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CERTAIN ÍTEMS OF LANGUAGE IN 
ENGLISH HAVE THE PROPERTY OF 
REFERENCE. THAT IS, THEY DO NOT 
HAVE MEANING THEMSELVES, BUT 
THEY REFER TO SOMETHING ELSE FOR 
THEIR MEANING.
The scientific study of memory began in the carly 1870s when a 
German philosopher. Hermann Ebbinghaus, came up with the 
revolutionary idea that memory could be studied experimentally. In 
doing so he broke away from a 200- year-old tradition that firmly 
assigned the study of memory to the philosopher rather than to 
the scientist. He argued that the philosophers had come up with a 
wide ranger of possible interpretations of memory but had produced 
no way of deciding which amongst these theories offered the best 
explanation of memory. He aimed to collect objective experimental 
evidence of the way in which memory worked in the hope that this 
would allow him to choose between the various theories. 
IN THIS TEXT “HE” AND “ HIM” REFERS TO “HERMANN EBBINGHAUS”. 
IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE TEXT, YOU NEED TO KNOW WHAT 
THESE WORDS REFER TO IN THE TEXT.
FOR EXAMPLE: 
Thomas A. Edison invented the Ligth bulb, he also said that genious is 
1% inspirations, 99% perspiration. 
The referent in this example is the “he” located after the period, and it 
spare us necessity of saying his name again .

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Reference

  • 1.
  • 2. CERTAIN ÍTEMS OF LANGUAGE IN ENGLISH HAVE THE PROPERTY OF REFERENCE. THAT IS, THEY DO NOT HAVE MEANING THEMSELVES, BUT THEY REFER TO SOMETHING ELSE FOR THEIR MEANING.
  • 3. The scientific study of memory began in the carly 1870s when a German philosopher. Hermann Ebbinghaus, came up with the revolutionary idea that memory could be studied experimentally. In doing so he broke away from a 200- year-old tradition that firmly assigned the study of memory to the philosopher rather than to the scientist. He argued that the philosophers had come up with a wide ranger of possible interpretations of memory but had produced no way of deciding which amongst these theories offered the best explanation of memory. He aimed to collect objective experimental evidence of the way in which memory worked in the hope that this would allow him to choose between the various theories. IN THIS TEXT “HE” AND “ HIM” REFERS TO “HERMANN EBBINGHAUS”. IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE TEXT, YOU NEED TO KNOW WHAT THESE WORDS REFER TO IN THE TEXT.
  • 4. FOR EXAMPLE: Thomas A. Edison invented the Ligth bulb, he also said that genious is 1% inspirations, 99% perspiration. The referent in this example is the “he” located after the period, and it spare us necessity of saying his name again .