The document provides an outline for teaching information literacy skills to students in the Tennessee State University Institute of Government. It covers how to define a research topic, gather background information from various sources, search databases and the online catalog for relevant materials, evaluate internet resources, and write a research paper while properly citing sources. The goal is to ensure students are literate in determining what information they need, accessing and critically evaluating information from different sources, and using it effectively for specific purposes while understanding legal and ethical issues related to information use.

1. TennesseeStateUniversityLibrary, Avon Williams Campus
Chris Langer
User Services Librarian
Information Literacy for Institute of Government Students
The goal of this course is to ensure that Tennessee State University Institute of
Government graduates are literate in regard to information, and can determine the type
and amount of information they need; can access and judge the information critically and
incorporate this information into a knowledge base and ethical outlook, use the
information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose and understand the economic,
legal and social issues about the use of information.
Institute of Government Students in General will be able to:
• determine the what information is needed by
- identify aresearch topic by consulting with teachers and
librarians to
- the information can be formulated as a question
- learning how to broaden or narrow the topic as needed to
fit the research concept
- put a finger on the key words, concepts, or categories that
define the research topic
- using analytical and critical thinking skills in identifying
information needed
• identify, locate and retrieve information by
- finding what sort of information is needed
- determining where to find the information
- finding strategies to drill down to the needed information
in various sources
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2. • utilize or construct and implement effective search strategies by
- formulating an effective search strategy
- conducting searches using appropriate resources
- evaluating search results and modifying search
strategies as needed
First Year Institute of Government Students will be able to:
• go to the library‟s website and navigate it efficiently
• query the Library‟s online resources effectively, including the online catalog,
databases, journals, e-books, etc.
• use controlled vocabulary to define topics and concepts and search for them
using library resources.
• evaluate the scope, content and organization of various
sources and information, and compile pertinent citation informationfor
possible use
• glean conclusions from the information gathered, meld new
information with previous information and identify the concepts of
topics which support the chosen thesis
• know what plagiarism is and what its deleterious effects are
• find a citation style that fits your topic and use it correctly and consistently
Intermediate and Advanced Level Institute of Government Students will be able to:
• develop a thesis statement and formulate questions based on the
needed information
• evaluate potential resources in a variety of formats, including
databases, data set, web sites, printed materials and others
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3. • useinternet search engines with a variety of
command languages, protocols and search parameters.
• know how to use interlibrary loan, Athena, and TALC
• recognize that existing information combined with original thought,
analysis and experimentation can produce new information
• know that knowledge is organized into disciplines and that this can
influence the way information is acquired
• use various methods to retrieve information in various formats,
including software, reader/printer scanners, audio visual equipment
and others
• evaluatethe reliability, validity, accuracy, authority and bias, if any, of
theinformation using various methods
• use computer and other technologies, including databases,
spreadsheets, charts to study the interaction of ideas
• broaden the research topic to construct new hypothesis that may
require additional information
• test theories with appropriate discipline techniques, including
formulas, simulations
• properly use the obtained information by citing resources according to
the copyright laws
RESEARCH STRATEGIES-OUTLINE
I. Define a Topic in Public Administration
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4. 1. Search for Ideas
2. Narrow or Broaden Your Topic as Needed
3. State Your Topic as a Question
4. Identify the Type of Information Needed
II. Gather Background Information
1. Encyclopedias
2. Dictionaries
3. Almanacs and Yearbooks
4. Handbooks and Bibliographies
5. Dissertations, Theses and Senior Projects
6. Current Research
III. Search Databases for Journal Articles, Technical Reports,
Conference Proceedings and Standards
1. What are Databases?
a. Structure
b. Type
1.Bibliographic
2. Full-Text
3. Numeric
4. Image
5. Audio
c. Coverage
1. Subject Area
2. Type of Publication
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5. d. Attributes
2. Searching Databases
a. Search Strategies
b. Use of TSU Database Subscriptions in
Public Administration
ABI/Inform
Columbia International
Congressional Universe
Country Analysis
Dissertation Abstracts
EBSCOhost - Academic Search Premier
Emerald
ERIC
Ethnic NewsWatch
FACTS
GenderWatch
InfoPlease
INFOTRAC
JSTOR
Keesing's Online
Lexis-Nexis
MIT Press
NewsBank
Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center
Project MUSE
ScienceDirect
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6. SpringerLINK
Statistical Abstract of the United States
Westlaw Campus
Wiley InterScience
WilsonWeb - Social Sciences
3. Locating Print and Electronic Journal Articles
IV. Search TSU Online Catalog for Books and Other Resources
1. How to use TSU Online catalog?
a. Keyword Search
b. Subject search
c. Author Search
d. Title Search
e. Search Commands
1. Boolean operators
2. Search Qualifiers
3. Tips
2. Location of Materials
3. Library of Congress Classification System
4. What is a Call Number ?
5. How to Read Call Numbers?
6. Electronic Books
V. Explore Internet Resources
1. Structures and Attributes of the Internet
2. Search Tools for the Internet
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7. a. Google
b. AllThe.com
c. Yahoo
d. AltaVista
e. Ask Jeeves
f. HotBot
g. Dogpile
h. Search Engine Tips
3. Types of Web Sites
4. Categories of Information on the Internet
a. Free Web Sites with Valuable Information
1. Current Company Information
2. Current Events or Topics
3. State and federal Government
Information
4. Information About and From
Associations
5. WWW Resources at TSU
1. Virtual reference
2. Tennessee Resources
3. Government Resources
6. Web Sites in Public Administration
VI. Evaluate Research Materials
1. Criteria to Evaluate Research Materials in Public Administration
2. Criteria to Evaluate the Web Resources
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8. VII. Write the Research Paper
1. Organization of Information
2. Citing Sources and Ethical Issues
3. Guidebooks on Research
VIII. Cite Your Sources
1. Style Manuals
I. Define a Topic in Public Administration
Presume you are interested in writing a paper on
Civil service . You may want to define the scope of your
paper by outlining the operations of the Civil Service in Germany.
1. Search for Ideas
If you do not have an idea what constitutes Civil Service ,
search and read articles or books on the topic.
For example, use Emerald online database,
set fields to search for all fields, set Fields to search for all fields, and
sort results by relevance. Type:
Civil Service
You will access articles with varying numbers according to the
search choices you made.
OR, you may do a subject search in the Library‟s online catalog
under Civil Service.
After scanning through some articles and books, you should
be able to come up with preliminary ideas about your
topic. You can always talk to your reference librarians in the
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9. Reference Area or send e-mails or chat online via the ASK A
LIBRARIAN service located on the Library‟s web page. You can
also consult your instructor.
2. Narrow or Broaden Your Topic
You may find too much information on your topic. In that case,
you may want to narrow your topic. For example, in Emerald
you may find 65 full-text articles under Civil Service. You may
qualify your search by limiting your topic to a certain area such as
Germany.
If you can find only few sources, you may want to broaden your
topic by related fields such as bureaucracy. For example, you may find
104 articles in Emerald that can assist you in broadening your topic.
3. State Your Topic as a Question
Stating your topic as a question may help you to stay within the
scope of your selected topic. For example, what is the corporate culture
of civil service in Germany?
4. Identify the Type of Information Needed
The type of information needed depends on the following:
• Type of Assignment- is this a presentation, term paper, senior
project,thesis or dissertation?
• Amount of Information- how much information is needed ?
• Currency of Information- does this assignment require current,
historical information or a combination of both?
• Type of Resources Needed- should the information come from
scholarly and professional journals only, or can they come from
more popular sources?
• Primary vs. Secondary Resources- should the information come
fromprimary or secondary sources?
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10. • Information in Various Formats- should the information come from
only print resources or include other formats such as visual/
graphicsources, numeric sources (statistics), audio sources and/or
electronicsources?
II. Gather Background Information
Gathering background information on your subject will help you limit the scope of the
subject and make an outline.Make note of differing concepts, issues in the field, and main
ideas. Good sources for locating
background information include encyclopedias, almanacs and yearbooks,
and handbooks and bibliographies. In order to find information on the
Civil Service, you need to look for background resources in Public Administration. You
will locate these resources by
1. Searching the Library‟s online catalog under the subject
heading Encyclopedias and Dictionaries. From the
entries retrieved, you may chose the relevant ones.
2. Note the appropriate classification numbers for
specific resources or resources in the subject area and
locate them in the appropriate reference section. For example, if you find
a good source under HJ2305 in the stacks, look under the same number
in the reference section to find reference books on the subject.
3. You may enhance your search by using
keyword searching and combining words in general areas such as
Civil Service, bureaucracy, with such words
as encyclopedia, dictionary, etc.
Resources that provide background information include
1. Encyclopedias –
General-
Britannica Online
http://www.tnstate.edu/library/database/htm#B
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11. Encyclopedia Americana
Ref. AE 5 .E333
Subject-
Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy
Ref. HJ2305
2. Dictionaries-
General-
Random House Webster‟s Dictionary
Ref.PE 1628 .R294
3. Almanacs and Yearbooks-
Infoplease.com (electronic resource)
http://www.infoplease.com/
FACTS(electronic resource)
http://www.2facts.com/stories/mainmenu.asp
4. Handbooks and Bibliographies
Handbook of Public Administration JF 1351
Public Administration, Politics and the People JF 1321
International Handbook of the Ombudsman JF 1525
U.S. Government Manual JK 421
III. Search the Databases for Journal Articles,
Technical Reports, Conference Proceedings and Standards
1. What are databases?
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12. In general, databases are organized collections of
information. For example, TSU Library‟s online
catalog is a database as well as electronic periodical
indexes that provide full-text articles, including
Academic Search Premier, Emerald, and citation
Indexes such as CompendexWeb and others. You may
locate and access Library‟s databases online from
our web page at
http://www.tnstate.edu/library/database_oncampus.htm
In order to use the databases properly, you should be
able to understand the structure, type, coverage and
attributes of them.
a. Structure-
Databases contain records that are information
about each item within those databases.
For example, the Library‟s online catalog
has a record for each book, journal, microfilm,
etc owned by it. In turn, each record contains
information called fields. The fields in a record
may include author, title, publisher, subject
headings, and others. Other database records
may contain fields that include author,
title, title of the periodical, volume
number, date, year and page numbers.
b. Type-
The nature of the information contained in a
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13. database determines its type. The main types
of databases include Bibliographic, Full-text
Numeric, Image, Audio and Mixed.
Bibliographic databases do not contain the
items, however, they provide information as
to where you can find it. The information
provided by the Bibliographic database may
contain items such as Author, Title, Publisher,
Date, Volume Number, Page Number and
others that is called “citation”. Sometimes
they include abstracts ( a summary) or
descriptions of items. If you are interested in
finding records or citations about a certain
topic then you can choose to use these
databases to create bibliographies. However, if
you want to read the information in its entirety,
you will either locate the source given in the
record or use a full-text database. An example
of a record from a bibliographic database such
as an online catalog may look like this:
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14. The information we gather from this record is
extensive. We obtain the title of the book, author(s)
or editor(s), call number, publisher, place of
publication, publisher and the year copyrighted and
published, subject area of the book, number of
preliminary pages, number of pages in the text,
whether or not the text contains illustrations, size of
the book, whether or not the book contains
bibliographical references and an index, names of
co-author(s) or editor(s), whether or not the book is
part of a series, international standard book number
assigned to the book, and the location and the
availability of the item you are searching for.
A bibliographic index for journal articles such as
International Bibliography of the Social Scienceswill provide citations
and abstracts on your topic. For example,
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15. you may search under Civil Service and Germany.
If you used the above example, you will
retrieve 291 records which are available to you
immediately..Press view record to see the abstract, accession
number, language, publication year and publication type.
Full-text Databases
These databases are called full-text because they
contain the complete text of publications. For
example, EbscoHost provides full-text
articles from public administration journals and books in
addition to summaries. For example, a search under civil service will retrieve
3075documents. You may choose to read the abstract to
determine if this article is useful for your research.
If so you may want to read or print the article.
Numeric Databases
These databases generally provide numeric data,
including statistics, financial data, census
information, economic indicators and others.
For example, FIS Online will provide statistical
information about companies and countries. Census
Data would provide statistics about people,
business and others.
Image Databases
These are the databases that provide access to art
prints, animations, photos and others. For example,
If you access the Library‟s Virtual Reference web
page you will find a list of art
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16. resources that display images.
Audio Databases
These databases provide access to audio clips to
music and sound effects. For example, Library‟s
Virtual Reference web page would provide access
to the Internet Public Library Listening Room
where you may listen to and observe the videos of
Ray Brooks, Steve Wood Quintet, Pamela Wise,
Blue Dog and others.
c. Coverage
The selection of appropriate databases is an
important factor in finding relevant information.
A description of information covered by a database
is usually found in the introductory screen.
Subject Area-
Some databases cover a specific subject area or
discipline such as Public Administration, psychology, nursing
and others. Others cover areas in more general in
nature or a mixture of subject areas. For example,
in Public Administration, your library provides you access to
EbscoHost, Infotrac, Congressional Universe, Westlaw,
Wiley Interscience and Wilsonweb-Social Sciences.
You can also find a list of databasesaccording to their
subject coverage in the Library‟sweb page under
Databases by Subject at
http://www.tnstate.edu/library/databases_subject.html
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17. Type of Publication-
Databases may contain information from only
periodicals. For example, Project Muse will give you
access to periodical articles they publish in the areas
of social sciences. Some databases will
include information from a combination of sources
such as periodicals and books. For example,
WilsonWeb-Social Sciences, and Wiley InterScience will
provide you with articles from periodicals and
chapters from books. Some databases include
only popular sources such as magazines and
newspapers. You can use these databases for leisure
reading. On the other hand, some databases
include scholarly materials found in scientific
journals, conference proceedings and reports.
For example, Wiley InterScience, Project Muse
and SpringerLinkwill provide access to scholarly
journals and materials. Databases differ in terms of
frequency of updating materials, accessibility of
the most recent periodical articles and the
publication dates of the materials included.
Sometimes publishers put an embargo on the
availability of the recent issues. For example, while
searching the EBSCOHost, you may come across
some periodicals that are not currently accessible.
That is, an embargo has been placed for the last two
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18. years. Another feature to consider in selecting a
database is the availability of the material. You
may select a full-text database so that you can read
the material immediately. Or you may choose a
database that may provide only bibliographic
information, however, you library owns a majority
of the items. If you are willing to wait, you may use
a more comprehensive database that indexed a great
number of items your library does not subscribe to
but is able to obtain them for you through
interlibrary loan. The decision is yours.
d. Attributes
After you make the selection of the databases you
would like to use, you will need to determine if the
databases use controlled vocabulary and if the
databases do field search or free-text indexing.
In performing searches you will find that some
databases use controlled vocabulary which is a
specific list of subject terms in organizing the
database contents by subject. If you want to retrieve
relevant items or information , you should be aware
of “controlled vocabulary”. For example,
ERIC provides you with the ERIC Thesaurus.
This is a list of subject terms you can use
to retrieve the relevant information you need. If you
look under Government and Politics you will find 166
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19. subject headings to choose from.
Subject Headings may be found in special
thesauruses, like in ERIC, or may be provided by the database
or in the Library of Congress Subject Headings
source. You may search most databases by
subject, using controlled vocabularyOR
keyword, by using your own words.
Some databases use field searching which means
that the search term you used is only looked in
specific fields. For example, if you are using the
Library‟s online catalog and select the keyword
search, your search will locate items with that
specific search term in the title, subject or content
fields. On the other hand, some databases use free-
text searching which means that the search term
you have selected will locate items anywhere in a
document or record. This type of searching may
return false drops or irrelevant items because the
search term you have located will be located no
matter where it is. Some databases may give you the
choice for field or free-text searching. Check the
sites for this information before you begin your
search.
2. Searching Databases
A. Search Strategies –
Your library provides access to over 101 databases.
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20. You can search these databases from any computer
on campus and/or from off campus sites. In
selecting the type of database that will provide
appropriate and relevant articles, you may consider
the following:
• subject discipline of your topic –
specialized or multidisciplinary
• type of resources needed – basic sources,
scholarly sources or professional/trade
sources
• the target audience – is the research for a term
paper, independent study, senior project,
thesis or dissertation?
B. Use of Databases Subscribed by TSU
Libraries relevant to the Institute of Government.
Your Library subscribes to over 101 online
databases in general and subject fields. The
databases in subject field – Public Administration
include the following that provide the
most appropriate and relevant information:
CIAO (Columbia International Affairs Online)
Contains working papers, books, policy briefs, case studies,
course packs and maps.
Truncation: *and ?
Search Tips:
1. You need to use truncation (*) to search for words that begin
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21. with the same letters. For example, global* will return with globalization,
globalizing.
2. Use ? as a placeholder for any single letter. E.g., f?n will return fun, fan, or fin.
3. Truncation is allowed for one word only, not a phrase.Wildcards can by anywhere in
a query term (leading, middle, or trailing).
Congressional Universe
Years Covered: Varies by source, ranging from 1987 to present
Relevancy: Laws, legislative activities, public policy, American politics.
Truncation: *, !
Search Tips:
Each part of Congressional Universe necessarily uses different search methods. There are
13 parts. For example, to search for regulations in the Federal Register, you need to
specify the citation page number. If you are searching for testimony before Congress, you
can search by keyword and by the witness‟ name.
Search form for testimony before Congress looks like this:
Project Muse
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22. Relevancy: cultural studies, education, political science, gender studies, economics, and
social sciences.
Truncation: Truncate with an asterisk (*) at the ends of terms only.
Examples:
Weimar, k* to retrieve Weimar, Klaus
modern* to retrieve modern, modernity, modernism, etc.
histor* to retrieve history, historical, etc.
cat* to search cat and cats, etc.
Muse does not currently offer a mechanism to expand search terms within or at
the beginning of words
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23. Search Tips: Basic search page looks like this:
In advanced search, you can search by up to 4 key words. You can also select which
fields in a record to search, such as author, title, etc. You can limit your search to specific
journals and multiple journals. You can also limit by date.
Opposing Viewpoints
Home screen looks like this:
As you can see, subjects are listed for you to choose from on all types of current affairs.
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24. Relevancy: Current Affairs, Social Issues
Truncation:
The * (standing for any number of characters) is placed at the end of the term’s
root. The search retrieves all words sharing the same root. For example, the
term environment* retrieves essays that contain the words environment,
environmental, or environmentalism.
The ? is used to replace exactly one character within a word to retrieve various
forms of that word. For example, the term wom?n retrieves essays that contain
either woman or women; and psych????y matches either psychology or
psychiatry but not psychotherapy.
The ! point stands for one or no characters. For example, analo!! matches
analog or analogs, but not analogous or analogue.
*NOTE: For best search results, it is recommend that wildcards be used
only with the Advanced Search function.
Search Tips: Opposing Viewpoints Basic Searchwill allow you to search for terms in
subjects, citations or the full text. Type in one or
more search terms and hit search.
The above tabs will come up, and you can choose to search using any one of them. For
example, you could search only reference works dealing with crime, or only images
dealing with crime. A search on crim* in the viewpoints tab will
yields 454 hits. Also on the left you will be given a list of relevant subjects, like this:
Subjects containing the words: crime
Crime
Crime Analysis
Crime and Human Nature (Book)
Crime and the Press
See "Crime Reporting (Journalism)"
Crime and Punishment (Television program)
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25. Crime Classification
Crime Detection
See "Criminal Investigation"
Crime Films
See "Crime Movies"
Crime Forecasting
Crime in Television
See "Television Crime"
Crime Laboratories
Crime Motion Pictures
See "Crime Movies"
Crime Movies
Crime on Television
See "Television Crime"
Crime Photography
See "Legal Photography
You can click on the subjects themselves or on the see references to find more
information.
The Advanced Search form looks like this:
25

26. You can search under Title/Headline, Source, Author, Subject or Fulltext, using Boolean
operators and, or, or not. You can also limit by date or document type.
The proximity operators W (within) and N (next to) may be used to refine your search:
The W operator will find essays containing the specified words in the specified order
within the number of words you indicate. For example, medical w4 ethics finds
documents that contain the word medical within four words of the word ethics, and
medical must precede ethics.
The N operator locates documents containing the words you specify within the
number of words you specify, but the words can be in any order. For example,
medical N4 ethics finds documents that contain the words medical and ethics within
four words of each other, regardless of their order (that is, ethics could precede or
follow medical
Stopwords, that is, words so common they are not useful for searching, include: an, and,
aspects, but, co, corp, etc, for, from, if, in, inc, into, is, it, its, jr, ltd, of, on, or, that, the,
to, with.
Keesing‟s Record of World Events
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27. Keesing‟s is, as the name implies, a database of current events. Coverage is from 1960 to
present. News sources are from around the world, and are listed in the About Keesing‟s
page. Keesing‟s has a Basic and an Advanced search. The Basic search allows you to
limit by Region, Country, Keyword, and Time Frame.
The Basic Search page looks like this:
The Advanced Search page looks like this:
As you can see, here you can limit by Region, Country, Organization, Subject,
Person/Leader, and Keyword.
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28. You can also search for events using the Table of Contents in the lefthand column; it
looks like this. Organization is by year, month, continent, country, article.
Below is a tree depicting the contents of the news from Cote d‟Ivoire.
Table of Contents
Keesing's Record of World Events
Volume 49 (2003)
August
AFRICA
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
Killing of French peacekeepers – Reported coup plot
The tree also appears in the lefthand column whenever you find results for a search;
whatever result is highlighted, the relevant tree will appear in the lefthand column.
Infotrac
Infotrac is a broad database composed of 23 sections, 3of which are of particular
interest to Public Administration students: General Reference Center Gold, Infotrac
Onefile, andNational Newspaper Index. GRCG contains the latest current events,
popular culture, business and industry information. Infotrac Onefile contains
news and periodical articles on a wide range of topics: business, computers,
current events, economics, education, environmental issues, health care, hobbies,
humanities, law, literature and art, politics, science, social science, sports,
technology. NNI contains access to the indexing of America's top five newspapers
in one seamless search: The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The
Christian Science Monitor, Los Angeles Times and The Washington Post. We
will here treat GRCG because it is the most relevant.
GeneralReferenceCenter Gold
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29. Coverage: from 1980 - Oct 2003
The basic subject search page looks like this:
As you can see, searching can be limited to articles with text, by date, or by journal.
Searches are also available by keyword, advanced, and journal.
The keyword search is self explanatory.
The Advanced search allows you to search using index terms, like subject, issn, title,
author, and so on. It also allows Boolean searching, using the connectors AND, OR, and
NOT. For example, a search for Public using index title, yields 75201 articles with the
word Public in the title. A search using Public AND Administration yields 556 articles
with both terms in the title.
The Journal search allows you to enter all or part of a journal title and search on it. For
example, searching under Public yields 21 journals covered in GRCG, with the word
Public in the journal title.
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30. Truncation: there are three wildcard operators in GRCG: (*) ,( ?) and (! )
(*) stands for any number of characters, including none, and is especially useful when
you want to find all words that share the same root. For example, pigment* matches
pigment,pigments,pigmentation, etc.
A question mark (?) stands for exactly one character and is especially useful
when you're uncertain of a spelling. For example, a search like relev?nce means
you can match the word relevance even if, like many of us, you can't remember
whether it's spelled with ance or ence. A question mark is also useful for finding
certain words with variant spellings. For example, defen?e finds both defense
(American) and defence (British and Canadian). Multiple question marks in a row
stand for the same number of characters as there are question marks. For example,
psych????y matches either psychology or psychiatry but not psychotherapy.
An exclamation point (!) stands for one or no characters and is especially
useful when you want to match the singular and plural of a word but not other
forms. For example, product! matches product and products but not productive
or productivity. The exclamation point can also be used inside a word to match
certain variant spellings. For example, colo!r matches both color (American) and
colour (British).
IV. Search TSU Online Catalog for Print and Electronic
Books and Other Resources
1. How to Use the TSU Online Catalog?
The access points in finding a book in the area of Civil Service are
keyword, subject, author and title.
Keyword Search is a primary method for searching for a topic.
It allows you to search for individual words in the title, subject
and other fields in the bibliographic record. This is generally the
easiest type of search to do, but it also produces the largest hit list.
You may limit the number of items retrieved by using operators
and qualifiers discussed under Search Commands. You will find
Keyword search in The Library‟ online catalog. For a successful
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31. keyword search for Robotics, you need to identify
Main Concepts- For example,” what is the impact of
telecommuting in civil service?” The main concepts can
be impact, civil service, and telecommuting.
Choice of Words- You may try use those key terms that
may be used to describe your main concept. For example,
impact: impacting, influence, resulting
civil service: government, career, personnel
telecommuting: distributed work, computer
Subject Search is a method of searching by using subject
headings. The online catalog automatically does it for you. Subject
heading describes the items and there are one or more subject
headings assigned to them. The TSU Library uses Library of
Congress Subject Headings. You may want to consult the Library
Of Congress Subject Headings located at the Circulation Desk to
make sure that you are using the correct words for a subject search.
For example, if you use the subject heading civil service, you may
retrieve a book titled “Governments, parties, and public sector employees :
Canada, United States, Britain, and France”. You
can look for additional books in the area of Civil Service by using the
suggested subject headings in the record, including Public officers and Political
parties.
Author Search is used when you have the name of an author and
would like to retrieve a list of items written by that author. For
example, if you do an author search under Blais, Andre,
you will find four (4) books located in the TSU Library. They are
31

32. Governments, parties, and public sector employees : Canada, United States,
Britain, and France, A Political sociology of public aid to industry , The Budget-
maximizing bureaucrat : appraisals and evidence, and Industrial policy. You may
search the online catalog under Author Search by typing the
author‟s last name first and first name last. If you need to find
information about the author, in this case, Andre Blais,
you may do a subject research using his last name, first name.
Title Search is used when you know the title of an item. One point
to remember is that if the title begins with an A, An or the,
disregard them and search under the second word of the title. Do
not discard the articles in between words. Title Search works best
if you are looking for a specific item and know the exact title. If
you do not know the title, a Subject Search would yield better
results.
Search Commands- the following commands may be used in
searching most databases. Same may be titled and used somewhat
differently. You may use the following search commands for a
successful search:
BOOLEAN OPERATORS
AND is used when you want the records to include
both search terms to narrow a search. For example,
Germany AND Civil Service. In this case you are
limiting your search to only Germany and Civil Service.
OR is used to find records in which one or both search
terms appear thus broadening the search. For example,
32

33. Germany OR public sector. In this case you are broadening
your search to include Germany and public sector in
general.
NOT is used find those records that contain the first search
term but not the second search term. In this case those
articles containing both terms are not retrieved. For
example, Public sectorNOT France. You will find
articles only about Public sector. Articles with France will
not be retrieved.
* Truncation is used to retrieve variant endings of a word.
For example, Bureau* will retrieve any words starting with
Bureau, Bureaucracy, bureaucrat, etc.
( ) Parentheses will signal priority and order. For example,
(bureaucracy OR government) AND Germany
will first find records containing the words
Bureaucracyor Governmentor both, then
those records that also mention Germany.
# Pound Sign represents a single character. For example,
Bureaucrat# will retrieve Bureaucrat and Bureaucrats.
? Question Mark represents characters at the end of a
search term. For example, Bureau? may retrieve records
about Bureaucrat, Bureaucrats, or Bureaucracyand Government? may
retrieve Governmental, Governmental, Government-owned.
SEARCH QUALIFIERS
Search Qualifiers include author (au), title (ti), and
33

34. subject(su). They will allow you to limit your search to
specific fields. By using the Search Qualifiers you can
speed up response time and narrow the search to the more
relevant records. For example,
su civil service not Germanywill retrieve all
records on the subject of Civil Service that do not
contain the word Germany anywhere in the
record.ti Civil Service and Young will retrieve all records with
the word robotics in the title field and Young in the
author field.
TIPS:
1. When you search the Library‟s Online Catalog, you should
start with a keyword (Word/Phrase) search. For a successful
search, find relevant subject headings and use them for your
search.
2. Online Library Catalogs may differ, some of the features
of the TSU Online Catalog are as follows:
• Searching by
Author, Title and Subject, Journal, Govdoc no., and ISSN/ISBN.
• Searching for keyword(s) in
Author, Title and Subject
• Limiting the Searches byDates: any
Language: All languages, Chinese, English, French,
German, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish
Material Type: All materials, books, Serials,
34

35. AV materials, Music Recordings, etc.
Williams Campus or main campus,
Location in the library, such as Reserves, Reference, etc.
Publisher
Material type, such as 2-d graphic, kit, book, map, etc.
• Numeric Searches by
GovDoc number
• Sorting your findings by
Date, Title, or Relevance.
• Help Window will assist you in properly using the
Library‟s Online Catalog. You will find information
about the System, Easy search, Numeric Search,
Advanced Search, reserve Room, Local Info, Your
Account and List of Topics/Links
2. Location of Materials
On the first floor of the Brown-Daniel Library books are
arranged according to the Library of Congress
Classification from classification A to K. On the third
floor you will find books from classification L to Z. In
addition, on this floor, you will have access to the books in
the Dewey Classification, over sized books and the Youth
Collection. Few journal titles are also housed on the third
floor. On the second floor you will find Reference Books
journals and microform collections. Reference Books are
arranged on the shelves by Library of Congress
35

36. classification. Journals are arranged by alphabet.
3. Library of Congress Classification System
This system is used so that each book and journal is
identified by its subject, assigned an alphanumeric call
number and placed on the shelves according to that
number with the similar resources for easy access and
browsing. Major classification headings used in the area of
Public Administration are as follows:
HJ : Public Finance
HJ9-9940 Public finance
HJ9-99.8 Periodicals. Serials. By region or country
HJ210-240 History
HJ241-1620 By region or country
HJ2005-2216 Income and expenditure. Budget
HJ2240-5908 Revenue. Taxation. Internal revenue
HJ2321-2323 Tax incidence. Tax shifting. Tax equity
HJ2326-2327 Progressive taxation
HJ2336-2337 Tax exemption
HJ2338 Taxation of government property
HJ2351 Inflation and taxation
HJ2351.4 Tax revenue estimating
HJ2361-3192.7 By region or country
HJ3801-3844 Revenue from sources other than taxation
HJ3863-3925 Direct taxation
36

37. HJ4113-4601 Property tax
HJ4629-4830 Income tax
HJ4919-4936 Capitation. Poll tax
HJ5309-5510 Administrative fees. User charges.License fees
HJ6603-7390 Customs administration
HJ7461-7980 Expenditures. Government spending
HJ8001-8899 Public debts
HJ8052 Sinking funds. Amortization
HJ8101-8899 By region or country
HJ9103-9695 Local finance. Municipal finance Including the revenue, budget,
expenditure, etc. of counties, boroughs, communes, municipalities, etc.
HJ9701-9940 Public accounting. Auditing
HM401-1281 Sociology (General)
HM435-477 History of sociology. History of sociological
theory
HM461-473 Schools of sociology. Schools of social thought
HM481-554 Theory. Method. Relations to other subjects
HM621-656 Culture
HM661-696 Social control
HM701 Social systems
HM706 Social structure
HM711-806 Groups and organizations
HM756-781 Community
HM786-806 Organizational sociology. Organization theory
HM811-821 Deviant behavior. Social deviance
37

38. HM826 Social institutions
HM831-901 Social change
HM1001-1281 Social psychology
HM1041-1101 Social perception. Social cognition Including perception of the
self and others, prejudices, stereotype
HM1106-1171 Interpersonal relations. Social behavior
HM1176-1281 Social influence. Social pressure
HV
HV1-9960 Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology HV40-69
Social service. Social work. Charity organization and practice Including social
case work, private and public relief, institutional care, rural social work, work
relief HV85-525 By region or country
HV530 The church and charity
HV541 Women and charity
HV544 Charity fairs, bazaars, etc.
HV544.5 International social work
HV547 Self-help groups
HV551.2-639 Emergency management
HV553-639 Relief in case of disasters
HV560-583 Red Cross. Red Crescent
HV599-639 Special types of disasters
HV640-645 Refugee problems
HV650-670 Life saving
38

39. HV675-677 Accidents. Prevention of accidents
HV680-696 Free professional services
Including medical charities
HV697-4959 Protection, assistance and relief
JF Political institutions and public administration - General
JK Political institutions and public administration - United States JL Political
institutions and public administration - Canada, West Indies, Mexico, Central
and South America
JN Political institutions and public administration - Europe
JQ Political institutions and public administration - Asia, Arab countries,
Islamic countries, Africa, Atlantic Ocean islands, Australia, New Zealand, Pacific
Ocean islands
JS Local government. Municipal government
JV Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International
migration
JX International law, see KZ (obsolete)
JZ International relations
KF: Law, U.S.
KF1-9827 Federal law. Common and collective state law
Individual states
4. What is a Call Number?
As mentioned before, books and some periodicals are
arranged on the shelves according to the Library of
Congress Classification system. According to this
39

40. system each book or periodical is assigned an alphanumeric
call number based on its subject content. This specific
call number identifies the item and places it on the shelves
with the items on the same subject.
5. How to Read a Call Number?
Each call number has several parts. For example, the
following call number
HJ
10007
E97
2002
gives us the following information:
The first line HJ defines the class or subclass. It defines the
broad subject area within class H for Social Sciences and HJ
represents the the subclass Public Finance.
The second line 10007is the classification number. When
browsing the shelves for this book, you need to read this
number as a whole number to
determine its location on the shelf. Combined with class
and subclass, the classification number defines the subject
matter more precisely. In the above example, HJ10007
represents Public finance, History, By region or country.
The third line of the call number is called the Cutter
Number. It is a combination of letters and numbers that
40

41. usually indicates author. However, sometimes it may
represent a subject division. Some items may have double
cutter numbers. Always interpret the numeric part of the
cutter number as a decimal number when you browse the
shelves. Thus, the numeric component of .R638 should be
read as .638. Therefore, HJ210.3 .R638 2000 should be
shelved before HJ210.3 .R7 2000.
The year of publication of the item, in this case 2000, may
also be present. The items are shelved in chronological
order which often distinguishes items by varying editions
of that item.
5. Electronic Books- Your library provides access to electronic
books via its web page at
http://www.tnstate.edu/library/Catalogs.html
Currently you can read general interest electronic books via
netLibraryor technical electronic books via Safari, or in Books 24x7. In
addition you may find electronic books via the Library‟s
online catalog. The icon for an electronic books is a floppy disk
V. Explore Internet Resources
The Internet contains a vast number of electronic documents
created by individuals and institutions that reside on computers
(servers) world wide and are linked by hyper-links.
• Structure and attributes of the Internet
While the Internet is one giant database, it has no
organizational structure. Most information on the
41

42. Internet is free, however, some require a subscription.
For example, you may access some newspapers free
and may be able to read news items in their entirety.
Some may only allow you to read the abstracts of the
headline and require subscription for complete access.
The most important to keep in mind about the Internet
is that the information it offers is not screened or edited.
Note: The databases your library offers on the web are
Screened and edited.
• Search Tools for the Internet
1. Search Engines- are used to search for a vast
amount of resources on the Internet. These
engines are very useful when searching unique
word or phrases. When choosing a search
engine you should keep in mind that each
search engine searches a different number and
type of sources. Following are the most popular
Internet search engines:
Google (http://www.google.com) – has
been voted as the Most Outstanding Search
Engine three times. This crawler-based
service provides comprehensive and relevant
coverage of the web. It is highly
recommended as a first stop as you hunt for
whatever you are looking for. For more
information about Google go to
42

43. http://searchenginewatch.com.
AllTheWeb.com
(http://www.alltheweb.com)- is an excellent
crawler-based search engine. It provides
both comprehensive coverage of the web
and outstanding relevancy. If you tried
Google and did not find it, AllTheWeb
should be next on your list.
Yahoo (http://www.yahoo.com) – is
Internet‟s oldest directory, launched in 1994.
Yahoo began using crawler based listings in
2002 for its main results. Yahoo is
important because it enhances Google‟s
listings with information from its own
directory may make search results more
readable. Yahoo will help you to narrow and
refine your query.
AltaVista (http://www,altavista.com)-
provides access to 31 million pages found
on 627,000 servers and four million articles
from 14,000 Usenet news groups.
Ask Jeeves (http://www.askjeeves.com)-
43

44. gained fame in 1998 and 1999 as being the
“natural language” search engine that let you
search by asking questions and responded
with what seemed to be the right answer to
everything. Actually 100 editors monitored
the search logs. They then went out on to the
web and located what seemed to be the best
sites to match the most popular queries.
Today, Ask Jeeves depends on crawler-
based technology to provide results to its
users.
HotBot (http://www.hotbot.com)- provides
easy access to the web‟s four major crawler-
based search engines: AllTheWeb, Google,
Inktomi and Teoma. However, unlike a “meta
search engine”, it cannot blend the results
from all of these crawlers together.
Nevertheless, it is a fast and easy way to get
different web search opinions in one place.
HotBot has a strong following among
serious searches for the quality and
comprehensiveness of its crawler-based
results.
Dogpile (http://www.dogpile.com) – is a
44

45. popular metasearch site that sends a search
to a customizable list of search engines,
directories and specialty search sites, then
displays results from each search engine
individually.
Search Engine Tips-
When you get ready to search via a search
engine, always look for the “help” button.
You need to be on the look out for the type
of results you may get. For example, if you
choose AltaVista, keep in mind that it uses
free-text-indexing which means that
whatever search term is entered, it is looked
for anywhere in the entire document. As a
result, you may retrieve hundreds or
thousands of documents that may have very
little or no relevancy for your search.
Search Features-
Search Engine Math Commands are as
follows:
Command How Supported By
Must include + All enginesterm
____________________________________
45

46. Must exclude - All engines
term
____________________________________
Must include ““ All engines
phrase
____________________________________
Match all Automatic at All engines
terms
____________________________________
Via AllTheWeb,
Advanced AltaVista.
Search Google,
Yahoo
________________________
Match anyTerms OR Alta Vista,
Ask Jeeves,
Google,
HotBot,
Yahoo,
AllTheWeb
___________________________________
Try to be specific- tell a search engine
exactly what you are looking for. For
example, imagine you want to find pages
that have references to both robots and
space technology on the same page. You
46

47. could search this way by using the +
addition symbol:+robots+technology
You will find only pages that contain both
words, robots and technology. If you search
+robots+space+technology
you will find pages that have all three of the
words on them. This search is helpful if you
want to narrow or refine your search.
You may want to use Quotation marks, “ “
to multiply terms through a phrase search
and retrieve only pages that have all the
words in the exact order you want.
For example,
“robot arms use”
will retrieve pages that use “robot arms use”
in the exact order.
Power Searching Commands are:
Command How Supported by
Title Search title: AltaVista,
AllTheWeb
intitle: Google,
Teoma
allintitle: Google
47

48. ___________________________________
host: AltaVista
site: Google,
Yahoo
Site Search
url.host: AllTheWeb
domain HotBot
none: HotBot,
Yahoo
____________________________________
url: AltaVista
url.all: AllTheWeb
URL Search
allinurl: Google
inurl
u: Yahoo
none: HotBot
___________________________________
link: AltaVista,
Google
Link Search
linkdomain: HotBot
linkall: AllTheWeb,
none: HotBot,
Yahoo
____________________________________
48

49. * Yahoo
? AOL
Wildcard
% Northern
Lights
None: AllTheWeb,
Google,
Hotbot
____________________________________
Anchor None: Google,
Search HotBot
____________________________________
• Types of Web Sites
Internet offers a vast number of web sites that
provide varied information such as news,
advertisement, entertainment, and personal data.
You can distinguish the nature of web sites by
looking at their URL domains. URL stands for
Uniform Resource Locator, an Internet address
which tells a browser where to find an Internet
resources. For example, the URL for your library is
http://www.tnstate.edu/library.
There are 4 broad categories of web sites you can
distinguish by their URL domain. They are:
Educational institution-
Domain: .edu (http://www.tnstate.edu)
49

50. Government site-
Domain: .gov (http://www.senate.gov)
Organizations or associations-
Domain: .org (http://www.ala.org)
Commercially based sites-
Domain: .com (http://www.cocacola.com)
• Categories of Information on the Internet
1. Free Web Sites with Valuable
Information
It is recommended that you should do your
research by using your library‟s electronic
and print resources accessible from the
Library‟s web page. However, you may find
some valuable information on the web in the
areas listed below:
Current Company Information- You can
read information about a company from its
web site. However, the information you
obtain may be slanted to favor that
company. You can use the search engines or
directories on the Internet to find the
information you need. Always keep in mind
that your library has pertinent and unbiased
information available for you via electronic
and print resources. For example, you can
use the search engine Google to look up
50

51. information about Lockheed Aircraft
Company. You will find 786,000 hits or
results. If you look up IBM via the same
search engine, you will find 22,100,000 hits.
Current Events or Topics- Web is very
useful in finding information about current
events because it provides immediate
information on very recent events. For
example, you can find the most recent
pictures of NASA experiments on the web
before the print version arrives.
State and Federal Government Information-
Most state and government agencies have
their own web sites that provide information
about their offices, policies, census data,
congressional hearings and others. For
example, you can find information about
Tennessee Department of Transportation by
either looking for it via a search engine on
the Internet or via your library‟s web site
under Tennessee Resources. If you need
information about the Federal Government,
you can either search via a search engine or
you can go to your library‟s web site and
look under U.S. Government Resources.
Information About and From Associations,
51

52. Organizations and Others- If you are
looking for information about an association
pertaining to contact information, or share
information, you may find the web site and
get in touch with the organization. For
example, you may want to see the type of
information is provided by the American Society for
Public Administration.
You can search for the web site via Google or
another search engine. When you locate web site
you will see the following information:
Information and news about the organization,
information about the public administration profession,
awards program, calendar, advertising, conference
schedules, contact person, public administration resources,
fellowships, international activities, membership
services, public policy, publications and marketing.
The url for this organization is http://www.asee.org
• WWW Resources at TSU-
1. Virtual Reference-
2. Tennessee Resources
3.Government Resources
• Web Sites in Public Administration
VI. Evaluate Research Materials
52

53. • Standards for Evaluating Materials in Public Administration
Materials need to be evaluated to determine their
1) usefulness, 2) quality, 3) authority. This is the next
major step you need to perform after discovering
your relevant research materials. In
evaluating information in the field of Engineering,
you should apply the ten criteria below:
1. Author‟s qualifications or credentials-
Is the author presently practicing in the field? Is he
knowledgeable in the field? How extensively has he published
on the topic?
2. The Timeliness of the Publication- Your topic may require
information from a certain time-frame. For example, if you
were researching changes in the federal civil service in the George
Bush administration, you would need recent information. Check the
publication dates. Is the
information updated regularly, if so, how
often is it updated? Some information are
updated daily, some weekly and monthly.
Is the information still valid for your
topic? If recent changes have superseded less recent ones, then
you will the most current information.Then again, if you are
writing on a topic that has more of a historical interest, e.g., civil
service reforms in Franklin Roosevelt‟s administration, then
timeliness would not be so important.
3. Accurate and Factual Information Supported
by Evidence- Does your information come from respected
sources? Let‟s say you got information from a journal in a
database; you would want to ask if the journal is refereed, i.e., is
it reviewed by authorities in the field. If it is not, then the
journal would be less authoritative. There may be a review
available of the source, if your source is a book.
53

54. If you obtained theinformation from a web site, how stable
or permanent is the information? Some web information is here
today and gone tomorrow; other web information is more
permanent. Complete coverage of your topic is another thing to
look for: check indexes, tables of contents, etc. to find out more.
Another consideration is whether the piece is well documented.
E.g., is there is a quote from Franklin Roosevelt, is there a
footnote stating the source. Without documentation you may not
be able to verify much information.
4. Primary vs. Secondary Sources- You can
locate your information from two types
of materials:
Primary Sources: These are the first-
hand or eye-witness accounts of an
event. They include, newspaper stories,
reports of experiments, statistics,
government documents, autobiographies
and letters.
Secondary Sources: These are the sources that perform an
operation on the primary source, such as analysis,
evaluation, or criticism.
5. Reputation of the Publisher- Check out the
publisher of the source. If the publisher
is a university press then it is likely to
be scholarly. Also, a publisher that has been around for awhile
should have a reputation or track record that suggests reliability
Even though you cannot
always guarantee quality based on the
publisher‟s reputation, it may be a sign
that the publisher has a regard for the
type of sources it publishes. For
54

55. example, M.E. Sharpe, CQ Press, Sage
Publications, United Nations Publications,
Government Finance Officers‟
Association, and Health Administration
Press are scholarlypublishers in Public
Administration and other areas.
6. Type of Publication- is the source scholarly,
popular, trade or government
publication? Is the journal scholarly or
popular? You need to make a
distinction because it indicates different
levels of complexity in introducing
ideas.
Scholarly Journals- the Websters
Third International Dictionary
definition of a scholarly journal is a
publication that is concerned with
academic study, especially research;
exhibiting the methods and attitudes
of a scholar; and having a manner
and appearance of a scholar. These
journals usually have a serious look
and contain various graphs, charts
and other statistical information. The
articles in these journals always cite
their resources in the form of
55

56. footnotes or bibliographies. The
authors of the articles are scholars in
the field or someone who has done
research in the field. The language
used is discipline related. Scholarly
journals aim to report on original
research or experimentation and
disseminate it for scholarly use.
Examples of Scholarly Journals
include, American Review Of Public
Administration,Analysis Of Social Issues And Public
Policy, BYU Journal Of Public Law, Canadian Public
Administration, American Review Of Public
Administration, Journal Of Public Administration
Research And Theory and
others.
General Interest and News
Publications- These publications
are attractive in appearance, their
format can be a journal or a
newspaper. The articles contained in
these sources may be written by
editorial staff, scholars or free lance
writers. They use nontechnical language to appeal to a
wide audience. They are published
by commercial entities, individuals
and/or professional organizations.
The aim of these sources is to
provide information to a broad
56

57. audience.
Some examples are Time, Newsweek, U.S. News and
World Report,Popular
Mechanics, Scientific American,
New York Times, National
Geographic.
Popular Journals- these sources are
attractive in appearance. They
contain many photographs,
drawings. They very rarely cite
sources and information they contain
are usually second or third hand. The
articles are in general with very little
depth. The popular journals are for
entertaining the reader, selling
products or promoting a viewpoint.
Some examples are People Weekly,
Traditional Homes, Vogue, Good
Housekeeping, Southern Living,
Essence and others.
Sensational, Tabloid Publications- use
elementary language that is often
sensational. They aim to arouse
curiosity with flashy headlines.
Some examples are National
Inquirer, Globe, Weekly World
News, Star, and others.
57

58. • Evaluation of Web Resources
You can find a vast amount of information on the
Internet, however, not all resources are equally
valuable or even reliable. Your challenge is to sift
through the vast amount of information and
pinpoint those sources that are reliable and relevant
for your topic. As a rule the, informational web
pages present factual information. For example, the
web pages with URL addresses that end with .edu or
.gov provide reliable information since they are
sponsored by educational institutions or government
agencies. You may consider the following points in
evaluating web sources:
1. Scope- How complete is the
information covered? Is the
information given in detail?
2. Content- Is the information accurate
or factual? Many web pages simply
restate the opinion of the author
or the opinions of others. Opinions
may be stated as though they were
facts; this is something you need to
watch out for. Are there sources
listed for the information given that
can be double-checked. Is the information
58

59. biased? Sometimes information is
given without the name of an organization
or person to whom the information can
be attributed. Such information is suspect.
Sometimes an author sounds authoritative, but
may have little or no background in the
field. You can check for credentials of the
author. How current is
the information? Do you see
dates as to when it was written
and when it was last revised or
or updated?
3. Graphics and Multimedia Design- Is the
Page attractive and
Interesting to look at?
4. Navigation- is the web resource easy to
use? Is it user friendly? Can you access
the resource via standard computer
equipment and software?
VII. Write the Paper
1. Organization of Information
Organization of your information is now paramount, after
you have gathered it. You may look
at the problem as if you were organizing a file cabinet,
your wallet, or the books in a library. In all these cases,
59

60. similar itemsare grouped together for easier access. In writing
your research paper, you may group your
information under similar concepts. For example, if
you are using the web to gather information, you
may bookmark your favorites under a concept. One of the
best ways to organize information is to create an
outline using your key concepts as aids in organization.
In an outline information is
arranged by hierarchy and sequence. This is done
by identifying Main Concepts, Subconcepts,
particular information under subconcepts,
Conclusion and Bibliography.An outline would
also contain forword, preface and table of contents.
An outline may look like this:
I. Main Concept
A. Sub-Concept
1. Particular
2. Particular
3. Particular
B. Sub-Concept
1. Particular
2. Particular
3. Particular
C. Sub-Concept
1. Particular
60

61. 2. Particular
For example, the book titled Exploring Public Sector
Strategy ed. by Gerry Johnson and Kevan Scholes has the following
outline:
Chapter I- The implications of „publicness‟ for
strategic management theory
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The private sector model
1.3 How public sector management differs
1.4 Implications for „content‟ theories of strategic management
1.5 Implications for „process‟ theories
1.6 Conclusion
Chapter II- The processes of strategy development in the public sector
2.1 Introduction
2.2 A framework for the strateg development process
2.3 Strategy a managerial intent
2.4 Strategy as the outcome of organizational processes
2.5 Imposed strategy: The enforced choice dimension
2.6 The strategy development questionnaire
2.7 Analysis and results
2.8 Conclusions and implications
Chapter III Global influences on the public sector
61

62. 3.1 Introduction
3.2 PEST analysis
3.3 Scenarios
3.4 Five forces analysis in healthcare
3.5 Strategic group analysis in MBA education in the Netherlands
3.6 Summary
Chapter IV Trust and distrust in regulation and enforcement
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Defining regulations
4.3 The regulatory cycle
4.4 Trust or distrust?
4.5 Conclusions
Conclusion
Bibliography
In this example, the title is Exploring Public Sector
Strategy. The author organized the information into
four Main Concepts. They are - The implications of
„publicness‟ for strategic management theory,
The processes of strategy development in the public
sector, Global influences on the public sector
and Trust and distrust in regulation and
enforcement. The information
relevant to the main Concepts are sub-Concepts and they
62

63. are are listed under the main concepts in the decimal-
numbered headings.
2. Citing Sources and Ethical Issues-
In your paper you will often use concepts, assertions,
ideas and evidence from various authors and sources.
That is, you will use quotes from other researchers.
When you incorporate someone else‟s ideas or
material in your paper, you are obligated to give
credit to the original author. You can give this credit
by citing the sources in your paper. These
citations must be complete and they include books,
journal or newspaper articles, Internet sources, etc.
Failure to give credit to the original author of
information that you quote is unethical and it
called “ plagiarism “.
There are a variety of formats available for use in
citing your sources. They come under these headings:
Science- CBE (Council of Biology Editors)
Social Sciences- APA ( American
Psychological Association)
Humanities- MLA (Modern Language
Association)
History- Chicago (University of Chicago Press)
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64. Hints
You should pick a style that fits your research
concept and use it consistently.
Make sure that you provide a complete citation so
that persons reading your research can locate the
information you are citing.
Examples of citations in endnotes
Print materials-
Books-
The bibliographic citation for a book in the American Psychological
Association (APA) Styleisas follows:
Savoy, N. (2002). Public administration
as a career in early twentieth-century
Germany.Boston: Newnes.
( Notice that the title of the book is inItalics)
The bibliographic citation for a bookin the
Modern language Association (MLA)style
Isas follows:
64

65. Hootton, C.E. International Perspectives on Telecommuting. Boston:
Newnes, 2002.
( Notice that the author‟s name is given
in full and the publication date of the
book is entered at the end of the
citation. There are two spaces after
each period)
The bibliographic citation for a journalin the
American Psychological Association
(APA) Styleisas follows:
Dario, Paola, Guglielmelli, E. and Lascki, C.
(2001). Humanoids and personal
robots: design and experiments.
Journal of Robotic Systems, 18,
673-690.
(Notice that the title of the journal is in
Italics)
Journals
65

66. MLA style
Barthelme, Frederick. “Architecture.” Kansas Quarterly 13.3-4 (1981):
77-80
( Notice that the title of the article is in
quotation marks, both the volume and
the issue number and the month or
season and year of the publication is
given. The month or the season and the
year of publication are in parenthesis)
APA style
Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management
hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social
Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.
Notice that the title is italicized.
Electronic resources-
APA style
Burka, L.P. (1993). A hypertext history of multi-user dimensions. MUD
history. http://www.utopia.com/talent/lpb/muddex/essay.(2 Aug. 1996).
MLA style
66

67. Burka, Lauren P. “A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions.” MUD
History. 1993. http://www.Burka, Lauren P. "A Hypertext History of Multi-User
Dimensions." MUD History. .
http://www.utopia.com/talent/lpb/muddex/essay. (2 Aug. 1996).
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