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Land Water Ecosystems
The document discusses the interrelated challenges of land degradation, water scarcity, and climate change, emphasizing the need for innovative agricultural practices to enhance land and water productivity. It highlights the importance of integrating various agricultural systems to meet the projected demands for food and water by 2050, while also maintaining ecosystem services and resilience. Global initiatives and investments in sustainable land and water management are essential for improving the livelihoods of millions, particularly smallholder farmers.
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Land Water Ecosystems
- 1. Land Water Ecosystems Contributions: Maarten van Ginkel (ICARDA); Keith Shepherd (ICRAF); Patrick Dugan (WorldFish); Deborah Bossio (IWMI); Nteranya Sanginga,(CIAT‐Nairobi TSBF); Boru TSBF); Boru Douthwaite (CPWF); (CPWF); Tony Simons (ICRAF); Paula Bramel (IITA); Alain Vidal (CPWF)
- 2. Drivers of Land & Water Drivers of Land & Water Use Drivers of Land& Water Use Other Water Pressures Urbanization ‐ Cities are projected to use 150% more water in 2025, encroach on ag land more water in 2025, encroach on ag Agriculture – I A i l Increased water use and land d dl d expansion behind production increases Population & Diet food grain production Population & Diet – food grain production projected to increase by 100% by 2050 Energy – Hydropower and biofuels compete for Hydropower and biofuels compete for Hydropower and water and land Climate Change Shifting patterns of water Climate Change – Shifting patterns of water availability – availability – potential yields decline in Africa
- 3. Limits – Reached or Breached Land degradation – liit L dd d ti limits productivity d ti it River basins closed – Colorado, Murray Darling, Yellow, Indus, Amu Darya ……… no additional water left I d A D dditi l t l ft Groundwater overdraft – in agricultural breadbaskets Fisheries – ocean and freshwater at a limit, aquaculture will become more prevalent will become more prevalent Livestock – limit on extent of grazing land, more will come from mixed and industrialized production f d d d l d d
- 4. Water Scarcity 2000 1/3of the world’s population live in basins that have to deal with water scarcity
- 5. Land Health Widespread degradation is reducing productivity, impeding development, damaging the environment The capacity of land to sustain delivery of essential The capacity ofland to sustain delivery of essential ecosystem services (the benefits people obtain from ecosystems)
- 6. Land degradation & Soil nutrient depletion Limit land and water productivity Li i l d d d i i Soils from northern Tanzania
- 7. MP Addresses Interrelated Global Challenges h ll • Water Scarcity Water Scarcity • Land Degradation Agricultural research has a central role in delivering solutions delivering solutions
- 8. Global initiatives andaccompanying investments are urgently needed for nine billion to be adequately nourished by 2050: Soil and Water: Restore and enhance soil fertility with organic compost and manure fertilizers; nitrogen fixing crop rotations; and reduced tillage practices; rainwater retention, groundwater recharge rates and water utilization through agro-ecological h t d t tili ti th h l i l farming practices and improved land rights for farmers. Biodiversity and ecosystem services: Promote the y y diversification and integration of crops and livestock under a Multi- Functional Agricultural System. Energy and people: Invest public funds in participatory agro-ecological research and extension to build scientific and traditional knowledge.
- 9. IPCC 2008 IPCC 2008 • "the relationship between climate change and freshwater resources is of primary concern and p y interest"; so far, "water resource issues have not been adequately addressed in climate change analyses and p y ; , g climate policy formulations"; and, according to many y experts, "water and its availability and quality will be the main pressures, and issues, on societies and the g environment under climate change". • CC Adaptation is about water
- 10. From GCARD 2010 White Paper p “… regions could either become self –sufficient and meet their nutrition, health and food needs, or , , become a potential hot spot for poverty because of: () (i) shortage of irrigated land, g g , (ii) shortage of water, ( ) (iii) adverse effects of agro‐chemicals used on their land g and the proportionate increased need of water each year and contaminating of subsoil water, ……”
- 11. MP5 Objectives • Increasing and safeguarding access to water and land resources for smallholder women and men producers and men producers • Increased land and water productivity of crops/livestock/fish/agro forestry crops/livestock/fish/agro forestry • Reverse trends of land and water degradation to support poverty reduction g pp p y and productivity gains • Do above in a way that contributes to ecosystem resilience and ecosystem services
- 12. What s new? What’s new? • Integration to find new ways of producing Integration to find new ways of producing more from less water and land resources • Integration across scales Integration across scales • Beyond crops – fish, livestock, agro‐forestry, ecosystem services i
- 13. Livestock water productivity (Uganda “Cattle Corridor”) Termites destroy any Community corralling Local organizations attempt to reseed of cattle for 2 weeks invest in up‐scaling of degraded pasture permits pasture pasture regeneration establishment
- 14. Land Health Surveillance A science‐based approach •Identify and locate land health problems bl •Quantify major risks to land health f k l dh l h • •Target land management interventions •Evaluate outcomes on ecosystem services
- 15. Research Highlights: SLM Program African Digital Soil Map: AFSIS ~18.1 million km2 of continental SSA continental SSA Spatially stratified random sampling approach consisting of 60 sites Soil fertility recommendation trials d ti t i l installed in 5 countries Eco‐Efficient Agriculture for the Poor
- 16. New capability for digital soil mapping al (site‐leve ref Loca el) C 10 km
- 17. What s new? What’s new? • Underexplored water and land p governance opportunities – ie managing groundwater, and revitalizing irrigation g g • Basin and landscape implications of actions taken at farm scale. • Policies outside of agriculture and water – implications and opportunities
- 18. MP Components MP Components 1.1. Delivering greater water productivity 1.2. Enhancing and safeguarding water access for h d f d f the poor 2.1. Improving Land Health, water quality and ecosystem services 2.2. Improved Soil management 3. Water and Land management for ecosystem 3 Water and Land management for ecosystem services
- 19. Integrative Land, Water, Ecosystem Topics • Tradeoff analysis • P Payment for environmental services f i l i (PES) • E Ecosystem services and resilience i d ili • Drivers of change • Scaling out interventions • Multi‐functional and multiple use systems • Political ecology and economy
- 20. Tradeoffs: Water for crops or water for fish or both? SURFACE FLOODED 16 Reduced numbers of fish 14 EVEL 12 produced 10 WATER LE 8 6 4 2 0 Reduced growth period for fish that remain 20
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- 22. An Opportunity – Upgrade Rainfed Lands •Largest opportunities to reduce poverty and improve land and water productivity are in rainfed landscapes (from the Comprehensive Assessment) • Wh t? A What? A range of practices f ti – Water harvesting, supplemental irrigation, water lifting devices lifting devices – Soil and water conservation – Improved soil nutrition • How? The research question
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- 24. Ag Water&Land Management Solutions The Target The Target 200M farmers livelihoods improved across Africa and S. Asia from water harvesting, soil & water conservation, water lifting, watershed management, storage, water productivity The Output The Output Suitable AWM solutions identified tailored for Particular situation, women and men, communities The Outcome Investments in AWM, policy interventions, improved business models and supply chains, community empowerment Partnerships Producers, development community, Producers development community researchers, policy makers, investors
- 25. Women, Water and Land Women, Water and Land • Women and men have Women and men have different priorities about water and land water and land • Need to involve women in the planning, research, the planning research implementation cycle
- 26. Partnerships • Must cross several scales: local, national, regional, global ‐ changes at one system level are the key global changes at one system level are the key that unlocks the other levels • Boundary spanning role goes well beyond agriculture – broader water, climate change, energy, trade and environment sectors • New capacity needed, new way of thinking and g, p doing, a new cadre of land and water specialists