinal and industrial uses.
This document provides an overview of garlic, including its introduction, nutritional value, varieties, production, and plant protection. Some key points:
- Garlic is used as a spice and condiment throughout India and has antioxidant properties that promote heart and immune health.
- Major garlic producing countries include the USA, Egypt, China, Korea, and India. The state of Maharashtra is a major producer in India.
- Garlic has high nutritional value and is a source of carbohydrates, protein, phosphorus, vitamins and minerals.
- Popular garlic varieties developed in India include Bhima Omkar, Bhima Purple, and Yamuna Safed-5.
This document provides information on growing roses in a greenhouse. It discusses ideal soil and climate conditions, common rose varieties classified by stem length and yield, and methods of propagation including budding, grafting and layering. It also outlines best practices for bed preparation, temperature and humidity control in the greenhouse, lighting, carbon dioxide supplementation, bending, disbudding, pinching, pruning, water and fertilizer management, and harvesting and post-harvest handling of roses. The goal is to produce quality roses and maintain plant vigor through careful control of the growing environment and use of horticultural techniques.
1. Cumbu Napier is a hybrid fodder grass developed from Pennisetum purpureum and P. americanum with a chromosome number of 2n = 20, 21.
2. Varieties released from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University include CO1-CO5 which are high yielding and suitable for growing throughout the year in Tamil Nadu.
3. CO-3 has characteristics of profuse tillering, high yield potential, high nutritional content, quick regeneration, and palatability with resistance to pests and diseases.
Mustard is an important rabi oilseed crop grown in temperate regions. It has a seed rate of 4-6 kg/ha and a spacing of 40x10 cm. Under rainfed conditions, it requires 60:40:20 kg/ha of NPK nutrients, while under irrigation 80:40:20 kg/ha of NPK is recommended. Mustard requires 200-300 mm of irrigation, applied in two stages. With proper agronomic management, the average yield of mustard is 400 kg/ha.
The document provides information on chilli cultivation including:
- Chilli is an important commercial crop grown in India, with major producing states being Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra.
- There are over 400 chilli varieties worldwide, with common types including selection, mutant, hybrid, and public/private sector varieties.
- Optimal growing conditions include temperatures from 24-40°C, pH 5.8-6.5 soil, and irrigation every 5-6 days in summer and 9-10 days in winter.
- Pests and diseases that affect chilli require control methods like spraying insecticides for thrips and fungicides for diseases such as damping off.
This document summarizes several insect pests that affect various plantation crops. It describes the tea mosquito bug and tea green leaf hopper, two major pests of tea. It also outlines the green coffee scale, stem borers, and helmet scale as key pests of coffee. For coconut, it discusses the rhinoceros beetle and red palm weevil. It then covers the tobacco eating caterpillar and cutworms as insect problems for tobacco. Finally, it briefly mentions the cashew stem and root borer as a pest of cashew nuts.
Groundnut, also known as peanut, is an important legume crop grown for its edible seeds. It is widely affected by various fungal and viral diseases such as early leaf spot, rust, bud necrosis, stem rot, and Alternaria leaf disease. These diseases can be managed through fungicide sprays, removing infected plants, intercropping with other plants, and seed treatment.
This document discusses insect pests and their management in various fruit crops like mango, banana, and grapes. For mango, it describes pests like hoppers, mealybugs, stem borers, shoot borers, and fruit flies and their symptoms and management practices. It also discusses pests of banana like aphids, rhizome weevils, pseudostem borers and their management. For grapes, it covers grape phylloxera and grape flea beetle pests. It concludes with mentioning litchi mite as a pest of litchi and its symptoms. The document provides information on key pests that affect important fruit crops and strategies to manage them.
This document discusses two pests that affect sweet potato: the sweet potato weevil and the sweet potato leaf eating caterpillar. The sweet potato weevil is a serious pest that can damage 60-70% of sweet potato crops. It lays eggs on tubers and vines and the larvae bore into and feed on the tubers and vines. The sweet potato leaf eating caterpillar is also an important pest that feeds voraciously on leaves and can defoliate plants during severe infestations. The document provides details on identification, life cycles, nature of damage, and management strategies for both pests, including cultural, biological and chemical control methods.
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold.African marigold(Tagetes erecta).CN- 2n=24.Family-Composity/Asteraceae. Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula).CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
This document provides information on 4 major pests of tomato crops: 1) Fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera), 2) Defoliator (Spodoptera litura), 3) Serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii), and 4) Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci). It describes the identification, life cycle, damage caused, and management strategies for each pest. Common natural enemies are also listed. The management approaches emphasized include cultural controls, use of tolerant varieties, pheromone traps, biological control agents, and targeted application of chemical pesticides when needed.
This document discusses the propagation, cultivation, and care of chrysanthemum flowers. It covers varieties developed by IIHR, propagation through cuttings and seeds, planting spacing and requirements, fertilization needs at different growth stages, pests and diseases, post-harvest care including pinching and staking, and harvesting stages. It also touches on uses of chrysanthemums, grading for quality, and provides a reference for further information.
This document discusses hybrid seed production of cabbage. It covers the floral biology of cabbage, methods of facilitating flowering like the stump and head intact methods, techniques for developing parental lines and producing F1 hybrids, considerations for isolation distance and synchronization of flowering, and methods for roguing and harvesting seeds. The goal is to produce F1 hybrid cabbage seeds using bud pollination between self-incompatible parental lines while avoiding contamination.
This document provides information on eggplant (Solanum melangena). It discusses the family, scientific name, leading countries of cultivation, origin, botanical classification, varieties, hybridization, morphology, anthesis, pollination, fertilization, and artificial hybridization techniques of eggplant. It summarizes key details on the plant's structure, flowering characteristics and processes, and breeding methods.
This document provides information about roses, including their botanical classification, major importers and exporters, uses, cultivation practices, and more. It discusses that roses belong to the genus Rosa in the family Rosaceae. Germany is the largest importer of roses, while the top exporter is the Netherlands. The document describes different types of roses and their classifications. It also outlines soil, climate, propagation, planting, pruning, and other cultivation practices required for successful rose production.
This document discusses several fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases that affect sunflower crops. It describes the key symptoms and impact of major diseases like Alternaria leaf blight, downy mildew, rust, Sclerotinia wilt and rot, charcoal rot, and powdery mildew. It provides details on the causal organisms, disease development and spread, and recommends management practices like crop rotation, seed treatment, and fungicide application to control sunflower diseases.
Dioscorea species, commonly known as yams, are an important food crop grown in tropical regions for their starchy tubers. The three major species cultivated are D. alata, D. rotundata, and D. esculenta. Africa is the largest producer, with Nigeria, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and Benin being major producers. Yams are vegetatively propagated and grown in warm, humid climates with adequate rainfall. Pests and diseases that affect yams include anthracnose, dry rot caused by nematodes, and mosaic virus. Tubers are manually harvested after 9-10 months, dried, and stored in well-ventilated structures for several months
Gerbera is commonly grown in several states in India. There are many varieties that differ in color. Propagation is through division of suckers or tissue culture. Optimal growing conditions include temperatures of 22-25°C during the day and 12-16°C at night under 50% shade. Soil preparation includes fumigation, with beds spaced 60cm apart. Drip irrigation of 4.5-6 liters/m2 daily is required. Pests like aphids and diseases like crown rot must be managed. Flowers are harvested once the outer disc florets open, with a yield of 130-200 flowers/m2 annually. Post-harvest care includes hydration and bleach treatment, with boxes
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Gladiolus is an important cut flower crop grown commercially in many parts of the world. Breeding work in gladiolus has been carried out at IARI, New Delhi; IIHR, Bangalore; NBRI, Lucknow, IHBT, Palampur and Horticulture Experiment and Training centre, Chaubattia.
This document provides information on Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii), including its morphology, cultivation practices, varieties, and classification. It states that Gerbera is an important commercial flower crop grown worldwide for its long-lasting cut flowers. The document outlines recommendations for soil preparation, greenhouse construction, irrigation, fertilization, and other cultivation techniques for optimal growth and flowering of Gerbera plants. It also lists several Indian varieties developed by organizations like ICAR-IIHR and CSIR-IHBT.
Production technology of isabgol (plantago ovata)Delince Samuel
- India is the largest producer of isabgol seeds, with a production of 97500 tonnes annually from 137778 hectares, mainly in the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan.
- The plant is an annual herb that is harvested when the leaves turn yellow and spikes turn brown, indicating maturity. Seeds and husk are then separated through threshing and winnowing.
- Husk production in India is 18-19,000 tonnes annually, with 14,000 tonnes exported mainly to the USA. Seed and husk have various medicinal and industrial uses.
This document provides an overview of garlic, including its introduction, nutritional value, varieties, production, and plant protection. Some key points:
- Garlic is used as a spice and condiment throughout India and has antioxidant properties that promote heart and immune health.
- Major garlic producing countries include the USA, Egypt, China, Korea, and India. The state of Maharashtra is a major producer in India.
- Garlic has high nutritional value and is a source of carbohydrates, protein, phosphorus, vitamins and minerals.
- Popular garlic varieties developed in India include Bhima Omkar, Bhima Purple, and Yamuna Safed-5.
This document provides information on growing roses in a greenhouse. It discusses ideal soil and climate conditions, common rose varieties classified by stem length and yield, and methods of propagation including budding, grafting and layering. It also outlines best practices for bed preparation, temperature and humidity control in the greenhouse, lighting, carbon dioxide supplementation, bending, disbudding, pinching, pruning, water and fertilizer management, and harvesting and post-harvest handling of roses. The goal is to produce quality roses and maintain plant vigor through careful control of the growing environment and use of horticultural techniques.
1. Cumbu Napier is a hybrid fodder grass developed from Pennisetum purpureum and P. americanum with a chromosome number of 2n = 20, 21.
2. Varieties released from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University include CO1-CO5 which are high yielding and suitable for growing throughout the year in Tamil Nadu.
3. CO-3 has characteristics of profuse tillering, high yield potential, high nutritional content, quick regeneration, and palatability with resistance to pests and diseases.
Mustard is an important rabi oilseed crop grown in temperate regions. It has a seed rate of 4-6 kg/ha and a spacing of 40x10 cm. Under rainfed conditions, it requires 60:40:20 kg/ha of NPK nutrients, while under irrigation 80:40:20 kg/ha of NPK is recommended. Mustard requires 200-300 mm of irrigation, applied in two stages. With proper agronomic management, the average yield of mustard is 400 kg/ha.
The document provides information on chilli cultivation including:
- Chilli is an important commercial crop grown in India, with major producing states being Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra.
- There are over 400 chilli varieties worldwide, with common types including selection, mutant, hybrid, and public/private sector varieties.
- Optimal growing conditions include temperatures from 24-40°C, pH 5.8-6.5 soil, and irrigation every 5-6 days in summer and 9-10 days in winter.
- Pests and diseases that affect chilli require control methods like spraying insecticides for thrips and fungicides for diseases such as damping off.
This document summarizes several insect pests that affect various plantation crops. It describes the tea mosquito bug and tea green leaf hopper, two major pests of tea. It also outlines the green coffee scale, stem borers, and helmet scale as key pests of coffee. For coconut, it discusses the rhinoceros beetle and red palm weevil. It then covers the tobacco eating caterpillar and cutworms as insect problems for tobacco. Finally, it briefly mentions the cashew stem and root borer as a pest of cashew nuts.
Groundnut, also known as peanut, is an important legume crop grown for its edible seeds. It is widely affected by various fungal and viral diseases such as early leaf spot, rust, bud necrosis, stem rot, and Alternaria leaf disease. These diseases can be managed through fungicide sprays, removing infected plants, intercropping with other plants, and seed treatment.
This document discusses insect pests and their management in various fruit crops like mango, banana, and grapes. For mango, it describes pests like hoppers, mealybugs, stem borers, shoot borers, and fruit flies and their symptoms and management practices. It also discusses pests of banana like aphids, rhizome weevils, pseudostem borers and their management. For grapes, it covers grape phylloxera and grape flea beetle pests. It concludes with mentioning litchi mite as a pest of litchi and its symptoms. The document provides information on key pests that affect important fruit crops and strategies to manage them.
This document presents a case study on integrated pest management (IPM) and integrated disease management (IDM) approaches for soybean. It discusses the major insect pests and diseases that affect soybean, including the yellow stem borer, tobacco caterpillar, rust, and Cercospora leaf spot. It outlines ecological engineering techniques for pest management above and below ground, such as intercropping with maize or sorghum as trap crops. It provides recommendations for fertilizer application, seed treatment, sowing time, and pesticide application based on economic thresholds. The case study demonstrates how cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical control methods can be integrated to manage soybean pests and diseases in an environmentally
This document provides information on the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae), its life cycle, host plants, identification of different life stages, damage caused, and management methods. It also describes three other insect pests that infest vegetable crops: the hadda beetle (Epilachna vigintioctopunctata), red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora foveicollis), and stink bugs (Aspongopus spp.). Finally, it discusses the serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii), including its wide host range, identification, life cycle, and leaf mining damage. Cultural, physical, biological and chemical control strategies
This document discusses various pests and diseases that affect leguminous vegetable crops. It provides the scientific names of 11 common leguminous crops and then discusses various pests that affect these crops, including their symptoms, damage caused, and management practices. It also lists and describes 11 common diseases of legumes along with their causal organisms. The document aims to educate farmers about identifying and managing key pests and diseases that impact legume production.
This document summarizes several major insect pests that affect apple production worldwide. It discusses the woolly aphid, San Jose scale, cottony cushion scale, European red mite, apple stem borer, codling moth, and tent caterpillar. For each pest, it provides details on distribution, biology, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management approaches. Common management techniques include using resistant rootstocks, pruning infested branches, promoting natural enemies, and applying recommended insecticides at specific timings. The document serves as a comprehensive guide to identifying and controlling key pests that threaten apple crops.
This document discusses several important insect pests that damage rice crops, including thrips, green leafhopper, brown plant hopper, white backed plant hopper, rice earhead bug, mealy bug, and rice black bug. For each pest, the document describes the typical damage symptoms and provides management recommendations such as using resistant varieties, applying insecticides, releasing natural enemies, and cultural control practices.
This document provides information on integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for pulses. It defines IPM and lists major pests of pulses including borers, sap feeders, and flower feeders. Details are given on specific pests like gram pod borer and their symptoms. IPM strategies for red gram, green gram, black gram, and chickpeas are outlined, involving cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical control methods. Cultural practices include crop rotation, use of resistant varieties, and intercropping with plants that harbor natural enemies. Mechanical methods include light and pheromone traps. Biological controls utilize natural enemies and biopesticides. Chemical controls are applied as a last resort.
This document discusses several pests that affect tomato production, including whitefly, fruit borer, leaf minor, Epilachna beetle, tobacco caterpillar, root knot nematode, and recommendations for their control. For whitefly, recommendations include following clean cultivation, limiting irrigation, and spraying recommended insecticides. For fruit borer, recommendations include collecting infected fruits, using trap crops, releasing parasitoids, and spraying insecticides. For leaf minor, polythene mulching combined with irrigation and neem or insecticide sprays are recommended.
mango is the king of fruits and has a premier status among the commercial fruits grown in India. Indo-Burma region is believed to be the center of origin for mango. it grows wide in the forests of North East India. Now it is grown throughout the tropics. The main production centers are India, Florida, Egypt, natal, E.Africa coast and West Indies. It requires dry weather for flowering and often it is biennial fruit bearer. It is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 10-40 m high and can survive for 100 years or more.
This document discusses red rust, an algal disease affecting horticultural crops like mango, guava, and tea. It is caused by the algae Cephaleuros virescens, C. mycoides, or C. parasiticus. Symptoms include green to orange spots on leaves and stems that can cause dieback. The disease spreads through airborne spores and favors humid conditions in stressed or poorly drained plants. Management strategies include sanitation, pruning to improve air circulation, controlling weeds and plant stress, selecting resistant varieties, and applying fungicides according to label directions.
This document provides information on various pests that affect rice crops, including their names, descriptions of damage symptoms, and recommendations for management. It discusses pests such as rice thrips, rice grasshopper, rice gundhi bug, armyworm, rice caseworm, rice hispa, rice leaf folder, brown plant hopper, green plant hopper, white backed plant hopper, rice stem borer, and Asian gall midge. For each pest, it provides details on cultural, biological and chemical control methods that can be used for management.
1. The Rhinoceros beetle bores into pineapple stems, causing wilting. Management includes removing damaged plants, collecting beetles from manure pits, using fungal cultures and traps to control different life stages.
2. Thrips and mealybugs damage pineapple by feeding on sap. Thrips cause silvery blotches and distortion, while mealybugs cause yellowing and fruit shriveling. Management focuses on resistant varieties, traps, and insecticide sprays.
3. Slug caterpillars cause severe defoliation by voracious leaf-feeding. Management targets eggs on leaf undersides and spiny cocoons.
Similar to insect pest of medicinal plants and their control.pptx (20)
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
4. PESTS OF ASHWAGANDHA
1. HADDA BEETLE– (Epilachna vigintioctopunctata)
FAMILY:-coccinilladae.
ORDER:-coleoptera.
NATUREOF DAMAGE:-
Both the adults and the grubs inflict the damage
on the plants by scrapping the epidermis.
They eat up regular areas of the leaf tissue and
leaving parallel bands of the uneaten tissue in
between.
The leaf skeletonise, turn brown, become dry, and
fall off..
5. MANAGEMENT:-
Collect and destroy the infested leaves harbouring egg masses
and grubs in order to reduce the pest infestation.
Spray NSKE (5.0%) or Carbaryl (0.15%) at the time of initiation
of infestation and repeat after a fortnight if infestation persists.
6. 2. MEALY BUG:- (COCCIDOHYSTRIX INSOLITUS)
FAMILY-Pseudococcidae
ORDER-Hemiptera.
NATURE OF DAMAGE:-
The nymphs and adults suck the sap
from the tender parts of the plant and
also produce honeydew while sucking
which attracts the sooty mould fungi and
affects photosynthesis of the plant.
The affected plant becomes weak turn
yellow, wilt and dry.
7. MANAGEMENT:-
The bug is parasitized by Leptomastrix nigrocoxalis and
Cheiloneurus latiscapus.
In case of low incidence of the pest, manual removal of the
bugs works very well.
Under severe cases of infestation, spray plants with Dimethoate
(0.05%) or Acephate (0.125%) .
8. 3. SPHINGID LARVA (DEILEPHILA NERI)
FAMILY-SPHINGIDAE
ORDER-LEPIDOPTERA
NATUREOF DAMAGE:-
The larva is a voracious feeder of
the foliage and results in severe
defoliation of the host plants.
The defoliation eventually affects
the growth and yield of the plant.
The infestation can be judged by
the presence of large round
faecal pellets in vicinity of the
infested plants.
9. MANAGEMENT :-
For checking pest infestation use following methods:-
Collect and destroy larvae infesting the plants.
Under severe cases of infestation, spray plants with
Chlorpyriphos(0.04%) or Quinalphos(0.05%).
10. 1. TINGIDBUG–(MONANTHIA GLOBULIFERA WALKER
FAMILY-TINGIDAE
ORDER- HEMIPTERA
All the stages (nymphs/adults) of the
bug are seen on the leaves sucking
the sap.
The badly infested leaves curl up,
wither, dry up and finally drop off from
the plants affecting the yield.
11. MANGEMENT:-
Practice following methods to manage the
pest:-
Remove heavily infested curled leaves along
with the nymphs and adults and destroy
them.
Spray the plants with Carbaryl(0.1%) or
Acephate(0.2%).
12. 2. SPIKE BORER–(HELICOVERAPA ARMIGERA)
FAMILY- NOCTUIDAE
ORDER-LEPIDOPTERA.
NATURE OF DAMAGE:-
In the early stages of plant
growth the larvae feed on the
leaves and defoliate the plants
but in the later stages the
caterpillars bore the spikes of the
plants thereby affecting the fruit
set.
13. MANAGEMENT:-
Ichneumonid, Campoletis chloridae
Uchida is a major larval parasite of the
pest.
Collect and destroy infested spikes
along with larvae to reduce the pest
incidence.
Spray quinalphos(0.05%) or
carbaryl(0.1%) and repeat after 3
weeks.
14. 1. COTTON APHID-APHIS GOSSYPII GLOVER
FAMILY-APHIDIDAE
ORDER-HEMIPTERA
NATUREOFDAMAGE:-
The nymphs and adult suck the sap from
tender parts of the plant, lower surface of
the leaves and secrete honeydew and
attracts sooty mould fungi and hamper the
photosynthesis of plant and thus the yield.
In severe cases plant becomes weak, leaf
curl up and wither.
Plant show stunted growth, gradual drying
and eventually death of plant.
15. MANAGEMENT:-
The lady bird beetles, coccinella
septempunctata and different
syrphids are common predators.
Remove and destroy badly
affected parts of plant.
Spray malathain(0.1%) for the
control of pest . Pongamia oil
(2%) also provides effective
control.
16. 1.CUT WORM—(AGROTIS SUFFUSA.)
FAMILY– NOCTUIDAE
ORDER-- LEPIDOPTERA
NATURE OF DAMAGE:-
The larvae cut off the plants the soil level
during night.
They also damage the shoots of grown up
plants.
The damage results in the retardation of
plant growth and affects the yield.
17. MANAGEMENT:-
Hand pick and destroy thr larvae by
searching underneath the soil clods,
cracks and crevices.
Flood the infested fields to kill the
larvae.
Destroy caterpillars along with the
heap, as the caterpillar take shelter in
the heap of green grass in the
evening.
If infestation is localized and low,
drench the plants with
chlorpyriphos(0.04%).
18. 2.CAPSULE BORER—(HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA)
FAMILY– NOCTUIDAE.
ORDER– LEPIDOPTERA.
NATUREOF DAMAGE:-
The larvae feed on the leaves and
defoliate the plants but in later stages
caterpillar bore the spike/capsule of the
plant thereby affecting the fruit set.
19. MANAGEMENT:-
Collect and destroy infested
spikes/capsules along with
the larvae to reduce the pest
incidence.
Spray Quinalphos(0.05%) or
carbaryl (0.1%) and repeat
after three weeks.
20. 1.LEAF CUTTING CATERPILLAR-(ANOMIS FLAVA)
FAMILY– NOCTUIDAE
ORDER– LEPIDOPTERA.
NATUREOF DAMAGE:-
The damage is caused by the
young larvaewhich congregate on
the leaves in small groups and feed
on the leaf lamina making small
punctures.
The older larvae are voracious
feeders and feed on the leaves
leaving behind the mid ribs only.
21. MANAGEMENT:-
Adopt clean cultivation and destroy
the damaged plant parts.
Plough the fields to expose the
pupae.
Pick and destroy egg masses and
larvae.
Release parasitoids namely tricholyga
sorbillane and Litomastrix gopimobani
to check the infestation.
In the case of high pest incidence,
spray the crop with the
dichlorovos(0.2%) or carbaryl (0.1%)
and repeat after 15 days if infestation
persists.
22. 2. SPHINGIDLARVA– (DEILEPHILA NERII)
FAMILY– SPHINGIDAE
ORDER– LEPIDOPTERA.
NATUREOF DAMAGE:-
The larva is a voracious feeder of
the foliage and results in severe
defoliation of the host plants.
The defoliation eventually affects
the growth and yield of the plant.
The infestation can be judged by
the presence of large round faecal
pellets in vicinity of the infested
plants.
23. MANAGEMENT:-
For checking pest infestation use following
methods:-
Collect and destroy larvae infesting the
plants.
Under severe cases of infestation, spray
plants with Chlorpyriphos(0.04%) or
Quinalphos(0.05%).
24. 1.SCALE—(SAISSETIA COFFEAE) WALKER.
FAMILY– COCCIDAE
ORDER– HEMIPTERA.
NATUREOF DAMAGE:-
The scales (nymphs/adults) cluster on the
midrib, mid veins on the lower surface of
leaves, petioles and tender shoots of the
plants and suck the sap.
Due to continuous draining of the sap
plants become stunted, leaves turn yellow
and drop off from the plants affecting the
yiels.
25. MANAGEMENT:-
The important parasites are Aneristus ceroplastae, coccophagus
flavescens.
Removal and burning of severely infested plant parts.
Spray of malathion(0.075%) or dimethoate(0.03%) to check the
pest incidence.
26. 1. MEALY BUG –(DYSMYCOCCUS BREVIPES)
FAMILY– PSEUDOCOCCIDAE.
ORDER– HEMIPTERA.
NATURE OF DAMAGE:-
The nymphs suck the sap from roots and
the underground vines and the affected
plant show yellowing symptoms.
Such plants become stunted and the yield
of the plants is adversely affected.
the affect of the bug is more severe
during summer months.
27. MANAGEMENT:-
Destroy and uproot the severely infested plants.
Apply neem cake @150 kg/ha in the soil to chck
the incidence.
Drench the rhizosphere with Dimethoate (0.09%) to
get rid of infestation by the bug.
28. 2 TEA MOSQUITOBUG- HELOPALTIS THEIVORA
FAMILY:- MIRIDAE
ORDER-HEMIPTERA
NATUREOF DAMAGE:-
Flushing season. Severe usually at the time
of emergence of new flushes and panicles
i.e., when trees are in full bloom. ( Opctober
to January)
However, in general it attacks the tree in all
the seasons during flushing, flowering and
fruit setting period but the peak period of
infestation is from October to March.
Rainy season: Minimum activity and lives on
alternate hosts
29. MANAGEMENT:-
Collect and destroy badly damaged plant parts.
Maintain proper spacing between the plants to aviod
shading.
Aplly NSKE 5% in soil or spray Malathion (0.1%) on the
foliage.