This document provides an introduction and literature review on HIV/AIDS knowledge and awareness among adolescents. It discusses how HIV attacks the immune system, leading to AIDS. Rates of HIV are increasing among youth due to risk behaviors like unprotected sex and needle sharing. Adolescents often lack sexual education and engagement in risky acts. The study aims to assess HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among high school students in Baguio City, Philippines to inform policy. A survey will be administered to students to understand their awareness and identify information gaps. The Health Belief Model will guide the research. The literature review covers topics like adolescent development, sexual and reproductive health challenges faced by youth, and parent-child relationships.

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are illnesses and symptoms that are made
manifest as a result of HIV infection, these symptoms and illnesses occur at the last stage of HIV.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) on the other hand is a virus that attacks the body’s natural
defense against illnesses, the immune system, making it weak to defend the body against foreign
organisms and eventually destroying the immune system if not treated. The virus achieves this by
damaging the CD-4 cell or T-cell in the human immune system, making it unable to do its work in
the immune system.
HIV/AIDS has been a challenge and a major public health issue to the entire globe. There has been
widespread of the virus in the shortest time possible. A few decades ago, HIV/AIDS was not
known but these days, the widespread is common, and children are exposed to the risk of
HIV/AIDS. Previous studies show that young people form a considerable number of people
attending sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics and those infected by HIV.
HIV/AIDS is prevalent among Adolescence because of so many lifestyle practices and
involvement in risk behaviors such as needle sharing among IDUs, alcohol abuse and drug use.
Many adolescences are sexually active, lacking proper sex education, they indulge in unprotected
sex with one or multiple partners, MSM.
There is 1.2 billion adolescence in the world, World Health Organization WHO defines
adolescence as persons between 10 and 19 years of age (WHO 1998). According to information
from DOH records on diagnosed cases of HIV in the Philippines, there was a 10% increase of total
reported cases in March 2016 (736) compared to the same period last year (667). 27% of the cases
recorded are youths aged 15-24years, this is evidence that young Filipino folks lack awareness and
necessary knowledge to modify risky behaviors, increasing their chances of acquiring the
infection.
In view of the increase in the widespread of HIV/AIDS, it is important to shift focus to schools,
work on standard curriculum that is equipped with information on school health, creating
awareness for prevention of STI, early, easy prevention can be made possible by Information
Education and Communication (IEC) activities, with emphasizes on behavioral change.

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1.1 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
This study will be guided by the Health Belief Model (HBM) which was proposed by Rosentock
and Becker 1974. The HBM attempts to predict health behaviors. This model states that, individual
perceptions and modifying factors may influence health beliefs and preventive health behavior.
Perceptions include: perceived susceptibility, seriousness and threat with modifying factors such
as age, sex, and race. This simply means that there is relationship between what a person believes
and how he acts.
Adolescence may practice safe sex if the see HIV/AIDS as a serious infection.
1.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 ADOLESCENCE
Family Health International (2000) stated that adolescence is the transition from childhood to
adulthood marked by profound physical, emotional, mental and social change. Similarly, Collin
(1998) defines it as the period of life when a child is developing into an adult. In Europe and USA,
this period is considered from 10years to 24years of age, where as in developing countries such as
Ethiopia it is mostly from 13 – 25 years of age (Youth to youth initiative, 1998). FGAE also
considers all people aged 10-24 as youths. According to Hawas (1997), the physical and emotional
changes that occur around puberty can cause girls and boys great confusion and stress. It is
important that young people have an opportunity to learn facts about their development and can
discuss their concerns openly with each other and also with a sympathetic, nonjudgmental adult,
this will help them to pass through puberty and adolescence with knowledge, confidence, and self-
esteem. Change is the hallmark of adolescence. Emotionally, young people move toward
independence from their parents or elders and establish new interests and relationship (Hasas,
1997). Young people seek information and clues about sexual life from a variety of sources;
parents, peers, religious leaders, health providers, teachers and mass media. They obtain
information and make decisions within the context of the culture in which they live. Decisions and
actions may be affected by violence, drug, and alcohol use. The time of adolescence is fraught
with challenges uncertainties, unfounded fears, internal conflicts and being confronted with a new
body, with new feelings-and often with little help.
2.2 SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ISSUE IN ADOLESCENCE
Network Family Health International (2000) suggested only a tiny percentage of the world’s
resources is devoted to helping youth in developing countries realize their potential. Given the
huge numbers of youth and the seriousness of the problems, there is a temptation to comment on
all available resources to action programs and just "get on with it," evaluation may seem like a
luxury.
Many young women are willing to risk their lives to end an unplanned pregnancy due to fear,
shame and or desperation. “When an adolescent girl wants to get rid of an unwanted pregnancy,
she seeks for help in places where she shouldn't. Such as the most isolated places where she knows
no one will see or find her "says one west African health workers (Barnet B. and Stainj, 1998).
The world Health organization (WHO) estimates that between 1 million and 4.4 million abortions
are performed each year among young women (Age 10 to 24 years) and that most of these are
unsafe because they are performed illegally (Trolley et al, 1998). In Senegal, young women who
become pregnant may be shunned by their parents and forced to leave home. After pregnancy,
women’s decisions are mostly influenced by male partners. In Tanzania out of 150 adolescents
who underwent abortion, 46% said they told their male partners before anyone else, and 27 % told
male partners after telling a friend or relative. Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) is another
challenge for young people. Nearly half of all HIV infections worldwide occur in people under
age 25. Seven in 10 new STI occur among individuals 15 to 24 years old (Facts and Figures, 1999).
Similarly (Werner et al, 1998, cited in. Network family Health international, 2000) stated that
about a third of 333 million new Sexually Transmitted Diseases cases each year- excluding

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HIV/AIDS – occur among people younger than 25 and recent data support that the adolescent STD
epidemic is growing. Mostly, young people may think they are too young or too sexually
inexperienced to acquire STI. They may also think they are not at risk since they incorrectly believe
that STI only occurs among people who are promiscuous or who engage in “bad “behaviors. All
these will happen to young people as result of lack information about how to prevent STI. Youth
are less likely to seek proper information or treatment due to fear, ignorance, shyness or
inexperience. The risk of acquiring 10 Trichomoniasis, Chlamydia, genital herpes or Human
Papilloma Virus (HPV) is greater at first exposure to the STI. Violence or coercion in relation to
rape is another youth SRH issue. Records at the maturity Hospital of Lima, Peru, found that 90%
of young mother's ages 12 to 16 were pregnant as a result of rape. For girls and women who
typically have less power and less status in society, the short and long-term health consequences
of sexual violence can be physically and emotionally alarming. Young women in Senegal said, “If
you refuse, he is going to beat you, and you will give in to his desires by force (McCauley et al.,
1995). A need assessment and baseline survey revealed that since first sexual experience occurs
between ages 13 and 16, youth more than ever before require sexual and reproductive health
information as well as some life-building skills such as negotiation skills, value clarification,
refusal skills, decision making and goal setting. These skills will enable youth to cope with the
demands and challenges of growing up, self-management and other transactions (Amazigo U. et
al., 1995).
Lastly, with the challenges mentioned above and problems in young people, the issue of youth and
parents relationship has been considered as additional challenges. Parents often wonder, if their
children will make the right decision. Numerous studies have been conducted over the years to
analyze parent-adolescent relationships. According to Meeks-Mithcell Heit (1987), in these
studies, the overwhelming conclusion is that adolescent agrees with their parents’ ideas and share
their values. The statement mentioned above might apply to developed countries. But in countries
like Ethiopia, parent-adolescent conflicts are frequently observed. Besides, health service policies
do not sufficiently incorporate the need of the youth.

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CHAPTER 3
3.1 OBJECTIVE
This study is being carried out to
1. To establish the level awareness among High school students in Baguio city regarding
HIV/AIDS
2. Address the attitude and knowledge of students to health and sex education
3. Provide suggestions/policy for HIV/AIDS education in high schools in Baguio.
3.2 RESEARCH QUESTION
1. What knowledge do the students have about HIV/AIDS?
2. What sexual behaviors do students exhibit?
3. How do they perceive their vulnerability toward HIV/AIDS?
3.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This study will be conducted to determine the general awareness of Baguio City high school
students on HIV/AIDS; this study will find the gap between the current general awareness of
Baguio City high school students on HIV/AIDS and what is ideal. The Ministry of Education can
use this study for interventions/ formulation of Policies/curriculum for schools to help create
awareness/enlighten adolescences about HIV/AIDS, transmission and the different ways it can be
prevented can be implemented.
This study can also be a source of reference for other researchers to develop future studies.
3.4 DELIMITATION AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
1. The study is focused on high school students only
2. Data will be restricted to students who are present at the time of the survey administration, and
there is no obligation to respond to all questions
3.5 ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY
1. Respondent answered honestly, and all information provided is reliable.
2. Respondents have considerable knowledge about HIV/AIDS

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CHAPTER 4
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD
4.1 Materials and methods
It will be a cross-sectional study in four schools that will be selected randomly (two private and
two government/public schools). The schools will be selected by random sampling techniques
from the list of schools in Baguio city. The study will be conducted for four months between
January and April 2017. The study will be a cross-sectional study conducted among Adolescents
who are between the ages of 10-19 Years.
4.1.1 Researchlocale
This study will be conducted in Baguio city, a city in North Luzon of the Philippines popularly
known as the summer capital of the Philippines.
4.1.2 Study population
Study population include high school students within 10-19 years of age in the four selected high
schools (2 of which are private and the others are government schools).
4.1.3 Data collection tools
The prepared and pretested close-ended questionnaire with questions relating to the different
aspects of HIV/AIDS will be floated in participant’s respective classrooms.
There will be a short introduction of the research to each class of participant, verbal consent will
be gotten from participants to participate in the study, and questionnaire will be given to students
who volunteer to participate. Time will be taken to explain to and answer questions or concerns
raised by students concerning questionnaire questions that are not understood. Care will be taken
to minimize consultation, making sure that students will not consult among themselves.
4.1.4 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
All High school students in the selected schools who are between 10-19years of age. Students who
are below 10 and above 19 will be excluded.
4.1.5 Statistical tool
Questionnaires will be retrieved from participants for data collection and compilation. Data
tabulation will be done using Microsoft Excel Statistical analysis will be performed using the
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS). Chi-square tests will be used to
compare data. Differences at P<0.05 will be considered statistically significant.
4.1.6 Ethical Consideration
A letter of informed consent will be written to the principals of the selected schools, seeking their
consent to carry out research in their schools, with their students as my participant. After detailed
explanation of the title, purpose and significance of my study, a clearly worded informed consent
will be made available to the participants to obtain their consent before administering the
questionnaire.

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APPENDICES
APPENDIX-A
Sample of Informed Consent Form
Informed consent form for _____________ High School Baguio City.
Name of Investigator: _____________
Name of School: Saint Louis University Baguio City.
I am _____________, am taking up master I Public Health at Saint Louis University Baguio city.
I am doing some research which might help your school do more to help teenagers become and
stay healthier. For my research titled “Knowledge and awareness of HIV/AIDS among high school
students in Baguio city”, I will need to talk to teenagers in your school, both girls and boys, and
ask them a number of questions using a questionnaire, sample of questionnaire is attached to this
letter. Whenever researchers study children, we talk to the parents/guardians or in this case head
of schools and ask them for their permission. After you have heard more about the study, and if
you agree, then the next thing I will do is ask the study participants for their agreement as well.
Both of you have to agree independently before I can begin.
You do not have to decide today whether or not you agree to have your Pupils participate in this
research. Before you decide, you can talk to anyone you feel comfortable with. Am willing to
clarify questions if there is any.
_________________
Signature over Printed Name

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APPENDIX-B
Sample of questionnaire
Questionnaire for assessment Knowledge and awareness of HIV/AIDS among high school
students in Baguio city.
Notice: Circle the choice
Section: 1 Demographic Information
1. Sex
a. Male b. Female
2. Age________ years.
3. Religion
a. Orthodox b. Catholic c. Protestant d. Muslim e. Other specify ___________
4. Class Grade___________
SECTION: 2 HIV/AIDS Knowledge and awareness
5. Have you ever heard of HIV/AIDS?
a. Yes b. No
(If no, kindly stop here)
6. If yes, what was the source of information?
a. Mass media b. Reading materials c. Health professionals d. Church e. Mosque f. Friends
g. Family h. Anti-AIDS club i. AIDS-Day j. School k. Other specify
7.
AIDS is transmitted Agree Disagree Don’t Know
Sexually(through sex)
Not from mother to child
Contaminated blood
Gating together
Insect bite
Other, specify below
8. Have you ever heard of condom?
a. Yes b. No (If no jump to Ques. 11)

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9. Have you ever seen condom?
a. Yes b. No
10. Why use a condom?
a. Prevent from sexually transmitted infection b. Prevent HIV-infection c. Prevent pregnancy
d. For all of the above e. Other specify
11.
To Prevent HIV Agree Disagree Don’t know
Abstinence
It’s good to use condom
One-to-one
12. Do you think a person thought to be healthy could have HIV?
a. Yes b. No 3. Don't know
13. Do you think you might be infected by HIV?
a. Yes b. No c. don’t know
14. Why do you think you might be infected?
Answer freely _________________________________
15. Do you have boy/girl friend?
a. Yes b. No
(If jump go to ques 17)
16. If yes, did you ever have sex with your boy/girl friend?
a. Yes b No.
17. Have you ever discussed about HIV/AIDS with your family?
a. yes b. No
18. What conditions forced youth to do unsafe sex? (More than one choice is possible)
a. Condom is not accessible in time of need b. Lack of money c. Negligence d. Alcohol e. chat
f. All of the above g. Other specify---------------------

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APPENDIX-C
List of study site
1. ……………………
2. ……………………
3. ……………………
4. ……………………

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Ben E. W. (2005). HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Attitudes, and Opinions among Adolescents in
the River States of Nigeria
Contents. https://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/ETH_2001_800.pdf
Dehne K. L. & Riedner G. (2001) Adolescence-- A Dynamic Concept. Reprod Health
Matters.May;9(17):11-5. PMID:11468826
Gupta, P., Anjum, F., Bhardwaj, P., Srivastav, J., & Zaidi, Z. H. (2013). Knowledge about
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Ibrahim T. A., Bilkisu A. A., Danjuma A., Lateef M. O., Abdulkarim S., Wasiu A. A.
(2015) HIV/AIDS Awareness among Secondary Schools’ Adolescents in South-
Western Nigeria: A Correlate to Strengthen Advocacy and Strategic Sexuality
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10.11648/j.ajhr.s.2015030101.19
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