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IINNFFRRAARREEDD 
SSPPEECCTTRROOPPHHOOTTOOMMEETTRRYY
Infrared Region iinn EElleeccttrroommaaggnneettiicc 
RRaaddiiaattiioonn 
NIR 0,78 – 2,5 mm 12800 – 4000 cm-1 
MIR 2,5 – 50 mm 4000 – 200 cm-1 
FIR 50 – 1000 mm 200 – 10 cm-1 
General 2,5 – 15 mm 4000 – 670 cm-1
HHooww IIRR AAbbssoorrppttiioonn OOccccuurr?? 
 AAttoommss iinn aa mmoolleeccuullee aarree aallwwaayyss mmoovviinngg.. SSiinnccee tthheerree aarree bboonnddss 
bbeettwweeeenn aattoommss,, ffoorrwwaarrdd aanndd bbaacckkwwaarrdd mmoovveess aappppeeaarr,, rreessuulltt iinn 
vviibbrraattiioonn.. 
 WWhheenn vviibbrraattiioonn cchhaannggee tthhee ddiippoollee aann iinntteerraaccttiioonn wwiitthh mmaaggnneettiicc ffiieelldd ooff 
eelleeccttrroommaaggnneettiicc wwaavvee ooccccuurr 
 WWhheenn eelleeccttrroommaaggnneettiicc wwaavvee ffrreeqquueennccyy iiss tthhee ssaammee wwiitthh vviibbrraattiioonn 
ffrreeqquueennccyy,, aann aabbssoorrppttiioonn ooccccuurr 
 VViibbrraattiioonn ffrreeqquueennccyy iiss iinn tthhee rraannggee ooff iinnffrraarreedd ffrreeqquueennccyy 
 RReeqquuiirreemmeennttss ooff iinnffrraarreedd aabbssoorrppttiioonn:: 
** VViibbrraattiioonn cchhaannggeess tthhee ddiippoollee mmoommeenntt 
** EElleeccttrroommaaggnneettiicc ffrreeqquueennccyy iiss tthhee ssaammee aass 
vviibbrraattiioonn ffrreeqquueennccyy 
AAbbssoorrppttiioonn ooff tthhee eenneerrggyy iinnccrreeaassee vviibbrraattiioonn aammpplliittuuddee
TTyyppee ooff VViibbrraattiioonn
Vibration frequency and wave 
number 
Vibration frequency, n 
whwre m = reduced mass 
k = Force constant 
(bond strength) 
k value = 5,0 x 105, 1,0 x 106 and 1,5 x 
106 for single, double and triple 
bonds respectively 
Wavenumber, s (cm-1) 
Substitution: 
p = 3,141591 
c = 3,00 x 1010 cm/s 
m = Ar/(6,022 x 1023) g/atom 
v = 1 
k 
p m 
2 
m m 
+ 
1 2 
m m 
1 2 
m = 
k m m 
= + 
p 
( 1 2) 
1 2 
1 
2 
m m 
c 
s 
s = k Ar + Ar 
4,12 ( 1 2) 
Ar Ar 
1 2
VViibbrraattiioonn MMooddee 
WWhheenn NN aattoommss iinn aa mmoolleeccuullee mmoovvee iinn ssppaaccee,, tthhee mmoovveemmeennttss 
aarree pprroojjeecctteedd ttoo 33 ccoooorrddiinnaattee aaxxiiss,, tthheerree bbeeccoommee 33NN 
mmoovveemmeennttss.. 
WWhheenn aallll aattoommss mmoovvee ssiimmuullttaanneeoouussllyy iinn aa ccoooorrddiinnaattee aaxxiiss,, tthhee 
mmoolleeccuullee uunnddeerrggooeess ttrraannssllaattiioonn ((nnoott aa vviibbrraattiioonn)).. TThhrreeee 
ccoooorrddiinnaattee aaxxiiss wwiillll pprroodduuccee 33 mmoovveemmeennttss 
WWhheenn mmoovveemmeennttss ooff aallll aattoommss ccaauussee tthhee mmoolleeccoollee rroottaatteess iinn 
aa ccoooorrddiinnaattee aaxxiiss iiss aallssoo nnoott aa vviibbrraattiioonn.. TThhrreeee ccoooorrddiinnaattee 
aaxxiiss wwoouulldd pprroodduuccee tthhee ssaammee mmoovveemmeenntt 
NNuummbbeerr ooff vviibbrraattiioonn == 33NN –– 66 
IInn lliinneeaarr mmoolleeccuullee,, rroottaattiioonn aarroouunndd tthhee lliinneeaarr aaxxiiss ddooeess nnoott 
cchhaannggee tthhee ssttrruuccttuurree,, ssoo tthhaatt iiss nnoott aa rroottaattiioonn.. HHeennccee,, ffoorr 
aalliinneeaarr mmoolleeccuullee 
NNuummbbeerr ooff vviibbrraattiioonn == 33NN -- 55
Can all VViibbrraattiioonn bbee SShhoowwnn iinn aa 
SSppeeccttrruumm 
11.. VViibbrraattiioonn ooff aa ssyymmmmeettrriiccaall mmoolleeccuullee ddooeess nnoott 
cchhaannggee tthhee ddiippoollee mmoommeenntt 
22.. CClloosseerr ffrreeqquueenncciieess sshhooww aass aa ppeeaakk 
33.. WWeeaakk iinntteennssiittyy ddooeess nnoott pprroodduuccee aa ppeeaakk 
44.. FFrreeqquueenncciieess oouuttssiiddee ooff ssppeeccttrruumm rraannggee ccaann nnoott 
bbee sseeeenn 
2 
AAddddiittiioonnaall ppeeaakkss 
11.. OOvveerrttoonnee 1 
nnn == 22n,, 33n 
2. Combination n = n1 + n2 
3. Difference n = nn1 
2 
1 - nn2
EExxaammppllee 
 CCOO22 aa lliinneeaarr mmoolleeccuullee wwiitthh 33 aattoommss 
NNuummbbeerr ooff vviibbrraattiioonn == 33 xx 33 -- 55 == 44 
SShhoowwss 22 ppeeaakkss aatt 22333300 ccmm--11 aanndd 666677 ccmm--11 
 HH22OO aa bbeenntt mmoolleeccuullee wwiitthh 33 aattoommss 
NNuummbbeerr ooff vviibbrraattiioonn == 33 xx 33 –– 66 == 33 
TThhrreeee ppeeaakkss eexxiisstt aatt 33776600 ccmm--11,, 
33665500 ccmm--11 aanndd 11559955 ccmm--11
TTyyppiiccaall ooff IInnffrraarreedd SSppeeccttrruumm
Infra red spectroscopy

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Infra red spectroscopy

  • 2. Infrared Region iinn EElleeccttrroommaaggnneettiicc RRaaddiiaattiioonn NIR 0,78 – 2,5 mm 12800 – 4000 cm-1 MIR 2,5 – 50 mm 4000 – 200 cm-1 FIR 50 – 1000 mm 200 – 10 cm-1 General 2,5 – 15 mm 4000 – 670 cm-1
  • 3. HHooww IIRR AAbbssoorrppttiioonn OOccccuurr??  AAttoommss iinn aa mmoolleeccuullee aarree aallwwaayyss mmoovviinngg.. SSiinnccee tthheerree aarree bboonnddss bbeettwweeeenn aattoommss,, ffoorrwwaarrdd aanndd bbaacckkwwaarrdd mmoovveess aappppeeaarr,, rreessuulltt iinn vviibbrraattiioonn..  WWhheenn vviibbrraattiioonn cchhaannggee tthhee ddiippoollee aann iinntteerraaccttiioonn wwiitthh mmaaggnneettiicc ffiieelldd ooff eelleeccttrroommaaggnneettiicc wwaavvee ooccccuurr  WWhheenn eelleeccttrroommaaggnneettiicc wwaavvee ffrreeqquueennccyy iiss tthhee ssaammee wwiitthh vviibbrraattiioonn ffrreeqquueennccyy,, aann aabbssoorrppttiioonn ooccccuurr  VViibbrraattiioonn ffrreeqquueennccyy iiss iinn tthhee rraannggee ooff iinnffrraarreedd ffrreeqquueennccyy  RReeqquuiirreemmeennttss ooff iinnffrraarreedd aabbssoorrppttiioonn:: ** VViibbrraattiioonn cchhaannggeess tthhee ddiippoollee mmoommeenntt ** EElleeccttrroommaaggnneettiicc ffrreeqquueennccyy iiss tthhee ssaammee aass vviibbrraattiioonn ffrreeqquueennccyy AAbbssoorrppttiioonn ooff tthhee eenneerrggyy iinnccrreeaassee vviibbrraattiioonn aammpplliittuuddee
  • 5. Vibration frequency and wave number Vibration frequency, n whwre m = reduced mass k = Force constant (bond strength) k value = 5,0 x 105, 1,0 x 106 and 1,5 x 106 for single, double and triple bonds respectively Wavenumber, s (cm-1) Substitution: p = 3,141591 c = 3,00 x 1010 cm/s m = Ar/(6,022 x 1023) g/atom v = 1 k p m 2 m m + 1 2 m m 1 2 m = k m m = + p ( 1 2) 1 2 1 2 m m c s s = k Ar + Ar 4,12 ( 1 2) Ar Ar 1 2
  • 6. VViibbrraattiioonn MMooddee WWhheenn NN aattoommss iinn aa mmoolleeccuullee mmoovvee iinn ssppaaccee,, tthhee mmoovveemmeennttss aarree pprroojjeecctteedd ttoo 33 ccoooorrddiinnaattee aaxxiiss,, tthheerree bbeeccoommee 33NN mmoovveemmeennttss.. WWhheenn aallll aattoommss mmoovvee ssiimmuullttaanneeoouussllyy iinn aa ccoooorrddiinnaattee aaxxiiss,, tthhee mmoolleeccuullee uunnddeerrggooeess ttrraannssllaattiioonn ((nnoott aa vviibbrraattiioonn)).. TThhrreeee ccoooorrddiinnaattee aaxxiiss wwiillll pprroodduuccee 33 mmoovveemmeennttss WWhheenn mmoovveemmeennttss ooff aallll aattoommss ccaauussee tthhee mmoolleeccoollee rroottaatteess iinn aa ccoooorrddiinnaattee aaxxiiss iiss aallssoo nnoott aa vviibbrraattiioonn.. TThhrreeee ccoooorrddiinnaattee aaxxiiss wwoouulldd pprroodduuccee tthhee ssaammee mmoovveemmeenntt NNuummbbeerr ooff vviibbrraattiioonn == 33NN –– 66 IInn lliinneeaarr mmoolleeccuullee,, rroottaattiioonn aarroouunndd tthhee lliinneeaarr aaxxiiss ddooeess nnoott cchhaannggee tthhee ssttrruuccttuurree,, ssoo tthhaatt iiss nnoott aa rroottaattiioonn.. HHeennccee,, ffoorr aalliinneeaarr mmoolleeccuullee NNuummbbeerr ooff vviibbrraattiioonn == 33NN -- 55
  • 7. Can all VViibbrraattiioonn bbee SShhoowwnn iinn aa SSppeeccttrruumm 11.. VViibbrraattiioonn ooff aa ssyymmmmeettrriiccaall mmoolleeccuullee ddooeess nnoott cchhaannggee tthhee ddiippoollee mmoommeenntt 22.. CClloosseerr ffrreeqquueenncciieess sshhooww aass aa ppeeaakk 33.. WWeeaakk iinntteennssiittyy ddooeess nnoott pprroodduuccee aa ppeeaakk 44.. FFrreeqquueenncciieess oouuttssiiddee ooff ssppeeccttrruumm rraannggee ccaann nnoott bbee sseeeenn 2 AAddddiittiioonnaall ppeeaakkss 11.. OOvveerrttoonnee 1 nnn == 22n,, 33n 2. Combination n = n1 + n2 3. Difference n = nn1 2 1 - nn2
  • 8. EExxaammppllee  CCOO22 aa lliinneeaarr mmoolleeccuullee wwiitthh 33 aattoommss NNuummbbeerr ooff vviibbrraattiioonn == 33 xx 33 -- 55 == 44 SShhoowwss 22 ppeeaakkss aatt 22333300 ccmm--11 aanndd 666677 ccmm--11  HH22OO aa bbeenntt mmoolleeccuullee wwiitthh 33 aattoommss NNuummbbeerr ooff vviibbrraattiioonn == 33 xx 33 –– 66 == 33 TThhrreeee ppeeaakkss eexxiisstt aatt 33776600 ccmm--11,, 33665500 ccmm--11 aanndd 11559955 ccmm--11