This document discusses different ways that sentences and parts of a text can be related, including through reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunctions, and lexical cohesion. It provides examples of each: reference is shown through pronouns like "he" referring to "Pedro" previously mentioned. Substitution and ellipsis are replacing or omitting items, like replacing "another part of the group" with "another part." Conjunctions show relationships between clauses, like "however" contrasting ideas. Lexical cohesion uses similar vocabulary to link ideas, like repeated words around "patients" and their care. Understanding these connections between parts of a text helps in comprehending the overall meaning.

1. Díaz Quintana Roberto
5 g

2. Identifying reference in the text.
 Every text has a structure. It is not just a random
collection of sentences. The parts that make up the
text are related in a meaningful way to each other.
Recognising the way in which a text has been
organised will help you to understand it better. In
order to understand the text, it is necessary to
understand how the sentences are related. Words like
"it", "this", "that", "here", "there" etc. refer to other
parts of the text. You need to understand these
connections or links.

4. Example Reference
 One day Pedro went outside to play, the street was
alone with no one to pass, he was surprised to see so
empty street, but then an idea occurred to him, back
home to read a book, him better to read the book felt
to go out and play

5. In the text "he“ and “him” Refers to
“pedro."

6. Substitution and ellipsis
 Substitution is the replacement of one item by another
and ellipsis is the omission of the item.

7. Ellipsis is substitution by zero.
 a group was playing soccer , the another
part went to play basketball and the rest
stayed in the living room.

8. "another part" means "Another part of the
group" and "the rest" means "The rest of the
group."

9. conjunction
 Conjunction shows meaningful relationships between
clauses
 The whole Cabinet agreed that there should be a cut in the
amount that the unemployed were receiving; where they
disagreed was in whether this should include a cut in the
standard rate of benefit. The opposition parties, however, were
unwilling to accept any programme of economies which did not
involve a cut in the standard rate of benefit.
 The word "however" shows that this statement is opposite to the
ideas that have come before. Other words used are "for example",
"firstly", " furthermore", "in spite of this", etc.

10. Lexical cohesion
 This is a way of achieving a cohesive effect by the
use of particular vocabulary items
 Patients who repeatedly take overdoses pose
considerable management difficulties. The problem-orientated
approach is not usually effective with such
patients. When a patient seems to be developing a
pattern of chronic repeats, it is recommended that all
staff engaged in his or her care meet to reconstruct
each attempt in order to determine whether there
appears to be a motive common to each act.

11.  For cohesion to occur, it is not necessary for each word
to refer to exactly the same item or even be
grammatically equivalent. All the words related to
"debt" contribute to the cohesion.
 In this case Patients

12. FOR EXAMPLE