Input/output instructions are essential for communication between computers and peripheral devices, crucial for software development and hardware management. There are two main types: programmed I/O, which can be inefficient, and interrupt-driven I/O, which enhances efficiency by allowing devices to signal the CPU when ready. Direct Memory Access (DMA) further reduces CPU overhead by enabling hardware subsystems to access system memory independently, improving data transfer rates.

1. Input Output Instructions
-23H51A66BG
CSM 04

2. Introduction to Input Output Instructions
Input Output instructions are
fundamental to computer programming
and system operations.
They facilitate communication between
the computer and peripheral devices.
Understanding these instructions is
essential for effective software
development and hardware
management.

3. Types of Input Output Instructions
There are two primary types of I/O
instructions: programmed I/O and
interrupt-driven I/O.
Programmed I/O requires the CPU to
actively manage data transfer, which can
be inefficient.
Interrupt-driven I/O allows devices to
signal the CPU when they are ready for
data transfer, enhancing efficiency.

4. Programmed I/O
Programmed I/O involves the CPU
continuously checking the status of an
I/O device.
This method can lead to CPU idle time if
the device is slow or busy.
It is commonly used in applications
where speed is not critical, such as
simple data entry systems.

5. Interrupt-Driven I/O
Interrupt-driven I/O reduces CPU idle
time by allowing the device to interrupt
the CPU when ready.
This method is more efficient and is
widely used in modern operating
systems.
It requires a well-defined interrupt
handling mechanism to manage multiple
devices effectively.

6. Direct Memory Access (DMA)
DMA is a method that allows certain
hardware subsystems to access system
memory independently.
This reduces CPU overhead and
improves data transfer rates for large
volumes of data.
DMA is particularly useful in applications
such as video streaming and disk
transfers.

7. Thanks