The document provides information about enhancing speech and vocal delivery. It discusses key pronunciation features in English like voicing, aspiration, linking/blending, and vowel length. It also identifies challenges for non-native English speakers in producing some English sounds that may not exist in their native language. The document provides pronunciation exercises and discusses the importance of stress and rhythm in English speech. Its overall aim is to help speakers improve their oral communication skills in English.

1. SPEECH & VOCAL DELIVERY
ENHANCEMENT
Rodelio V. Macapuy, PhD

2. ACTIVITY:
Sharing our experiences.
Do you care about your pronunciation, accent, and
intonation when you speak? Why or why not?
What problems or difficulties do you encounter in speaking
English?

3. SESSION OBJECTIVES:
• Understand the elements of speech and oral
communication
• Differentiate the basic pronunciation features
• Compare the sound system of English to that of Filipino
• Appreciate the importance of good oral communication
skills
• Practise speaking in English applying the fundamentals of
speech and oral communication learned.

4. READ ME:
1. Exaggerate
2. Massage
3. niece-knees
4. precedent-president
5. paste- pest- past
6. beg- bag- bog
7. paste- pest- past
8. Put it off
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

5. Basic to effective oral
communication is the correct
production of sound
(pronunciation).
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

6. BASIC PRONUNCIATION
FEATURES
(1)
VOICING
Vowel sounds will make the
throat vibrate; unvoiced
sounds won’t.
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

7. VOICELESS/UNVOICED VOICED
pan [ p ] ban [ b ]
ten [ t ] den [ d ]
chunk [ t∫ ] junk [ dʒ ]
cane [ k ] gain [ g ]
fan [ f ] van [ v ]
thigh [ ө ] thy [ ð ]
sue [ s ] zoo [ z ]
mission [ ∫ ] vision [ ʒ ]
where [ hw ] were [ w ]
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

8. BASIC PRONUNCIATION
FEATURES
(2)
ASPIRATION
Aspiration refers to a puff of air
when a sound is produced.
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

9. The following sounds are aspirated
when produced:
[ p ]
• Peter picked a peck of pickled pepper.
• Please pause for a proper applause.
[ b ]
• A big blue bucket of blueberries
• Blake the baker black bread.
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

10. [ k ]
• Keenly cleaning copper kettles
• Come kick six sticks quick.
[ g ]
• Granny’s gray goose goes last.
• The glum groom grew glummer.
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

11. [ t ]
• A twister of twist once twisted a twist.
• Tacky tractor trailer trucks
[ d ]
• How much dew could a dewdrop drop if a
dewdrop did drop dew?
• Does double bubble gum dubble bubble?
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

12. [ t∫ ]
• Cheerful Charlie chose a cheesy chowder.
• Choice chilled cherries cheer Cherry.
[dʒ]
• A gentle judge judges gently.
• James jostled Jean while jean jostled Joan.
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

13. BASIC PRONUNCIATION
FEATURES
(3)
LINKING/BLENDING
Linking is pronouncing phrases and even
whole sentences as one smooth sound
instead of a series of separate words.
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

14. Examples:
Help him -helpim
Do it -duwit
Can of oil -canofoil
Cup of tea -cupoftea
The institute -theinstitute
Thick and thin -thickanthin
Sink or swim -sinkorswim
Let it go -letitgo
Will Amy go away? -Willamygoaway?
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

15. BASIC PRONUNCIATION
FEATURES
(4)
VOWEL LENGTH
• Vowel sounds may be sounded in
either a short or long duration.
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

16. BASIC PRONUNCIATION
FEATURES
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY
SHORT LONG
chick [ I ] cheek [ i ]
chest [ε ] chaste [ e ]
mall [ ɔ ] mole [ o ]
lawn [ ɔ ] lone [ o ]
full [ U] fool [u ]

17. Sample Oral Drill:
chip-cheap
slip- sleep
rich-reach
tell- tale
less- lace
sell- sale
walk- woke
saw- sew
flaw- flow
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

18. WHAT MAKE IT
DIFFICULT FOR A
SECOND LANGUAGE
SPEAKER TO PRODUCE
THE SOUND OF
ENGLISH CORRECTLY?
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

19. 1. The sound in the target language
(English) may not be present in the
native language (critical sounds.)
Hence, the speaker would
substitute a sound in his/her native
language that is most likely the
same as the sound of the absent
sound (native tongue interference.)
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

20. English Sounds Filipino Sound
Substitutes
[ f ] feature [ p ]
[ v ] victory [ b ]
[ ∫ ] squash [ s ]
[ ө ] theatre ( soft th) [ t ]
[ð ] there (hard th) [ d ]
[ z ] eyes [ s ]
[ t ∫ ] speech
[ dʒ ] college
[ ʒ ] vision
Examples: Consonant Sounds
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

21. 2. There is only one sound of
each letter in the native
language while there are
several allied sounds of one
sound in the target
language.
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

22. Examples: Consonant sounds
Tagalog:
Letter g is always sounded [ g ]:
gulat, sigla, libag
English:
Letter g has several allied sounds:
hamburger [ g ]-most common
margarine [ dʒ ] as in jar
garage [ ʒ ] as in vision
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

23. Tagalog:
Letter s is always sounded [ s ]:
sabi, puso, upos
English:
sorry [ s ] most common
peas [ z ] as in quiz
mission [ ∫ ] as in shelter
division [ ʒ ] as in jabot
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

24. Tagalog:
Letter t is always sounded [ t ]:
tama, gitna, sulit
English:
tone [ t ] most common
temperature [ t ∫ ] as in church
Inspiration [ ∫ ] as in washer
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

25. that have several allied sounds are
as follows:
• j [ d ʒ ] as in joke (most common)
[ ʒ ] as in jalousie
[ h ] as in jacal (hut)
[ y ] as in jarl(title of nobility)
• n [ n ] as in manager(most common)
[ ŋ ] as in banker
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

26. • c [ s ] as in foci
[ k ] as in candor
• y [ y ] as in yell
[ I ] as in myth, chubby
• ch combination
[ ∫ ] as in chivalry
[ t ∫ ] as in porch
[ k ] as in charisma
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

27. 3.There are some end sounds in
English words that change
depending on the sounds close
to them.
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

28. Example 1: ed (past tense marker)
How is ed sounded in the following
words?
1 2 3
cooked robbed subtracted
wrapped tagged invited
buffed dredged floated
dressed saved banded
etched buzzed attended
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

29. Rule:
The ed is sounded
[ t ] after voiceless sounds except [ t ]
[ d ] after voiced sounds except [ d ]
[ Id ] after t or d
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

30. 1 2 3
hops cabs laces
eats adds freezes
walks rags rushes
proofs hums edges
massages
Example 2: s (plural marker-for nouns/
s form marker for verbs)
How is s/es sounded in the following words?
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

31. Rules:
1. The s ending in nouns and verbs is sounded
[ s ] after voiceless sounds except for
hissing sounds
[ z ] after voiced sounds except for
hissing sounds
2. The es ending is sounded [ Iz]
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

32. 4.There are also critical vowel sounds
for Filipino speakers of English. In
the Filipino alphabet, every vowel
has only one sound, but in the
English alphabet, every vowel has
several allied sounds. This makes a
second language speaker hard-up
to produce the English sound
correctly.
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

33. Tagalog:
Letter a is always sounded [ a ]:
aso, palo, sila
English:
sample [æ ]
father [ a ]
status [ e ]
sofa [ ə ]
water [ ɔ ]
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

34. Tagalog:
Letter e is always sounded [ε ]:
ewan, mesa, ate
English:
ever [ε ]
evening [ i ]
event [ I ]
fillet [ e ]
erg(unit of work) [ ə ]
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

35. Tagalog:
Letter i is always sounded [ I ]:
iba, misa, buti
English:
grip [ I ]
idle [ aI ]
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

36. Tagalog:
Letter o is always sounded [ ɔ ]:
okra, bola, guro
English:
mole [ o ]
off, orbit [ ɔ ]
sow, bow [ aU]
season [ ə ]
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

37. Tagalog:
Letter u is sounded [ U ]:
ulan, dulot, sampu
English:
pull [U ]
flute [ u ]
but [∧ ]
unity, pure [ ju ]
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

38. 1.exaggerate 6. beige
2. excellent 7. massage
3. because 8. azure
4. pressure 9. explosion
5. Michigan 10. sabotage
ORAL DRILLS:
Read the following words (with
hissing sounds) correctly. EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

39. 1. tank-thank 9. rice-rise
2. true-threw 10. precedent-president
3. die-thy 11. face-phase
4. day-they 12. place-plays
5. lacy-lazy 13. advice-advise
6. niece-knees 14. practice-practise
7. ice-eyes 15. device-devise
8. price-prize
B. Read the following minimal pairs
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

40. C. Read the following words with “th”
combinations correctly.
1.heathen (old-fashioned) 6. throng (a large number)
2. clothing 7. thwart (to oppose/defeat)
3. rhythm 8. lethargy
9. wither 9. thorough
10. worthy 10. thymus
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

41. D.Read the following verbs
producing the sound of “ed”
correctly.
1. watched 6. answered
2. dressed 7. pulled
3. asked 8. judged
4. washed 9. coughed
5. begged 10. produced
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

42. E.Read the following words with
“ch” combinations correctly.
1. chameleon 6. chiffon (a sheer fabric)
2. cherub 7. anchovy (family of small fishes
3. charade 8. chauffeur
4. chasm (a deep cleft) 9. launching
5. chorale 10. chrome
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

43. F.Read the following words pairs/
clusters or words with different vowel
sounds.
1. greed- grid 11. beg- bag- bog
2. dean- din 12. jug- jog
3. meal- mill- mail 13. flaw- flow
4. hill- hail- hell 14. called- cold
5. send- land 15. shut- shot
6. set- sat 16. know- knew
7. laid- led- lad 17. load- lewd
8. paste- pest- past 18. suck- sock
9. cap- cop 19. buddy- body
10. ankle- uncle 20. lurk- lark
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

44. THE RHYTHM OF SPEECH
• All spoken language is characterized by a particular
rhythm and melody pattern which makes different
individuals speak in a variety of time and tune.
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY
• An important feature of spoken English is the prominence given to
a syllable in a word or a short span of connected speech
(stress/accent.)
• Stress involves changes in pitch, force, and duration.

45. The following words are accented on the
first syllable:
supervise dictionary
transferable interesting
kilometre catholic
oratory orchestra
comfortable laboratory
notary category
profile colleague
origin
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

46. The following are accented on the
second syllable:
cartoon distinguish
giraffe semester
accustom deficit
abundance subsidiary
acknowledge technique
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

47. The following are accented on the third
syllable.
afternoon sentimental
interference mayonnaise
adolescent propaganda
elementary apparatus
coliseum beneficiary
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

48. These words are accented on the
fourth syllable:
socialization
misunderstand
accommodation
contemporary
pronunciation
temperamental
extemporaneous
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

49. These ones are accented on the fifth
syllable:
personification
indispensability
indiscrimination
capitalization
inevitability
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

50. • A shift in the position of syllable stress results in
word class change (noun-verb shift.)
• Read the following pairs of words accenting the
capitalized syllable of each word:
CONflict - conFLICT
DIScount - disCOUNT
PERmit -perMIT
Export - exPORT
PROcess - proCESS
Rule: Nouns have their accent on the first syllable; verbs have them on
the last syllable.
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

51. • Some words formed by adding a prefix
or a suffix to a rootword usually retain
the same stress; others however result in
a change in syllable stress, function and
meaning.
Read each pair of examples below stressing the
same syllable in both words:
libel- libellous
visual-visualize
subsist- subsistence
endow-endowment
instruct- instruction
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

52. Read each pair of words shifting
syllable stress in the second word of
the pair.
titan- titanic
timid-timidity
gymnast- gymnastic
supplement- supplemental
document- documentary
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

53. • Number words ending in teen,
teenth, ty, or ieth are also
characterized by specific syllable
stress.
• The number words (ending in ty) used in the following
phrases are accented on the first syllable:
1. The thirty participants of the convention.
2. Their twentieth wedding anniversary.
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

54. • The number words (ending in teen, and
teenth) used in the following sentences are
accented either on the first syllable or the last
syllable.
1. My nephew is only sixteen.
( second syllable accented)
2. Petty is sixteen years old.
(first syllable accented)
3. See you on the eighteenth.
(last syllable accented)
4. The seminar is scheduled on the
eighteenth of September.
( first syllable accented)
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

55. Rules:
1. A number word ending in teen or
teenth is accented on the last syllable
(teen/ teenth) when in isolation or when
it is the final word in an expression; it is
accented on the first syllable if it is
followed by another word.
2. A number word ending in ty or ieth is
accented on the first syllable whether it
is the final word in an expression, or it is
followed by another word.
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

56. ORAL DRILL:
urban honourable
urbanize confer
temper hospitable
temperament bamboo
govern admirable
government ceremony
pronunciation committee
authoritarian eligible
antecedent condolence
Read the following words accenting them
correctly:
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

57. • Every person speaks in a variety
of tunes or in different pitch
levels. The rise and fall of the
voice is called intonation.
• There are two basic intonation
patterns of oral English- the
falling intonation and the
rising intonation.
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

58. EXAMPLES
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY
1. Falling intonation:
I don’t think so.

59. EXAMPLES
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY
2. Rising Intonation
Is Justin in school?

60. Read the following sentences (song
titles) with the falling intonation:
1. You are my song. ( statement)
2. Tie a yellow ribbon. (Command)
3. Please forgive me. (request)
4. Where do you go? (Wh- question)
5. How deep is your love! (Exclamation)
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

61. Read the following questions answerable
by YES or NO with the rising intonation:
1. She likes you?
2. Does she like you?
3. Are you satisfied?
4. Can I go with you?
5. You know me, don’t you?
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

62. APPLICATION:
Present a verse choir using the following piece.
ENGLISH IS TOUGH STUFF
Anonymous
Dearest creature in creation,
Study English pronunciation.
I will teach you in my verse
Sounds like corpse, corps, horse, and worse.
I will keep you, Suzy, busy,
Make your head with heat grow dizzy.
Tear in eye, your dress will tear.
So shall I! Oh hear my prayer.
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

63. Just compare heart, beard, and heard,
Dies and diet, lord and word,
Sword and sward, retain and Britain.
(Mind the latter, how it's written.)
Now I surely will not plague you
With such words as plaque and ague.
But be careful how you speak:
Say break and steak, but bleak and streak;
Cloven, oven, how and low,
Script, receipt, show, poem, and toe.
Finally, which rhymes with enough, tough, through, plough, or dough,
or cough?
Hiccough has the sound of cup.
My advice is to not to give up!
EFFECTIVE VOCAL
DELIVERY

64. Thank You!
Rodelio V. Macapuy, PhD