Infrastructure
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This document discusses key components of infrastructure that are essential for economic development in India. It outlines that infrastructure includes physical structures like transportation, energy, irrigation, communication, as well as social services like health and education. The document notes that India's 11th Five Year Plan estimates $492.5 billion is needed for infrastructure development. It then examines each component in more detail, highlighting their importance and current challenges.
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Infrastructure in india ,Indian Infrastructure
The document discusses infrastructure in India. It notes that while India is the fourth largest economy, lack of proper infrastructure has slowed GDP growth by 1-2% annually. Key sectors of infrastructure in India include energy, transport, communication, education and health. However, India faces problems developing its infrastructure like issues with land acquisition, funding constraints, and delays in approvals. While India aims to invest $500 billion in infrastructure by 2012, it still lags behind China which spends 11% of its GDP on infrastructure and has been increasing spending by 25% annually. Improving infrastructure is important for India's continued economic growth and development.
Infrastructure development in india
The document discusses infrastructure development in India. It covers sectors like power, roadways, railways, oil and gas, and telecommunications. Some key points:
1. India plans major investments to expand infrastructure like doubling spending on infrastructure to $1 trillion under the 12th Five-Year Plan.
2. The power sector faces a large demand-supply gap and needs over 150,000 MW of additional generation capacity. Reforms are expected to boost growth across generation, transmission and distribution.
3. Road and rail projects include expanding national highways, building the Golden Quadrilateral network, developing high speed rail, and the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor project.
4. Oil and
Infrastrucure
This document discusses infrastructure in India, focusing on energy, electricity, and health. It notes that infrastructure promotes development and facilitates economic activity. While India has made progress, rural areas still lack basic infrastructure like electricity and sanitation. The energy sector relies heavily on fossil fuels and faces challenges of meeting rising demand. Health infrastructure has a three-tiered system, but rural areas have fewer facilities and doctors. Improving infrastructure, especially in rural areas, is needed to support further development.
Infrastructure
The document discusses infrastructure and its types in India. It notes that infrastructure includes economic infrastructure like power, transport etc. that directly support economic activity and social infrastructure like schools, hospitals that indirectly support production. Infrastructure promotes development, facilitates production and trade, and enhances quality of life. However, rural infrastructure in India remains inadequate, with limited access to electricity, tap water, and sanitation for many households. The document also discusses issues and challenges in India's power sector as well as measures to address the energy crisis.
Infrastructure Development New (3)
The document discusses infrastructure development in India and analyzes the Union Budget for 2010-11. It provides details of projected investment in infrastructure sectors in the 11th Five Year Plan period. Key highlights include a projected total investment of $515 billion with the largest allocations to electricity, roads, and telecom. The budget increased allocation to sectors like roads and power but also imposed some taxes that may increase costs. Overall, the document finds that while the budget boosted some infrastructure sectors, increased taxes could negatively impact profitability of related industries.
IMPORTANCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
1) Infrastructure is the basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of an economy, including roads, bridges, rail lines, and public works.
2) India's total investment in infrastructure was estimated to be 6-9% of GDP in 2016-17, but the budget plan calls for 9-11% investment to achieve a GDP growth of 9% annually.
3) The Eleventh Five-Year Plan projected total infrastructure investment of Rs. 20.6 trillion from 2007-2012, with the largest allocations for electricity (32%), roads (15%), and telecommunications (13%).
Economic infrastructure
This document provides information on smart cities and economic infrastructure in India. It defines infrastructure and discusses different types of infrastructure including economic infrastructure like transportation, communication, energy supply systems, and social infrastructure like education and healthcare. It outlines government initiatives to boost infrastructure development through public-private partnerships and foreign investment. The creation of smart cities aims to provide basic infrastructure and services, apply smart solutions to make cities more efficient, and improve quality of life through area-based development. The two-stage selection process for smart cities involves intra-state competition followed by an all-India competition to select winning cities.
Role of infrastructure in economic development
This document discusses the role of infrastructure, including economic and social infrastructure, in economic development. It defines economic infrastructure as facilities like transportation, energy and communications that support industry, and social infrastructure as facilities like education, health and housing that support human development. The document explains that well-developed infrastructure boosts economic growth by expanding industry's productive capacity and stimulating aggregate demand. It also discusses how social infrastructure like education and health are important for labor productivity and economic growth, but may require government support and investment. The conclusion states that infrastructure development can be an effective way to reduce poverty by improving access to opportunities.
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Infrastructure in india ,Indian Infrastructure
The document discusses infrastructure in India. It notes that while India is the fourth largest economy, lack of proper infrastructure has slowed GDP growth by 1-2% annually. Key sectors of infrastructure in India include energy, transport, communication, education and health. However, India faces problems developing its infrastructure like issues with land acquisition, funding constraints, and delays in approvals. While India aims to invest $500 billion in infrastructure by 2012, it still lags behind China which spends 11% of its GDP on infrastructure and has been increasing spending by 25% annually. Improving infrastructure is important for India's continued economic growth and development.
Infrastructure development in india
The document discusses infrastructure development in India. It covers sectors like power, roadways, railways, oil and gas, and telecommunications. Some key points:
1. India plans major investments to expand infrastructure like doubling spending on infrastructure to $1 trillion under the 12th Five-Year Plan.
2. The power sector faces a large demand-supply gap and needs over 150,000 MW of additional generation capacity. Reforms are expected to boost growth across generation, transmission and distribution.
3. Road and rail projects include expanding national highways, building the Golden Quadrilateral network, developing high speed rail, and the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor project.
4. Oil and
Infrastrucure
This document discusses infrastructure in India, focusing on energy, electricity, and health. It notes that infrastructure promotes development and facilitates economic activity. While India has made progress, rural areas still lack basic infrastructure like electricity and sanitation. The energy sector relies heavily on fossil fuels and faces challenges of meeting rising demand. Health infrastructure has a three-tiered system, but rural areas have fewer facilities and doctors. Improving infrastructure, especially in rural areas, is needed to support further development.
Infrastructure
The document discusses infrastructure and its types in India. It notes that infrastructure includes economic infrastructure like power, transport etc. that directly support economic activity and social infrastructure like schools, hospitals that indirectly support production. Infrastructure promotes development, facilitates production and trade, and enhances quality of life. However, rural infrastructure in India remains inadequate, with limited access to electricity, tap water, and sanitation for many households. The document also discusses issues and challenges in India's power sector as well as measures to address the energy crisis.
Infrastructure Development New (3)
The document discusses infrastructure development in India and analyzes the Union Budget for 2010-11. It provides details of projected investment in infrastructure sectors in the 11th Five Year Plan period. Key highlights include a projected total investment of $515 billion with the largest allocations to electricity, roads, and telecom. The budget increased allocation to sectors like roads and power but also imposed some taxes that may increase costs. Overall, the document finds that while the budget boosted some infrastructure sectors, increased taxes could negatively impact profitability of related industries.
IMPORTANCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
1) Infrastructure is the basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of an economy, including roads, bridges, rail lines, and public works.
2) India's total investment in infrastructure was estimated to be 6-9% of GDP in 2016-17, but the budget plan calls for 9-11% investment to achieve a GDP growth of 9% annually.
3) The Eleventh Five-Year Plan projected total infrastructure investment of Rs. 20.6 trillion from 2007-2012, with the largest allocations for electricity (32%), roads (15%), and telecommunications (13%).
Economic infrastructure
This document provides information on smart cities and economic infrastructure in India. It defines infrastructure and discusses different types of infrastructure including economic infrastructure like transportation, communication, energy supply systems, and social infrastructure like education and healthcare. It outlines government initiatives to boost infrastructure development through public-private partnerships and foreign investment. The creation of smart cities aims to provide basic infrastructure and services, apply smart solutions to make cities more efficient, and improve quality of life through area-based development. The two-stage selection process for smart cities involves intra-state competition followed by an all-India competition to select winning cities.
Role of infrastructure in economic development
This document discusses the role of infrastructure, including economic and social infrastructure, in economic development. It defines economic infrastructure as facilities like transportation, energy and communications that support industry, and social infrastructure as facilities like education, health and housing that support human development. The document explains that well-developed infrastructure boosts economic growth by expanding industry's productive capacity and stimulating aggregate demand. It also discusses how social infrastructure like education and health are important for labor productivity and economic growth, but may require government support and investment. The conclusion states that infrastructure development can be an effective way to reduce poverty by improving access to opportunities.
3. infrastructure in india
India's infrastructure plays an important role in its economic development but lacks world-class infrastructure, which pulls down GDP growth by 1-2% annually. Infrastructure includes electricity, railways, roads, ports, airports, irrigation, and sanitation. India needs to invest over $1 trillion in infrastructure by 2019 to support sectors like energy, transport, communication, education, and health. Improving infrastructure can increase national income, employment, urbanization, attract foreign investment, and support rural development. However, India faces challenges like difficulties acquiring land, funding constraints, poor planning and execution, and population growth.
Social infrastructure
The document discusses key aspects of social infrastructure in India including education, health, and water/sanitation. It notes that education is essential for development and human capital formation. It provides statistics on India's education sector such as literacy rates increasing from 52.2% to 74% from 1991-2012. The document also discusses the importance of health for productivity and economic growth. It provides health expenditure statistics for India. Finally, it discusses how access to clean water and sanitation creates opportunities and economic growth, and notes global access statistics.
Five year plan and NITI AAYOG
India has launched 11 five year plans so far and 12th is in progress.DescriptionThe NITI Aayog is a policy think tank of the Government of India, established with the aim to achieve Sustainable Development Goals and to enhance cooperative federalism by fostering the involvement of State Governments of India in the economic policy-making process using a bottom-up approach.
Poverty and unemployment in india by Abhishek Lahiry
The document discusses the concepts of poverty and unemployment in India, their relationship, and efforts to reduce them. It provides historical data showing that poverty in India peaked in the 1960s and has declined since economic reforms in the 1990s, but still impacts hundreds of millions who lack basic necessities. Unemployment rates average around 9% and are caused by factors like population growth, low agricultural productivity, and lack of skills training. Several government programs have aimed to reduce poverty through rural development, employment guarantees, and self-employment initiatives, but more remains to be done to educate citizens and implement effective policies.
Regional imbalances
Regional imbalances or disparities means wide differences in per capita income, literacy rates, health and education services, levels of industrialization, etc. between different regions. Regions may be either States or regions within a State. In India there are enormous imbalances on various accounts. The exploitative nature of British colonial rule either created or accentuated regional disparities. The planning in independent India has also not been able to remove these disparities. Balanced regional development has always been an essential component of the Indian development strategy. Since all parts of the country are not equally well endowed with physical and human resources to take advantage of growth opportunities, and since historical inequalities have not been eliminated, planned intervention is required to ensure that large regional imbalances do not occur. Spectacular growth attained by some regions and in some sectors in India, after independence, is in contrast to low levels of development still prevailing in many parts. Therefore, it was felt that the State had a major role to play in removing disparities. This commitment was reflected in the Constitution and in planning objectives. Two major institutions, which were expected to work towards reducing the regional imbalances after independence, were the Finance Commission and the NITI Aayog (Planning Commission) . The Finance Commission has only limited role to play. Hence, more responsibility is vested on the NITI Aayog (Planning Commission). India’s successive Five Year Plans have stressed the need to develop backward regions of the country. In promoting regional balanced development, public sector enterprises were located in backward areas of the country during the early phase of economic planning. In spite of pro-backward areas policies and programmes, considerable economic and social inequalities exist among different States of India, as reflected in differences in per capita State Domestic Product. While income growth performance has diverged, there is welcome evidence of some convergence in education and health indicators across the states.
Economic policy
The document discusses India's economic policy, including important factors like the structure and nature of the economy, economic conditions, policies, and global linkages. It outlines the objectives of economic policy like promoting agriculture, industry, and development. Key aspects of economic policy discussed include liberalization, privatization, fiscal and monetary policy, and indicators like GDP, industrial production, and inflation. It also provides an overview of India's economic performance in recent years based on various economic indicators.
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Recent development in indian economy
The document summarizes recent developments in the Indian economy over the past 10-15 years. It notes that India has experienced rapid economic growth averaging 7% annually since economic reforms in 1991. Key developments include growth in the information technology and services sectors, increased foreign investment, expansion of infrastructure like roads and airports, rising urbanization and literacy rates, and developments in healthcare, education, tourism, and rural development. Military research and development has also increased substantially with large contracts for aircraft and other equipment. The economy has become the 7th largest in the world and is classified as a newly industrialized nation.
Economic Planning
This document discusses various types of economic planning. It begins by defining economic planning as the deliberate direction of economic activity towards chosen ends by a central planning authority. It then discusses the need for planning in underdeveloped countries to increase development rates and mobilize resources. The key aspects of successful plan formulation include establishing a planning commission, collecting statistical data, setting objectives, mobilizing resources, balancing the plan, and implementing proper development policies. The document also compares different approaches to planning such as planning by direction vs inducement, democratic vs totalitarian planning, centralized vs decentralized planning, and structural vs functional planning.
vicious circle of poverty
This document discusses factors affecting economic growth and development and the vicious circle of poverty. It defines economic growth as an increase in real GDP per capita over time, while economic development brings both quantitative and qualitative changes through initiatives like infrastructure, health, education, etc. Key factors influencing growth are discussed as capital formation, natural resources, trade, and economic systems. Non-economic factors include human capital, technology, political freedom, social organization, and corruption. The vicious circle of poverty is then examined in terms of how low capital, labor, and technology can perpetuate poverty through mechanisms like low savings, child labor, and lack of infrastructure and innovation.
Capital formation its source
Capital formation is the process of building up the capital stock of a country through investing in productive plants and equipment.
Capital formation, in other words, involves the increasing of capital assets by efficient utilization of the available and human resources of the country.
Economic Planning In India
Economic planning in India began in 1950 to address issues like poverty, low income, population growth, and problems from the country's partition. The Planning Commission oversees five-year plans that aim to boost economic growth, reduce inequality, spur modernization and development, and generate employment. The 11th five-year plan seeks to double per capita income by 2017 through 10% annual GDP growth, raise farm output, cut unemployment, and improve literacy, women's status, the environment, and other social indicators.
Infrastructure development - GEEB
This document discusses India's infrastructure development and policy. It outlines the current state of India's infrastructure, including poor road conditions and electricity shortages. It also identifies factors impeding development, such as a poor judicial system and corruption. The document then covers India's efforts to develop various infrastructure sectors like power, ports, and roads through public-private partnerships and privatization. It concludes by noting that if private investment in infrastructure continues, India can expect to sustain its high economic growth.
social infrastructure in india
Social infrastructure includes activities and services like education, health services, sanitation, and water supply that help economic development indirectly. Education produces skilled workers and promotes innovation, though it does not directly impact production. It is one of the most important factors for development. India has made progress with literacy rates rising from 52.2% in 1991 to 74.04% in 2012 and large numbers of educational institutions, but more investment is still needed. Health care impacts productivity and economic opportunities through job creation and policy shaping. Access to clean water and sanitation improves health and productivity while creating economic opportunities for the poor.
Employment trends in India
This document analyzes employment trends in India from 1993-2013 based on data from the National Sample Survey. It finds that the share of the workforce employed in agriculture has declined while employment has increased in the manufacturing, non-manufacturing and service sectors. Within services, employment has grown the most in trade, transport, education and health. The study aims to explain sectoral employment trends and factors affecting employment in India.
Analysis of 15th Finance Commission's First Report
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Understanding Finance Commission and its Functions
Assessment of Union and State Finances
Recommendations on Vertical and Horizontal Devolution
Allocation of Grants-in-aid to States and Local Bodies
Recommendations on Disaster Risk Management
Public sector its role, performance and reforms
The document discusses the role and performance of public sector enterprises (PSEs) in India. It notes that PSEs have played a strategic role in India's rapid industrialization by undertaking large capital-intensive projects and promoting equitable distribution of wealth. However, over time PSEs have faced issues like unprofitable pricing, overstaffing, and underutilized capacity. The document outlines various remedial measures to improve PSE performance, such as allowing more managerial autonomy, introducing competition, and public sector reforms like disinvestment and privatization.
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Its about economics reforms that were introduced in 1991.
why such reforms were needed ?
what was situation at that time ?
what were the achievement and limitations of economic reforms ?
Public Goods and Private Goods
Public goods are characterized by non-excludability and non-rivalry. They cause market failure because the private sector cannot exclude non-payers or protect property rights. Examples include national defense, flood control, and street lighting. Quasi-public goods share some characteristics but can be made semi-excludable or semi-rival through congestion. While the private sector does not normally provide pure public goods, governments must determine optimal provision levels, though new technologies are blurring distinctions with private goods.
shwetha 12th five year plan
The document summarizes India's 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017). Key points include: the plan aims for 8.2% average GDP growth through faster, more inclusive and sustainable growth. Major objectives are better agricultural and job growth. Strategic challenges include improving infrastructure, education, health, energy and urban development. The plan sets targets for key sectors and priorities increasing funding for health, education, and infrastructure development.
12th five year plan
The document discusses India's 12th Five Year Plan and its focus on inclusive growth. Some key points:
1) The 12th Five Year Plan aims to accelerate economic growth to 9% through private sector investment while also focusing on inclusive growth and reducing regional disparities.
2) It identifies four critical challenges: managing energy, water, urban transformation, and ensuring environmental protection alongside growth.
3) Inclusiveness will require a focus on scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and minorities, as well as improving access to education, health, water and sanitation for all.
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3. infrastructure in india
India's infrastructure plays an important role in its economic development but lacks world-class infrastructure, which pulls down GDP growth by 1-2% annually. Infrastructure includes electricity, railways, roads, ports, airports, irrigation, and sanitation. India needs to invest over $1 trillion in infrastructure by 2019 to support sectors like energy, transport, communication, education, and health. Improving infrastructure can increase national income, employment, urbanization, attract foreign investment, and support rural development. However, India faces challenges like difficulties acquiring land, funding constraints, poor planning and execution, and population growth.
Social infrastructure
The document discusses key aspects of social infrastructure in India including education, health, and water/sanitation. It notes that education is essential for development and human capital formation. It provides statistics on India's education sector such as literacy rates increasing from 52.2% to 74% from 1991-2012. The document also discusses the importance of health for productivity and economic growth. It provides health expenditure statistics for India. Finally, it discusses how access to clean water and sanitation creates opportunities and economic growth, and notes global access statistics.
Five year plan and NITI AAYOG
India has launched 11 five year plans so far and 12th is in progress.DescriptionThe NITI Aayog is a policy think tank of the Government of India, established with the aim to achieve Sustainable Development Goals and to enhance cooperative federalism by fostering the involvement of State Governments of India in the economic policy-making process using a bottom-up approach.
Poverty and unemployment in india by Abhishek Lahiry
The document discusses the concepts of poverty and unemployment in India, their relationship, and efforts to reduce them. It provides historical data showing that poverty in India peaked in the 1960s and has declined since economic reforms in the 1990s, but still impacts hundreds of millions who lack basic necessities. Unemployment rates average around 9% and are caused by factors like population growth, low agricultural productivity, and lack of skills training. Several government programs have aimed to reduce poverty through rural development, employment guarantees, and self-employment initiatives, but more remains to be done to educate citizens and implement effective policies.
Regional imbalances
Regional imbalances or disparities means wide differences in per capita income, literacy rates, health and education services, levels of industrialization, etc. between different regions. Regions may be either States or regions within a State. In India there are enormous imbalances on various accounts. The exploitative nature of British colonial rule either created or accentuated regional disparities. The planning in independent India has also not been able to remove these disparities. Balanced regional development has always been an essential component of the Indian development strategy. Since all parts of the country are not equally well endowed with physical and human resources to take advantage of growth opportunities, and since historical inequalities have not been eliminated, planned intervention is required to ensure that large regional imbalances do not occur. Spectacular growth attained by some regions and in some sectors in India, after independence, is in contrast to low levels of development still prevailing in many parts. Therefore, it was felt that the State had a major role to play in removing disparities. This commitment was reflected in the Constitution and in planning objectives. Two major institutions, which were expected to work towards reducing the regional imbalances after independence, were the Finance Commission and the NITI Aayog (Planning Commission) . The Finance Commission has only limited role to play. Hence, more responsibility is vested on the NITI Aayog (Planning Commission). India’s successive Five Year Plans have stressed the need to develop backward regions of the country. In promoting regional balanced development, public sector enterprises were located in backward areas of the country during the early phase of economic planning. In spite of pro-backward areas policies and programmes, considerable economic and social inequalities exist among different States of India, as reflected in differences in per capita State Domestic Product. While income growth performance has diverged, there is welcome evidence of some convergence in education and health indicators across the states.
Economic policy
The document discusses India's economic policy, including important factors like the structure and nature of the economy, economic conditions, policies, and global linkages. It outlines the objectives of economic policy like promoting agriculture, industry, and development. Key aspects of economic policy discussed include liberalization, privatization, fiscal and monetary policy, and indicators like GDP, industrial production, and inflation. It also provides an overview of India's economic performance in recent years based on various economic indicators.
Public sector its role, performance and reforms
B.Com (Hons) students, B.A. Economics
Public Sector Role, Objectives, performance, problems in india
Infrastructure and Economic Growth in India
This document discusses the relationship between infrastructure development and economic growth in India. It defines infrastructure and identifies its two main types: economic infrastructure like transportation and energy, and social infrastructure such as education and healthcare. The document explains that infrastructure investment contributes directly to GDP growth and improves productivity. It outlines India's increasing infrastructure investment over decades through five-year plans. Current government plans aim to further boost investment in urban development, transportation, and manufacturing through initiatives like Smart Cities and Make in India.
Recent development in indian economy
The document summarizes recent developments in the Indian economy over the past 10-15 years. It notes that India has experienced rapid economic growth averaging 7% annually since economic reforms in 1991. Key developments include growth in the information technology and services sectors, increased foreign investment, expansion of infrastructure like roads and airports, rising urbanization and literacy rates, and developments in healthcare, education, tourism, and rural development. Military research and development has also increased substantially with large contracts for aircraft and other equipment. The economy has become the 7th largest in the world and is classified as a newly industrialized nation.
Economic Planning
This document discusses various types of economic planning. It begins by defining economic planning as the deliberate direction of economic activity towards chosen ends by a central planning authority. It then discusses the need for planning in underdeveloped countries to increase development rates and mobilize resources. The key aspects of successful plan formulation include establishing a planning commission, collecting statistical data, setting objectives, mobilizing resources, balancing the plan, and implementing proper development policies. The document also compares different approaches to planning such as planning by direction vs inducement, democratic vs totalitarian planning, centralized vs decentralized planning, and structural vs functional planning.
vicious circle of poverty
This document discusses factors affecting economic growth and development and the vicious circle of poverty. It defines economic growth as an increase in real GDP per capita over time, while economic development brings both quantitative and qualitative changes through initiatives like infrastructure, health, education, etc. Key factors influencing growth are discussed as capital formation, natural resources, trade, and economic systems. Non-economic factors include human capital, technology, political freedom, social organization, and corruption. The vicious circle of poverty is then examined in terms of how low capital, labor, and technology can perpetuate poverty through mechanisms like low savings, child labor, and lack of infrastructure and innovation.
Capital formation its source
Capital formation is the process of building up the capital stock of a country through investing in productive plants and equipment.
Capital formation, in other words, involves the increasing of capital assets by efficient utilization of the available and human resources of the country.
Economic Planning In India
Economic planning in India began in 1950 to address issues like poverty, low income, population growth, and problems from the country's partition. The Planning Commission oversees five-year plans that aim to boost economic growth, reduce inequality, spur modernization and development, and generate employment. The 11th five-year plan seeks to double per capita income by 2017 through 10% annual GDP growth, raise farm output, cut unemployment, and improve literacy, women's status, the environment, and other social indicators.
Infrastructure development - GEEB
This document discusses India's infrastructure development and policy. It outlines the current state of India's infrastructure, including poor road conditions and electricity shortages. It also identifies factors impeding development, such as a poor judicial system and corruption. The document then covers India's efforts to develop various infrastructure sectors like power, ports, and roads through public-private partnerships and privatization. It concludes by noting that if private investment in infrastructure continues, India can expect to sustain its high economic growth.
social infrastructure in india
Social infrastructure includes activities and services like education, health services, sanitation, and water supply that help economic development indirectly. Education produces skilled workers and promotes innovation, though it does not directly impact production. It is one of the most important factors for development. India has made progress with literacy rates rising from 52.2% in 1991 to 74.04% in 2012 and large numbers of educational institutions, but more investment is still needed. Health care impacts productivity and economic opportunities through job creation and policy shaping. Access to clean water and sanitation improves health and productivity while creating economic opportunities for the poor.
Employment trends in India
This document analyzes employment trends in India from 1993-2013 based on data from the National Sample Survey. It finds that the share of the workforce employed in agriculture has declined while employment has increased in the manufacturing, non-manufacturing and service sectors. Within services, employment has grown the most in trade, transport, education and health. The study aims to explain sectoral employment trends and factors affecting employment in India.
Analysis of 15th Finance Commission's First Report
Key Takeaways:
Understanding Finance Commission and its Functions
Assessment of Union and State Finances
Recommendations on Vertical and Horizontal Devolution
Allocation of Grants-in-aid to States and Local Bodies
Recommendations on Disaster Risk Management
Public sector its role, performance and reforms
The document discusses the role and performance of public sector enterprises (PSEs) in India. It notes that PSEs have played a strategic role in India's rapid industrialization by undertaking large capital-intensive projects and promoting equitable distribution of wealth. However, over time PSEs have faced issues like unprofitable pricing, overstaffing, and underutilized capacity. The document outlines various remedial measures to improve PSE performance, such as allowing more managerial autonomy, introducing competition, and public sector reforms like disinvestment and privatization.
Economic reforms in india
Its about economics reforms that were introduced in 1991.
why such reforms were needed ?
what was situation at that time ?
what were the achievement and limitations of economic reforms ?
Public Goods and Private Goods
Public goods are characterized by non-excludability and non-rivalry. They cause market failure because the private sector cannot exclude non-payers or protect property rights. Examples include national defense, flood control, and street lighting. Quasi-public goods share some characteristics but can be made semi-excludable or semi-rival through congestion. While the private sector does not normally provide pure public goods, governments must determine optimal provision levels, though new technologies are blurring distinctions with private goods.
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Poverty and unemployment in india by Abhishek Lahiry
Poverty and unemployment in india by Abhishek Lahiry
Analysis of 15th Finance Commission's First Report
Analysis of 15th Finance Commission's First Report
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shwetha 12th five year plan
The document summarizes India's 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017). Key points include: the plan aims for 8.2% average GDP growth through faster, more inclusive and sustainable growth. Major objectives are better agricultural and job growth. Strategic challenges include improving infrastructure, education, health, energy and urban development. The plan sets targets for key sectors and priorities increasing funding for health, education, and infrastructure development.
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The document discusses India's 12th Five Year Plan and its focus on inclusive growth. Some key points:
1) The 12th Five Year Plan aims to accelerate economic growth to 9% through private sector investment while also focusing on inclusive growth and reducing regional disparities.
2) It identifies four critical challenges: managing energy, water, urban transformation, and ensuring environmental protection alongside growth.
3) Inclusiveness will require a focus on scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and minorities, as well as improving access to education, health, water and sanitation for all.
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FIVE YEAR PLANS OF INDIA
The First Five Year Plan from 1951-1955 had total budget of 206.8 billion INR. Its objectives were to raise living standards and develop agriculture, energy, irrigation, industry, and social services. The plan achieved GDP growth of 3.6% per year, exceeding its target of 2.1%. The Second Five Year Plan from 1956-1961 aimed to increase national income by 25% and make India more industrialized. It achieved the establishment of 5 steel plants, increased coal and railway production, and land reforms. The Third Five Year Plan from 1961-1966 focused on agriculture, employment, equality, and decentralization through organizations like village councils.
Five Year Plans of India
The First Five Year Plan from 1951-1955 had total budget of 206.8 billion INR. Its objectives were to raise living standards and develop agriculture, energy, irrigation, industry, and social services. The plan achieved GDP growth of 3.6% per year, exceeding its target of 2.1%. The Second Five Year Plan from 1956-1961 aimed to increase national income by 25% and make India more industrialized. It achieved the establishment of 5 steel plants, increased coal and railway production, and land reforms. The Third Five Year Plan from 1961-1966 focused on agriculture, employment, equality, and decentralization through organizations like village councils.
five year plans of India
The First Five Year Plan from 1951-1955 had total budget of 206.8 billion INR. Its objectives were to raise living standards and develop agriculture, energy, irrigation, industry, and social services. The plan achieved GDP growth of 3.6% per year, exceeding its target of 2.1%. The Second Five Year Plan from 1956-1961 aimed to increase national income by 25% and make India more industrialized. It achieved the establishment of 5 steel plants, increased coal and railway production, and land reforms. The Third Five Year Plan from 1961-1966 focused on agriculture, employment, equality, and decentralization through organizations like village councils.
five year plans of India
The First Five Year Plan from 1951-1955 had total budget of 206.8 billion INR. Its objectives were to raise living standards and develop agriculture, energy, irrigation, industry, and social services. The plan achieved GDP growth of 3.6% per year, exceeding its target of 2.1%. The Second Five Year Plan from 1956-1961 aimed to increase national income by 25% and make India more industrialized. It achieved the establishment of 5 steel plants, increased coal and railway production, and land reforms. The Third Five Year Plan from 1961-1966 focused on agriculture, employment, equality, and decentralization through organizations like village councils.
VictoriousSecret
The document contains details of a team working on a project called "Sunrise States: Realizing the growth potential of North-East". It lists the team members, their email IDs and mobile numbers. It then outlines the problem statement, challenges, areas of growth potential and an 8-fold solution for developing the North-East region of India. The proposed solution focuses on structural transformation, harnessing resources, building capacity, self-governance, poverty eradication, infrastructure development, and making it a center for trade. Implementation of the strategy would require empowering people, developing sectors of comparative advantage, capacity building, and overcoming challenges like disparities, land and environmental issues, and security concerns.
Infrastructural development financil
The document discusses infrastructure financing challenges and opportunities. It notes that over 1 billion people lack access to electricity and clean water. Meeting global infrastructure needs presents financing challenges but also opportunities to involve private investors through public-private partnerships. Sustainable infrastructure is important for achieving economic growth while reducing poverty and environmental impacts. A variety of public and private financing sources can be tapped, including development banks, bonds, equity and loans. Coordination between public and private partners is important to leverage private financing cost-effectively for sustainable development goals.
India 2022
The document summarizes India's progress and opportunities for growth between 2022. It outlines that India has become a major player in several industries like IT and biotechnology. While India has transformed from a bureaucratic system with slow growth to one of the fastest growing economies, it still faces challenges like unemployment, access to healthcare, education and infrastructure development. The document projects that India will become the 3rd largest economy globally by 2022 if it continues its economic growth, and identifies sectors like energy, roads, healthcare, agriculture, and pensions that require further development and investment to support India's growth.
387251 634088891677738750
The document outlines India's vision and strategies for economic development by 2020. It discusses plans to double agricultural production, improve infrastructure like power and transportation, expand education and healthcare access, and grow industries like IT, manufacturing, and biotechnology. The goals are to harness global opportunities, efficiently manage resources, invest in economic enablers, and recognize opportunities to attract global savings to achieve high growth rates and transform India into a developed nation by 2020.
Impact of Government Policies on productivity
Government policies have impacted productivity in various sectors in India. In manufacturing, total factor productivity growth was slow or negative from 1951-1979 but has not improved significantly in the post-reform period from 1980-2007. In agriculture, total factor productivity growth rates were approximately 1.45-2.33% per year between 1973-1993. In the automotive industry, policies like allowing 100% FDI and exempting manufacturing from licensing have supported growth. However, productivity in India's defense sector has been limited by the government's failure to sufficiently encourage private sector involvement in defense production.
Broad features of indian economy
The document provides an overview of key aspects of the Indian economy including employment trends, poverty levels, investments, infrastructure development, agriculture, financial sector performance, industry, and services. It notes that while the economy has grown significantly, poverty and unemployment remain challenges and productivity in agriculture could be improved with better access to irrigation, credit, and adoption of modern practices.
IIIE SECTION A ECONOMICS NOTES Economic development in india
Economic development in India followed socialist policies until the 1980s, when the country began opening up its markets through economic liberalization. Since 1991, India has made further reforms towards a free market economy. India's GDP growth has increased substantially in recent decades, reaching over 7.5% in the late 2000s, though concerns remain about poverty and malnutrition. The economy is driven by expansion of the services sector, which has grown faster than other sectors.
Macro Economics
The 12th five year plan aimed to renew India's economy through high investment and a targeted GDP growth rate of 8.2% annually. Key objectives included better agricultural performance, job creation, industrial growth, and strengthening infrastructure, education, health, and other social services. Strategies to achieve these objectives involved higher investment, market development, rural development, decentralization, technological innovation, and reforms in various sectors like energy, education, and healthcare. Reforms around corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, liberalizing the external sector, and moving towards capital account convertibility were also seen as important to drive faster and more inclusive economic growth.
Investing in India - Feb 2010
The document discusses key trends in India as an investment destination including:
1) Several sectors are experiencing strong growth driven by increasing urbanization, consumerism, and financial inclusion such as healthcare, energy, education, waste management, and financial services.
2) Many of these sectors still have large demand-supply gaps when it comes to meeting the needs of India's growing population such as in healthcare infrastructure and energy generation.
3) Investing in India still faces some risks and challenges including potential political instability, founders reluctant to dilute control of companies, governance issues at some family-run firms, and difficulties raising capital or finding liquidity events.
Development of indian economy
India has one of the fastest growing economies in the world, ranked 4th globally by PPP in 2001. Its economy is driven by agriculture, manufacturing, and services industries. Economic development depends on increasing efficiency, technological progress, and a shift away from agriculture. Historically, India's economy has progressed through pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial phases. It faces challenges like poverty, unemployment, population growth, and rural-urban disparities but is addressing these through reforms and investment in infrastructure, education, and technology. If current growth continues, India may become a developed economy by 2020-2025.
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IIIE SECTION A ECONOMICS NOTES Economic development in india
IIIE SECTION A ECONOMICS NOTES Economic development in india
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Purchasing Power Parity
The document discusses the purchasing power parity (PPP) theory of exchange rates. PPP states that inflation rates should be reflected in changes in exchange rates to keep prices of identical goods equal across countries. It assumes the "law of one price," where identical goods have the same price globally excluding transaction costs. The theory was introduced in the 1920s as hyperinflation caused currency depreciation. Absolute PPP posits the exchange rate equals the ratio of price levels between countries. Deviations from absolute PPP can occur in real world markets.
Interest rate parity 1
The Interest Rate Parity states that the difference between interest rates of two countries equals the difference between the forward and spot exchange rates. It plays an essential role in foreign exchange markets by preventing arbitrage opportunities. When returns on two currencies are equal, interest rate parity prevails. Factors like expected inflation, monetary policy, and economic conditions influence market interest rates. Interest rate parity implies that if the domestic interest rate is lower than the foreign rate, domestic investors will invest abroad to benefit, and vice versa if the domestic rate is higher.
Agriculture
Agriculture is very important for India's economy and society. It contributes to national income, employment, and government revenue. Food crop production has increased substantially over the past 60 years, with cereal production increasing 4.7 times and wheat production increasing 12.5 times. However, agricultural productivity varies significantly based on factors like rainfall and region. While states like Punjab and Haryana have high productivity, others like Bihar and Odisha have low productivity. Production of commercial crops has also risen considerably.
Purchasing Power Parity
Purchasing power parity (PPP) theory focuses on the relationship between inflation and exchange rates. It is based on the law of one price, which states that identical goods should have the same price in different markets. Absolute PPP postulates that the equilibrium exchange rate between two currencies equals the ratio of their price levels. Thus, similar products should have equal prices when measured in a common currency according to absolute PPP. In reality, deviations from absolute PPP can occur due to things like transport costs or trade barriers.
National Income
This document provides an overview of trends in India's national income from 2004-2010. It includes:
1. India's GDP growth rate remained between 6.7-9.7% during this period, with a dip to 6.7% in 2008-09.
2. Per capita income in current prices grew from Rs. 27,183 in 2005-06 to Rs. 43,749 in 2009-10. In constant 2004-05 prices it grew from Rs. 32,012 to Rs. 40,745 over the same period.
3. The sectoral growth rates varied, with agriculture declining 0.2% in 2009-10 while electricity, gas and water supply and manufacturing grew over
Economic planning
The document summarizes India's history of economic planning from the First Five Year Plan in 1951 to the Eleventh Five Year Plan from 2007-2012. It outlines the key features and objectives of economic planning in India, including increasing GDP and employment, reducing poverty and inequality, and prioritizing sectors like agriculture, education, health, and infrastructure. The main targets of the Eleventh Plan are to accelerate GDP growth to 9% annually and achieve more inclusive development by creating jobs, improving literacy and health outcomes, and expanding access to resources like electricity and roads.
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Infrastructure
- 1. Indian economy (BB301)Infrastructure Course Instructor – Anshu Singh
- 2. Infrastructure Infrastructure is the basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise, or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function.
- 5. Infrastructure – Still a challenge Low priority in plans Huge requirement of investment Exclusion of private sector Regional imbalance Poor maintenance Less expenditure on research and development Long gestation period Inefficient utilization of funds and other resources
- 6. Components of Transport Roadways Railways Water transport Air transport
- 7. Role of transport in development Promotes agricultural development Promotes industrial development Facilitates large scale production Development of rural and remote areas Employment generation National defence Optimum utilization of resources Backbone of trade Helps during natural calamities like floods and famines. Social transformation Mobility of labour and capital Increase in national income Postal services Encouragement to tourism Availability of goods and services
- 8. Political importance Roads help in saving time and cost They provide personal service with respect to timing, suitable vehicles etc. Water and road are often cheap mode of transport. Must for international trade and helps in earning foreign exchange
- 9. Energy Very important part of infrastructure No industrial production is possible without energy It is like a lifeline for the existence of human lives Agriculture also needs energy to run tubewells, tractors and thrashers. Energy is of two types commercial and non commercial Non commercial includes firewood, agricultural waste and animal waste and is generally used for domestic purposes like cooking Coal, petroleum, natural gas, electricity and wind are more commercial forms of energy. They are used for commercial purposes in factories and farms and command a price. Energy can further be classified into conventional and non conventional sources.
- 10. Conventional sources of energy are those that are known to us and are being used since a long time. Non conventional sources are renewable sources which are also environment friendly like solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy and energy through tides and waves.
- 11. Power Generation – Emerging Challenges Inadequate generation of electricity has given rise to several other problems like excessive load on distribution, volta-0ge fluctuation, power cuts etc The shortage of electricity was about 10 % in 2008 – 09 Less capacity utilization Losses of Electricity Boards Huge investment requirement Energy crisis leads to inflationary pressures Balance of payment problems Difficult to maintain sustainable growth Encourage better participation from private and foreign players (FDI)
- 12. Communication Communication is a means of transmission of information. It includes postal services, telecommunication, internet etc. Telecommunication The land line phones, cellular phones, internet services, fax services etc are important means of telecommunication. This sector has seen immense growth in India Number of Subscribers of Telecommunications(in Lakhs)
- 14. Unequal distribution of rainfall
- 16. Special crops
- 20. Quality of existing products are improved
- 21. Cost of production comes down
- 22. Helps in optimum utilization of resources
- 25. Reduction in infant mortality
- 26. Rise in avg expectancy of life
- 27. Control over deadly diseases
- 28. Reduction in child mortality rate.
- 29. The number of dispensaries and hospitals has increased from 9,209 to 33,855.
- 31. Emphasis on secondary and higher education
- 32. SarvaSikshaAbhiyaan will be promoted to universalize elementary education.
- 33. Encouraging private sector participation in higher education and skill development
- 34. Lower gender gap in literacy to 10 percentage points
- 35. Increase literacy rate for 7 yrs and above to 85 %
- 36. Reduce dropout rates of children