This document discusses the need for a grant proposal to address adolescent sexual and reproductive health issues. It notes that early sexual activity has increased due to greater access to education and technology, leading to early pregnancies and health risks. The proposal seeks funding to implement sexual education programs in schools to increase awareness of risks, promote abstinence, and advocate for contraceptive use in order to reduce rates of teen pregnancy, early marriage, unsafe abortion, and sexually transmitted diseases.
The adolescent stage is a period of turmoil marked with enormous vibrancy, discovery, innovation and hope and also the time when many of them initiate sexual relationships and involvement. This can be a challenging time for young people who are becoming aware of their sexual and reproductive rights and needs, and who rely on their families, peers, schools, media and health service providers for affirmation, advice, information and the skills to navigate is sometimes a difficult transition to adulthood. The subject on sex has been surrounded by mystery and beclouded by dark silence as neither parents nor teachers are ready to discuss it with teenagers despite unplanned pregnancies, dropping out of school by students, Sexually Transmitted Infections among teenagers. The study investigated influence of teen contraceptive use) on academic achievement among public secondary school students in Bungoma South Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory postulated in 1986. A descriptive research design was used with target population of 3774 Form 3 students. A sample of 400 students was selected using, Miller, L.R. & Brewer, J.D. (2003) mathematical formula and stratified randomly from 52 schools and conveniently selected equally between boys and girls. Data was collected using structured interview schedule and questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. Results highlights most students were aware about contraceptive use with females slightly more than males and media was the major source of information on contraceptive use while parents/guardians had no significant contribution since teenagers rarely receive their first information on sexual matters from their parents. More than half of the sexually active students used contraceptives though it still interfered with their academic performance. This paper points at sex education curriculum in schools, setting up reproductive health institutions for the youth and distribution of contraceptives among teenagers which has a bearing on students’ performance.
Risk factorsComment 1There are several predisposing fact.docxcarlstromcurtis
Risk factors
Comment 1
There are several predisposing factors to adolescent pregnancy. They include a lack of parental guidance. Adolescent sexual behaviour which is promiscuous in nature. Exploitation by older men who lure young girls with money and other material things. Sexual abuse or rape and socio-economic. Inadequate knowledge about protected sexual intercourse. Peer pressure and teenage drinking which impairs the ability to make wise decisions.
Community resources
Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program
- The design focuses on the promotion of safe sexual and reproductive health practices so that there is reduction of unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections among adolescents through the provision of community outreach, health education and positive youth development
Parenting Teen Program
It focuses on the provision of mothers at risk with the opportunity to get training and guidance on job, parenting and life skills. It also dwells on social, academic and independent living skill development among these mothers.
Pregnancy rates
There has been a steep fall in the teen pregnancy rate. By the year 2011 according to the data that is available, the rate was 62 pregnancies per 1,000 teen girls (age 15-19); some 5,270 teen pregnancies. Therefore the teen pregnancy rate has reduced by 57% since 1988. Since 2008, the teen pregnancy rate has changed by -10%
Commentary on rate
There has been a reduction in the teen pregnancy rate. One of the possible reasons that can be attributed to this reduction is that there is increased utilization of contraception in is Nevada. Research has demonstrated an increase in the contraceptive prevalence rate. This has been achieved through the public health campaigns that raise awareness about teenage pregnancies. There has been provision of free barrier contraceptives to the sexually active demographic.
Comment 2
Adolescent pregnancy is a very risky for both the adolescent and the baby. The body of an adolescent has not fully matured enough to provide and support a growing child, let alone the adolescent as well. The adolescent age is very important and is considered the stage where children learn to explore their sexuality while peer pressure influences their thoughts, behavior, likes and dislikes. The media also influences how adolescents perceive themselves as well as others around them. Girls are more sensitive to social media and lack of parental support, proper education on dangers of drugs, sex and violence can lead to poor health habits that are hard to break as they grow into adults. Based on Center of Disease and Control (CDC) the rate of adolescent pregnancy had decreased by 9% from 2013 to 2014. In California, the rate of adolescent pregnancy ages 15- 19 years of age has decreased to 25.7 % out of every 1,000 females in the past 10 years according to the California Department of Public health. The decrease in adolescent/ teen birth rates is said to be contributed to soci ...
Fourteen years ago I was asked to prepare the following document. After it was completed, the contractor asked me to re-do it because they had made a mistake in the age they wanted covered. [They seemed to believe the information was too sensitive politically] and buried the report. I'm submitting it here now to learn what the LinkedIn audience thinks. Is it time to update it?
Teen pregnancy in the United StatesTeen pregnancy in the Unite.docxmattinsonjanel
Teen pregnancy in the United States
Teen pregnancy in the United States
The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy was founded in 1996 and has its headquarters in Washington D.C. and has nearly 200 organizations and media outlets which serve as partners. The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy’s main agenda seeks to improve the lives and future prospects of children and families by ensuring that children are born into stable, two-parent families who have a commitment to and are ready for the demanding task of raising the next generation. Their strategy is aimed at the prevention of teen pregnancy and unplanned pregnancy among single, young adults by supporting a combination of responsible values and behavior by both men and women and responsible policies in both the public and private sectors. Their actions are aimed at improving child and family well-being therefore reducing the prevalence rate of poverty by providing more opportunities for the teenagers to complete their education or achieve other life goals while advocating for fewer abortions towards the creation of a stronger nation.
Teenage pregnancies have resulted to a total of 273,105 babies who were born to women aged 15–19 years, for a live birth rate of 26.5% per 1,000 women in this age group. There has been a decline in teen pregnancies with a drop of 10% in 2013. The birth rates declined at 13% for women aged 15–17 years, and 8% for women aged 18–19 years (Child Trends, 2014). Still, the U.S. teen pregnancy rate is substantially higher than in other western industrialized nations (Clay, et al, 2012). The national teen pregnancy rate has been declining steadily over the last two decades which has been attributed to the combination of an increased percentage of adolescents who are waiting to have sexual intercourse and the increased use of contraceptives by teens. The teen pregnancy rate includes the pregnancies that end in a live birth, as well as those that end in abortion or miscarriage resulting from fetal loss. In the United States 4 in 10 teens get pregnant at least once before they reach the age of 20 which leads to the teenagers dropping out of school with more than 50% of teen mothers never completing school. The trends show that less than 10% of the fathers marry the mother of their child and that almost a half of the teen mothers get their second child within the first 24 months since 80% of teens who do not use protective methods have higher chances of becoming pregnant.
Teen birth rates have been declining significantly in the recent years, however, despite these declines, there still exists a lot of disparities that need to be properly addressed (Dessen, 2005). There are substantial disparities that persist in teen birth rates, and teen pregnancy and childbearing which continue to carry significant social and economic costs. In 2013, the Hispanic teen birth rates were still more than two times higher than the rate for ...
The adolescent stage is a period of turmoil marked with enormous vibrancy, discovery, innovation and hope and also the time when many of them initiate sexual relationships and involvement. This can be a challenging time for young people who are becoming aware of their sexual and reproductive rights and needs, and who rely on their families, peers, schools, media and health service providers for affirmation, advice, information and the skills to navigate is sometimes a difficult transition to adulthood. The subject on sex has been surrounded by mystery and beclouded by dark silence as neither parents nor teachers are ready to discuss it with teenagers despite unplanned pregnancies, dropping out of school by students, Sexually Transmitted Infections among teenagers. The study investigated influence of teen contraceptive use) on academic achievement among public secondary school students in Bungoma South Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory postulated in 1986. A descriptive research design was used with target population of 3774 Form 3 students. A sample of 400 students was selected using, Miller, L.R. & Brewer, J.D. (2003) mathematical formula and stratified randomly from 52 schools and conveniently selected equally between boys and girls. Data was collected using structured interview schedule and questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. Results highlights most students were aware about contraceptive use with females slightly more than males and media was the major source of information on contraceptive use while parents/guardians had no significant contribution since teenagers rarely receive their first information on sexual matters from their parents. More than half of the sexually active students used contraceptives though it still interfered with their academic performance. This paper points at sex education curriculum in schools, setting up reproductive health institutions for the youth and distribution of contraceptives among teenagers which has a bearing on students’ performance.
Risk factorsComment 1There are several predisposing fact.docxcarlstromcurtis
Risk factors
Comment 1
There are several predisposing factors to adolescent pregnancy. They include a lack of parental guidance. Adolescent sexual behaviour which is promiscuous in nature. Exploitation by older men who lure young girls with money and other material things. Sexual abuse or rape and socio-economic. Inadequate knowledge about protected sexual intercourse. Peer pressure and teenage drinking which impairs the ability to make wise decisions.
Community resources
Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program
- The design focuses on the promotion of safe sexual and reproductive health practices so that there is reduction of unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections among adolescents through the provision of community outreach, health education and positive youth development
Parenting Teen Program
It focuses on the provision of mothers at risk with the opportunity to get training and guidance on job, parenting and life skills. It also dwells on social, academic and independent living skill development among these mothers.
Pregnancy rates
There has been a steep fall in the teen pregnancy rate. By the year 2011 according to the data that is available, the rate was 62 pregnancies per 1,000 teen girls (age 15-19); some 5,270 teen pregnancies. Therefore the teen pregnancy rate has reduced by 57% since 1988. Since 2008, the teen pregnancy rate has changed by -10%
Commentary on rate
There has been a reduction in the teen pregnancy rate. One of the possible reasons that can be attributed to this reduction is that there is increased utilization of contraception in is Nevada. Research has demonstrated an increase in the contraceptive prevalence rate. This has been achieved through the public health campaigns that raise awareness about teenage pregnancies. There has been provision of free barrier contraceptives to the sexually active demographic.
Comment 2
Adolescent pregnancy is a very risky for both the adolescent and the baby. The body of an adolescent has not fully matured enough to provide and support a growing child, let alone the adolescent as well. The adolescent age is very important and is considered the stage where children learn to explore their sexuality while peer pressure influences their thoughts, behavior, likes and dislikes. The media also influences how adolescents perceive themselves as well as others around them. Girls are more sensitive to social media and lack of parental support, proper education on dangers of drugs, sex and violence can lead to poor health habits that are hard to break as they grow into adults. Based on Center of Disease and Control (CDC) the rate of adolescent pregnancy had decreased by 9% from 2013 to 2014. In California, the rate of adolescent pregnancy ages 15- 19 years of age has decreased to 25.7 % out of every 1,000 females in the past 10 years according to the California Department of Public health. The decrease in adolescent/ teen birth rates is said to be contributed to soci ...
Fourteen years ago I was asked to prepare the following document. After it was completed, the contractor asked me to re-do it because they had made a mistake in the age they wanted covered. [They seemed to believe the information was too sensitive politically] and buried the report. I'm submitting it here now to learn what the LinkedIn audience thinks. Is it time to update it?
Teen pregnancy in the United StatesTeen pregnancy in the Unite.docxmattinsonjanel
Teen pregnancy in the United States
Teen pregnancy in the United States
The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy was founded in 1996 and has its headquarters in Washington D.C. and has nearly 200 organizations and media outlets which serve as partners. The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy’s main agenda seeks to improve the lives and future prospects of children and families by ensuring that children are born into stable, two-parent families who have a commitment to and are ready for the demanding task of raising the next generation. Their strategy is aimed at the prevention of teen pregnancy and unplanned pregnancy among single, young adults by supporting a combination of responsible values and behavior by both men and women and responsible policies in both the public and private sectors. Their actions are aimed at improving child and family well-being therefore reducing the prevalence rate of poverty by providing more opportunities for the teenagers to complete their education or achieve other life goals while advocating for fewer abortions towards the creation of a stronger nation.
Teenage pregnancies have resulted to a total of 273,105 babies who were born to women aged 15–19 years, for a live birth rate of 26.5% per 1,000 women in this age group. There has been a decline in teen pregnancies with a drop of 10% in 2013. The birth rates declined at 13% for women aged 15–17 years, and 8% for women aged 18–19 years (Child Trends, 2014). Still, the U.S. teen pregnancy rate is substantially higher than in other western industrialized nations (Clay, et al, 2012). The national teen pregnancy rate has been declining steadily over the last two decades which has been attributed to the combination of an increased percentage of adolescents who are waiting to have sexual intercourse and the increased use of contraceptives by teens. The teen pregnancy rate includes the pregnancies that end in a live birth, as well as those that end in abortion or miscarriage resulting from fetal loss. In the United States 4 in 10 teens get pregnant at least once before they reach the age of 20 which leads to the teenagers dropping out of school with more than 50% of teen mothers never completing school. The trends show that less than 10% of the fathers marry the mother of their child and that almost a half of the teen mothers get their second child within the first 24 months since 80% of teens who do not use protective methods have higher chances of becoming pregnant.
Teen birth rates have been declining significantly in the recent years, however, despite these declines, there still exists a lot of disparities that need to be properly addressed (Dessen, 2005). There are substantial disparities that persist in teen birth rates, and teen pregnancy and childbearing which continue to carry significant social and economic costs. In 2013, the Hispanic teen birth rates were still more than two times higher than the rate for ...
This is the abstract presentation of Jude Tayaben, which was made as part of the 12th session of 10th Asia Pacific Conference on Reproductive and Sexual Health and Rights (#APCRSHR10) Virtual. This session was held in lead up to #WorldAIDSDay and #16DaysofActivism against sexual and other forms of gender-based violence, on the theme of "HIV/AIDS and sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) in Asia and the Pacific".
Chair: Jennifer Butler, Director, UNFPA Pacific Sub Regional office based in Fiji
Plenary Speaker: Eamonn Murphy, Regional Director, UNAIDS, Asia and the Pacific | “Solidarity and Accountability: HIV, SRHR and the COVID response”
Abstract Presenters:
-------------------------
* Jude Tayaben | Successes, Pitfalls, and Moving Forward: Adivayan Youth Health Center- A school-based program addressing Adolescent Sexuality, and Reproductive Health Issues in Benguet, Philippines
* Samreen, Manisha Dhakal | Integrating transgender health into HIV and SRHR programming in Indonesia, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam
* Harjyot Khosa | Stigma, sex work and non-disclosure to health care providers: Exploring dynamics of anal sex through community led monitoring to bridge gaps in HIV care continuum services
* Angela Kelly Hanku, Agnes K. Mek | I can, I want, I will and Young & Positive: Two visual method projects with young women living with HIV in Papua New Guinea
For more information on the session, please visit
www.bit.ly/apcrshr10virtual12
Official conference website: www.apcrshr10cambodia.org
Thanks
This is awareness campaign report during health teaching in a rural community within the Philippines to increase awareness of increasing trend of teenage pregnancy especially among low poverty income and less educated residents in a certain community in the Philippines
Relationship between Fertility and Reproductive Health.pptxAshik Mondal
This slide made by me for my educational purpose. I think it will be helpful for others students in theie academic life specially who are interested about demogphy
I was in a Capstone Community Psychology Class at the University of Cincinnati. In conjunction with this course, we worked alongside the Cincinnati Health Department to try to aid in their Sexual Health and Awareness Toolkit that they presented to local communities in the Cincinnati area.
This is the abstract presentation of Jude Tayaben, which was made as part of the 12th session of 10th Asia Pacific Conference on Reproductive and Sexual Health and Rights (#APCRSHR10) Virtual. This session was held in lead up to #WorldAIDSDay and #16DaysofActivism against sexual and other forms of gender-based violence, on the theme of "HIV/AIDS and sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) in Asia and the Pacific".
Chair: Jennifer Butler, Director, UNFPA Pacific Sub Regional office based in Fiji
Plenary Speaker: Eamonn Murphy, Regional Director, UNAIDS, Asia and the Pacific | “Solidarity and Accountability: HIV, SRHR and the COVID response”
Abstract Presenters:
-------------------------
* Jude Tayaben | Successes, Pitfalls, and Moving Forward: Adivayan Youth Health Center- A school-based program addressing Adolescent Sexuality, and Reproductive Health Issues in Benguet, Philippines
* Samreen, Manisha Dhakal | Integrating transgender health into HIV and SRHR programming in Indonesia, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam
* Harjyot Khosa | Stigma, sex work and non-disclosure to health care providers: Exploring dynamics of anal sex through community led monitoring to bridge gaps in HIV care continuum services
* Angela Kelly Hanku, Agnes K. Mek | I can, I want, I will and Young & Positive: Two visual method projects with young women living with HIV in Papua New Guinea
For more information on the session, please visit
www.bit.ly/apcrshr10virtual12
Official conference website: www.apcrshr10cambodia.org
Thanks
This is awareness campaign report during health teaching in a rural community within the Philippines to increase awareness of increasing trend of teenage pregnancy especially among low poverty income and less educated residents in a certain community in the Philippines
Relationship between Fertility and Reproductive Health.pptxAshik Mondal
This slide made by me for my educational purpose. I think it will be helpful for others students in theie academic life specially who are interested about demogphy
I was in a Capstone Community Psychology Class at the University of Cincinnati. In conjunction with this course, we worked alongside the Cincinnati Health Department to try to aid in their Sexual Health and Awareness Toolkit that they presented to local communities in the Cincinnati area.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
MARUTI SUZUKI- A Successful Joint Venture in India.pptx
Health Grant Writing Approach.docx
1. Health Grant Writing Approach
Running head: GRANT PROPOSAL 1 A Grant Proposal to the Federal Government on
Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive health GRANT PROPOSAL 2 A Grant Proposal to the
Federal Government on Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive health Introduction There are
approximately 1 billion individuals between 10 and 19 years living the world today. Nearly
70 per cent of them are living in developing countries under different conditions from the
previous generations. They have greater access to formal education, technology and social
media, which exposes them to more exposure to new ideas at a young age. A combination of
these factors results in engagement in sexual activity at a young age, causing early
marriages or even unplanned pregnancies. The dangers of engaging in early sexual activities
could also have health concerns in the era of HIV/AIDS. The government should be at the
forefront of promoting health education to reduce the impacts of sexual activity among
adolescents. Background Adolescent sexual and reproductive health involves the
development of initiative that educate individuals on the benefits of abstinence as a method
of birth control. Nevertheless, those who cannot abstain should be taught the various family
planning techniques available so that they can prevent unplanned pregnancies. Vázquez-
Nava et al. (2014), estimate that unplanned pregnancy constitutes between 33 and 82% of
the adolescent pregnancies across the world. The impacts of unplanned pregnancy vary
depending on the family support of the individual with a majority of the students dropping
out of school to take care of their newborns. This is common for students from low-income
families and they are more likely to transfer poverty to future generations. A significant
portion of the adolescents who get pregnant end up getting married. According to the
Science Daily (2017), some of the adverse effects of early marriages include pregnancy-
related complications associated with the young body. Adolescents engaging in early
marriages may also be susceptible to malnutrition, poor mental health and GRANT
PROPOSAL 3 domestic violence. They may also have limited access to contraception and
therefore having many children which increases poverty levels. Even worse is the fact that
the trend may follow for their daughters, who may also marry young resultantly expanding
the level of poverty along the family line. Adolescents who find themselves pregnant may
end up aborting their unborn children. While most states in the United States have legalized
abortion, many developing nations continue to term abortion as illegal. This often sees
pregnant teens resulting in unsafe mechanisms to abort their unborn children. A study
conducted by Ushie, Izugbara, Mutua and Kabiru (2018), reveals that the complications
associated with unsafe abortions are some of the leading causes of mortality in mothers in
2. sub-Saharan Africa. The research utilized a sample of 1145 adolescents with a diagnosis of
incomplete, missed, inevitable, complete or septic abortion for the past one month. The
results revealed that eight per cent of the participants had a previous induced abortion.
46% of the participants sought abortion at an advanced age, and this contributed to a high
rate of post-abortion complications. The Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (2018),
acknowledges that youths between the ages of 15 and 24 years are at a high risk of
acquiring sexually transmitted diseases such as chlamydia and HPV for females. Despite
these high rates of STDs among the youths, it remains difficult for them to receive STD
prevention services due to long waiting lines, inadequate funds for the services, method of
specimen collection, embarrassment associated with seeking treatment for STDs and the
conflict between the clinic and school hours. Strategic activities The factors discussed above
reveal that there is an urgent need to develop strategies directed towards the promotion of
adolescent sexual and reproductive health. The government GRANT PROPOSAL 4 should
offer resources geared towards the promotion of sexual education in schools to ensure that
adolescents understand the risks associated with early sexual activity so that they can
change their behavior to avert these risks (World Health Organization, 2009). Health and
reproductive education should also focus on the various contraceptives available so that
girls can protect themselves from unplanned pregnancies. The government could even
distribute free condoms to students so that they can adopt responsible sexual behavior. The
government should also collaborate with the health sector for the development of friendly
health services for adolescents. These could include interventions to reach the
marginalized, responses to generate community acceptance, and facility and out of facility-
based interventions (Denno, Hoopes and ChandraMouli, 2015). Positive Youth Development
programs are also necessary for increasing the awareness of the youths of the dangers
associated with irresponsible sexual activity. Gavin, Catalano and Markham (2010),
acknowledge that the introduction of such strategies in schools will help students to apply
the knowledge acquired in sex education programmes. Positive Youth Development
programs also encourage youths to have a positive approach towards the developmental
challenges other than engaging in irresponsible sexual activity. Conclusion Advancements in
technology have enabled youths to access new ideas and eventually engaging in early sexual
activity. The implication is that there is an increase in adolescent pregnancy, and this affects
their academic performance. Most of the students from low-income families are forced to
drop out of school for the lack of family or financial support. Others result in early
marriages that subject them to a myriad of problems including mental disorders, violence
and a lack of access to contraceptives. Some of the youths may seek unsafe abortion
practices that may result in death or complications during subsequent pregnancies. The
government should GRANT PROPOSAL 5 intervene in the development of public education
programs geared towards addressing the problem of irresponsible sexual activity among
youths. Collaboration with the health sector is also necessary in the development of safe
mechanisms for accessing reproductive healthcare among adolescents. GRANT PROPOSAL 6
References Centers for Disease and Prevention Control. (2018). STDs in Adolescents and
Young Adults. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats18/adolescents.htm Denno, D.
M., Hoopes, A. J., & Chandra-Mouli, V. (2015). Effective strategies to provide adolescent
3. sexual and reproductive health services and to increase demand and community support.
Journal of adolescent health, 56(1), S22-S41. Gavin, L. E., Catalano, R. F., & Markham, C. M.
(2010). Positive youth development as a strategy to promote adolescent sexual and
reproductive health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(3), S1-S6. Science Daily. (2017,
December 11). Multiple health implications of women’s early marriage go beyond early
childbearing. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/12/171211140834.htm Ushie, B. A.,
Izugbara, C. O., Mutua, M. M., & Kabiru, C. W. (2018). Timing of abortion among adolescent
and young women presenting for post-abortion care in Kenya: a crosssectional analysis of
nationally-representative data. BMC women’s health, 18(1), 41. Vázquez-Nava, F., Vázquez-
Rodriguez, C. F., Saldívar-González, A. H., Vázquez-Rodríguez, E. M., Córdova-Fernández, J. A.,
Felizardo-Ávalos, J., & Sánchez-Márquez, W. (2014). Unplanned pregnancy in adolescents:
Association with family structure, employed mother, and female friends with health-risk
habits and behaviors. Journal of Urban Health, 91(1), 176-185. GRANT PROPOSAL World
Health Organization. (2009). Promoting adolescent sexual and reproductive health through
schools in low income countries: an information brief (No. WHO/FCH/CAH/ADH/09.03).
World Health Organization. 7 Running head: HEALTH GRANT OUTLINE Health Grant
Outline: A Grant Proposal to the Federal Government on Adolescent Sexual and
Reproductive health 1 HEALTH GRANT OUTLINE 2 Executive Summary ➢Problem-The
impact of unplanned pregnancies among teenagers varies, with the majority of girls
dropping out of school to take care of their newborns, getting married at an early age,
practicing unsafe abortions, and being exposed to sexually transmitted diseases such as
HPV and chlamydia (Science Daily, 2017). ➢Solution- Resources should be directed towards
the advancement of sexual education in schools to make sure that teenagers understand the
dangers associated with early intercourse so that they can modify their behavior to avoid
these risks. The government should collaborate with positive youth development programs
to increase awareness of the dangers of unplanned pregnancies as well as advocate for the
use of contraceptives. ➢Funding Requirements- Positive Youth Development Network
(PYDN) requests $635,472 for eight months-sexual health education program for teenagers
in southwestern Minnesota. Sexual health education will be offered in schools. It will
include promoting the need to abstain, increasing awareness of the dangers associated with
irresponsible sexual activities, and advocating for the use of contraceptives. ➢Organization
and its expertise- Positive Youth Development Network is a not for profit organization
based in Minnesota that empowers youth as well as addresses youth concerns in areas of
reproductive health services and education. Statement of Need ➢A study by Vázquez-Nava
et al. (2013) indicated that unintended pregnancy makes 33% to 82% of adolescent
pregnancies globally. ➢The impact of unplanned pregnancies among adolescents includes
girls dropping out of school to take care of their newborns, getting married at an early age,
practicing unsafe HEALTH GRANT OUTLINE 3 abortions, and being exposed to sexually
transmitted diseases such as HPV and chlamydia. ➢In nations that abortion is not legalized,
teenagers are at risk of practicing unsafe abortions that are increasing mortality. Other
complications associated with unsafe abortions include long-term damage and injury to
internal organs, infections, bleeding, and incomplete abortions. ➢Unplanned participation
4. in sexual activities among teenagers exposes them to sexually transmitted diseases such as
chlamydia. ➢However, increasing sexual health awareness and providing contraceptives
among teenagers is likely to reduce the impact of early and unintended pregnancies among
teenagers. ➢A study by Oringanje et al. (2016) demonstrated that interventions comprising
a combination of sexual health education and contraception reduced unplanned
pregnancies among teenagers significantly. The study also showed that behavioral
outcomes had gaps across trials. ➢Fox and Barfield (2016) also revealed that since the
Affordable Care Act has increased teenage access to contraceptive methods to reduce
unintended pregnancies, public health workers and healthcare professionals need to
educate women about the availability and use of these methods. Project Descriptions ➢
Objectives- Fox and Barfield (2016) indicate that women of all ages are likely to use
contraceptive methods when these methods are accompanied by patient education and
counselling. HEALTH GRANT OUTLINE 4 ➢A committee report by the American College of
Obstetricians and Gynecologist (ACOG) (2017) revealed that pregnancies in adolescents
have been reducing the past years because adolescents are using contraceptives effectively.
Data gathered from 201 to 2013 demonstrated that more teenagers used contraceptives at
the time of their first intercourse compared to females before 1985. As a result, the birth
rate among adolescents in the United States reached a historic low of 22.3 per 1,000 in
2015. Data collected from 20072015 showed that unintended pregnancies in females aged
15-17 years fell by 54% while in women aged 18-19 years, unplanned pregnancies fell by
43% (Adolescent Pregnancy, Contraception, and Sexual Activity – ACOG, 2017). ➢Methods-
The methods used to achieve the goals of the project include providing increasing sexual
health education as well as providing contraceptives. A study by the World Health
Organization (2011) on interventions to reducing unplanned pregnancies among teenagers
revealed that a combination of interventions (contraceptive and education) reduced the
impact of unintended pregnancies. ➢Staffing/Administration- This project will involve 10
healthcare staff (two physicians, six social workers, and two nurses). The role of physicians
and nurses will include supporting social workers in providing education about positive
sexual health. While social workers will focus on counselling and providing education to
teenagers in schools, physicians and nurses will recommend treatment to students who are
already affected. ➢Evaluation- The success of the project will be measured by a quantitative
measure that will reveal a statistical analysis of the project. The expected results include a
drop in the number of pregnancies among teenagers. The evaluation process will consist of
conducting studies among targeted populations and publishing the evidence involved.
HEALTH GRANT OUTLINE ➢Sustainability- After the success of the first project, the
organization will solicit other funds from the state government and other foundations that
empower youth. Budget ➢Expenses will be divided into two sections: personal expenses
and direct project expenses. ➢Personal expenses are costs for staff who will work on the
project. Since the project will take eight months, expenses of staff will include: For 6 social
workers working on the project for eight months: $3,400*8*6= $163,200 For two nurses
working on the project for eight months: 4,100*2*8=$65,600 For the two doctors working
on the project for eight months: $6,667*8*2=$106,672 ➢Direct project expenses are non-
personal expenses that the team will incur, and they include travel costs, supplies,
5. insurance, equipment/rental costs, and meeting expenses. The projected direct project
costs are $300,000. ➢Therefore, the total budget of the project is $635,472 Organizational
Information ➢This will include structure, program, expertise, history, project fit for
mission, target audience, special needs of audience, activities, staff, and board. Conclusion ➢
A combination of interventions (education and contraceptives) will reduce unintended
teenage pregnancies. A standard Proposal Letter ➢Ask for funding request ➢Outline the
need 5 HEALTH GRANT OUTLINE ➢Explain the methods used to achieve objectives ➢
Budget data ➢Appendices 6 HEALTH GRANT OUTLINE 7 References Adolescent Pregnancy,
Contraception, and Sexual Activity – ACOG. (2017). Retrieved 14 December 2019, from
https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-andPublications/Committee-
Opinions/Committee-on-Adolescent-Health-Care/AdolescentPregnancy-Contraception-
and-Sexual-Activity?IsMobileSet=false Fox, J., & Barfield, W. (2016). Decreasing Unintended
Pregnancy. JAMA, 316(8), 815. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.8800 Interventions for preventing
unintended pregnancies among adolescents | RHL. (2011). Retrieved 14 December 2019,
from https://extranet.who.int/rhl/topics/adolescent-sexualand-reproductive-
health/pregnancy-prevention/interventions-preventing-unintendedpregnancies-among-
adolescents Oringanje, C., Meremikwu, M., Eko, H., Esu, E., Meremikwu, A., & Ehiri, J. (2016).
Interventions for preventing unintended pregnancies among adolescents. Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews. doi: 10.1002/14651858.cd005215.pub3 Science Daily.
(2017, December 11). Multiple health implications of women’s early marriage go beyond
early childbearing. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/12/171211140834.htm Vázquez-Nava, F.,
Vázquez-Rodriguez, C., Saldívar-González, A., Vázquez-Rodríguez, E., Córdova-Fernández, J.,
Felizardo-Ávalos, J., & Sánchez-Márquez, W. (2013). Unplanned Pregnancy in Adolescents:
Association with Family Structure, Employed Mother, and Female Friends with Health-Risk
Habits and Behaviors. Journal of Urban Health, 91(1), 176-185. doi: 10.1007/s11524-013-
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