The focus of this discourse is to construct an understanding of cultural beliefs and practices on the
influence and spread of corona virus as viewed from lenses of medical sociology. This review starts from the
premise that we need a sociology of health agenda to manage the corona virus epidemic. The study points to the
fact that cultural beliefs are an unsung aspect in our understanding of the sociology of health particularly in the
management of corona virus despite the role of describing social behavior in other disciplines, including utilization
of medicine itself. Some cultural fanatics among the Bakiga hold several casual beliefs that Corona Virus is a
disease of the West (most developed countries) and therefore, Africans are an exception. Another competing belief
is that most Africans have endured harsh conditions which made them develop immunity against the virus.
Another argument is that Africans have been infected by flu and common cold and therefore, their body has
requisite immunity to fight COVID 19.Culture in health interventions seems to have three domains of health
beliefs and behavior that should be taken into account: (1) Cultural Identity, (2) Relationships and Expectations,
and (3) Cultural Empowerment. It is essential to maximize the wealth of experience that emerges both from
anthropological and sociological analysis of epidemic responses in different contexts for similar airborne diseases,
including historical analyses. Although the socio-cultural practices of the Bakiga highlighted in this work have
been shown to contribute to the spread of COVID 19, any future efforts to eradicate and/or contain these
outbreaks should also include the medical sociologist on the African continent as the dearth of them was the main
structural contributor to the course of the pandemic.
The defence of teaching philosophy as the noble discipline to the teachersAkashSharma618775
As students of philosophy there has always been a wonder about what the work of philosophers is and
what do they teach their students. The wonder of this nature becomes manifest when one has to become one of the
philosophers himself. Having heard it as a saying that “to err is human”, it then becomes inevitable to wonder
humans are really what they perceive themselves as or something else. One of the crucial things to note is that if
humans get deceived in the perception of themselves then all what they engage in will not be authentically of
service to humanity. This speaks to the issue of the way in which human interactions are guided by their will or, if
true, something in a form of a supernatural being outside themselves. Exploring such mindboggling issues around
human existence might guide a philosopher of education to understand what really makes a person be, and at what
point do philosophical teachings make guided students. In most cases students want to receive fair and just
education. But without teachings of critical thinking that philosophers of education emphasize, teachers will
always delve into matters of morality and forget the thought aspect that forms the basis of teaching itself. Although
morality in any form of education is paramount, but it is most important to at least know the fundamental
underpinnings of that morality. When teachers do not study philosophy their understanding of the applied
curriculum remains shallow and proper application of it might be hindered. Without saying that morality
education and curriculum knowledge is non-profiting, the argument here is that it is always most beneficial to
know the foundations of those things from their philosophical beginnings. It is in that backdrop that usage of
analytic theoretical framework will be employed in this paper to explore errors and other accurate uncertainties
that make life and its experiences almost certain
THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AND INCOME: A CASE STUDY OF DAVAN...AkashSharma618775
India is the agriculture based country in the world and most of the people were depend on agriculture
mode of life. The major livelihoods in this area of the study are related to irrigation based agricultural practices.
How far irrigation has influence on income of youth cultivators? What is the other non-water related factors
influencing income level of youth cultivators? The paper addresses these questions. Irrigation plays an important
role in improving production and productivity of agriculture.
The present research study try to highlight the involvement of youth in agricultural activities and income impact
of irrigation study has been done in Nalluru village of Davanagere district, Karnataka. Consisting of 150
households, having different livelihoods, a set of 55 respondents have been found out whose main occupation is
cultivation and annual income comes under below poverty line (BPL). Among these 55 cultivators a sample of 20
youth cultivators has been selected by using simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) method
and further required data have been collected for this sample group using a pre-tested questionnaire consisting of
both quantitative and qualitative variables. Finally, conclude the findings of study.
A REVIEW OF THE AGENCIES OF THE CONTROL MEASURES OF HIV/AIDS IN NAGALANDpaperpublications3
This document reviews the agencies involved in controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Nagaland, a state in northeast India. It discusses how religious organizations, governmental and non-governmental organizations, schools, police, hospitals, and individuals all play roles in prevention, care, and treatment efforts. The HIV/AIDS problem has become multidimensional, affecting health, social, economic, and cultural aspects of society. While agencies have adopted various strategies, more opportunities are needed for people living with HIV/AIDS. Religious organizations in particular can provide support through awareness programs, counseling, health camps, and prayer. They have begun establishing cells focused on HIV/AIDS issues.
1. The document discusses strategies for libraries and librarians during the COVID-19 pandemic. It outlines three main strategies: providing public health awareness through research on COVID-19, supporting researchers through access to relevant studies and literature, and fulfilling the research needs of library users remotely.
2. Many libraries closed completely during lockdowns, while others provided only minimal services like curbside pickup. Remote services became important, including providing digital content, online reference services, and education on using e-resources.
3. Librarians helped raise awareness of preventive measures and advise on avoiding misinformation. They supported medical researchers through literature and kept users engaged through online activities, fulfilling research needs remotely through tools like Zoom.
Role of Media for Boosting the Morale of Audience during COVID 19 Pandemic A ...ijtsrd
Mass media is considered as a powerful force on shaping and presenting the world to the masses. The role of media in the times of crisis and how effectively public health communication is carried out by media is also studied here. The study brings out the relevance of media analysis during the time of pandemic and its effectiveness in communicating the information on pandemic to the masses. The study also aims to understand the role of opinion leader done by media during pandemic using survey method with structured questionnaire. The study has clearly shown justice to find out the role of media in promoting unity in pandemic times and also monitored media role of dissemination of true information to the masses. The study also focussed on effectiveness of crisis management by media during pandemic. Dr. Saranya Thaloor "Role of Media for Boosting the Morale of Audience during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Critical Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31373.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/journalism/31373/role-of-media-for-boosting-the-morale-of-audience-during-covid19-pandemic-a-critical-study/dr-saranya-thaloor
Imperial college-covid19-npi-modelling-16-03-2020Mumbaikar Le
This document summarizes the results of epidemiological modelling to assess the potential impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) aimed at reducing COVID-19 transmission in the UK and US. It finds that while mitigation strategies could reduce healthcare demand and deaths, hundreds of thousands may still die and healthcare systems would be overwhelmed. Suppression, including social distancing and case isolation, is the preferred option but would need to be maintained until a vaccine is available, around 18 months. Intermittent distancing may allow temporary relaxation but cases would likely rebound without continuous measures. Experience in China and South Korea shows suppression is possible short-term, but long-term feasibility and economic costs require further analysis.
1) The document discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of working professionals. It notes that the isolation, fear of infection, economic instability, and other stressors of the pandemic can cause increased anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues for workers.
2) Key stressors during the pandemic identified are the perception of risk of infection, overload of information and misinformation, social stigma, and impacts of quarantines such as confinement. Stressors after the pandemic may include economic losses and job instability.
3) The paper analyzes moderating factors that may reduce or worsen the mental health impacts and provides guidelines for organizations to mitigate the effects, such as through effective communication and support
Review of Recent COVID-19 Science ~ Denis G. Rancourt, PhDPandataAnalytics
Measures do not prevent deaths, transmission is not by contact, masks provide no benefit, vaccines are inherently dangerous: Review update of recent science relevant to COVID-19 policy.
The defence of teaching philosophy as the noble discipline to the teachersAkashSharma618775
As students of philosophy there has always been a wonder about what the work of philosophers is and
what do they teach their students. The wonder of this nature becomes manifest when one has to become one of the
philosophers himself. Having heard it as a saying that “to err is human”, it then becomes inevitable to wonder
humans are really what they perceive themselves as or something else. One of the crucial things to note is that if
humans get deceived in the perception of themselves then all what they engage in will not be authentically of
service to humanity. This speaks to the issue of the way in which human interactions are guided by their will or, if
true, something in a form of a supernatural being outside themselves. Exploring such mindboggling issues around
human existence might guide a philosopher of education to understand what really makes a person be, and at what
point do philosophical teachings make guided students. In most cases students want to receive fair and just
education. But without teachings of critical thinking that philosophers of education emphasize, teachers will
always delve into matters of morality and forget the thought aspect that forms the basis of teaching itself. Although
morality in any form of education is paramount, but it is most important to at least know the fundamental
underpinnings of that morality. When teachers do not study philosophy their understanding of the applied
curriculum remains shallow and proper application of it might be hindered. Without saying that morality
education and curriculum knowledge is non-profiting, the argument here is that it is always most beneficial to
know the foundations of those things from their philosophical beginnings. It is in that backdrop that usage of
analytic theoretical framework will be employed in this paper to explore errors and other accurate uncertainties
that make life and its experiences almost certain
THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AND INCOME: A CASE STUDY OF DAVAN...AkashSharma618775
India is the agriculture based country in the world and most of the people were depend on agriculture
mode of life. The major livelihoods in this area of the study are related to irrigation based agricultural practices.
How far irrigation has influence on income of youth cultivators? What is the other non-water related factors
influencing income level of youth cultivators? The paper addresses these questions. Irrigation plays an important
role in improving production and productivity of agriculture.
The present research study try to highlight the involvement of youth in agricultural activities and income impact
of irrigation study has been done in Nalluru village of Davanagere district, Karnataka. Consisting of 150
households, having different livelihoods, a set of 55 respondents have been found out whose main occupation is
cultivation and annual income comes under below poverty line (BPL). Among these 55 cultivators a sample of 20
youth cultivators has been selected by using simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) method
and further required data have been collected for this sample group using a pre-tested questionnaire consisting of
both quantitative and qualitative variables. Finally, conclude the findings of study.
A REVIEW OF THE AGENCIES OF THE CONTROL MEASURES OF HIV/AIDS IN NAGALANDpaperpublications3
This document reviews the agencies involved in controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Nagaland, a state in northeast India. It discusses how religious organizations, governmental and non-governmental organizations, schools, police, hospitals, and individuals all play roles in prevention, care, and treatment efforts. The HIV/AIDS problem has become multidimensional, affecting health, social, economic, and cultural aspects of society. While agencies have adopted various strategies, more opportunities are needed for people living with HIV/AIDS. Religious organizations in particular can provide support through awareness programs, counseling, health camps, and prayer. They have begun establishing cells focused on HIV/AIDS issues.
1. The document discusses strategies for libraries and librarians during the COVID-19 pandemic. It outlines three main strategies: providing public health awareness through research on COVID-19, supporting researchers through access to relevant studies and literature, and fulfilling the research needs of library users remotely.
2. Many libraries closed completely during lockdowns, while others provided only minimal services like curbside pickup. Remote services became important, including providing digital content, online reference services, and education on using e-resources.
3. Librarians helped raise awareness of preventive measures and advise on avoiding misinformation. They supported medical researchers through literature and kept users engaged through online activities, fulfilling research needs remotely through tools like Zoom.
Role of Media for Boosting the Morale of Audience during COVID 19 Pandemic A ...ijtsrd
Mass media is considered as a powerful force on shaping and presenting the world to the masses. The role of media in the times of crisis and how effectively public health communication is carried out by media is also studied here. The study brings out the relevance of media analysis during the time of pandemic and its effectiveness in communicating the information on pandemic to the masses. The study also aims to understand the role of opinion leader done by media during pandemic using survey method with structured questionnaire. The study has clearly shown justice to find out the role of media in promoting unity in pandemic times and also monitored media role of dissemination of true information to the masses. The study also focussed on effectiveness of crisis management by media during pandemic. Dr. Saranya Thaloor "Role of Media for Boosting the Morale of Audience during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Critical Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31373.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/journalism/31373/role-of-media-for-boosting-the-morale-of-audience-during-covid19-pandemic-a-critical-study/dr-saranya-thaloor
Imperial college-covid19-npi-modelling-16-03-2020Mumbaikar Le
This document summarizes the results of epidemiological modelling to assess the potential impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) aimed at reducing COVID-19 transmission in the UK and US. It finds that while mitigation strategies could reduce healthcare demand and deaths, hundreds of thousands may still die and healthcare systems would be overwhelmed. Suppression, including social distancing and case isolation, is the preferred option but would need to be maintained until a vaccine is available, around 18 months. Intermittent distancing may allow temporary relaxation but cases would likely rebound without continuous measures. Experience in China and South Korea shows suppression is possible short-term, but long-term feasibility and economic costs require further analysis.
1) The document discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of working professionals. It notes that the isolation, fear of infection, economic instability, and other stressors of the pandemic can cause increased anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues for workers.
2) Key stressors during the pandemic identified are the perception of risk of infection, overload of information and misinformation, social stigma, and impacts of quarantines such as confinement. Stressors after the pandemic may include economic losses and job instability.
3) The paper analyzes moderating factors that may reduce or worsen the mental health impacts and provides guidelines for organizations to mitigate the effects, such as through effective communication and support
Review of Recent COVID-19 Science ~ Denis G. Rancourt, PhDPandataAnalytics
Measures do not prevent deaths, transmission is not by contact, masks provide no benefit, vaccines are inherently dangerous: Review update of recent science relevant to COVID-19 policy.
For decades, it has been acknowledged by the world’s premier health authorities that amid a pandemic, the functioning of society should be maintained, and human rights upheld. Governments and health organisations have at their disposal country-specific pandemic preparedness plans, as well as the World Health Organisation pandemic guidelines, which provide a roadmap outlining how to keep society functioning, while also mitigating the impact of a disease or virus.
In 2020, SARS-CoV-2 brought an almost–instantaneous rewriting of disease management principles as countries, with few exceptions, disregarded existing pandemic plans and replaced them with policies of ‘lockdown’.
There is no evidence that lockdowns have reduced mortality from Covid-19 and research is now revealing the devastation that lockdowns are causing, particularly in the developing world. In these draconian lockdown policies, we have also seen the biggest infringement on civil liberties in democratic countries during peacetime.
PANDA believes that, at this juncture, the science is quite clear on what key policy responses should be—or should have been. The cure should not be worse than the disease. It is critically important that societies are reopened, whilst protecting those who may be vulnerable to serious illness from SARS-CoV-2. Human agency must be upheld, and individuals should be empowered to make their own choices.
PANDA’s Protocol for Reopening Society builds upon existing pandemic frameworks and incorporates current scientific understanding of Covid-19, to provide a roadmap out of the damaging cycle of lockdowns.
The document discusses the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on the healthcare industry. It notes that over 33 million Americans have been diagnosed with COVID-19 and almost 600,000 have died. This has resulted in $50.7 billion per month in lost revenue for U.S. hospitals. Healthcare workers are also at higher risk of severe COVID-19 infections. The pandemic has caused issues like transmission risks for patients and staff, lost productivity from infected workers, and loss of revenue. With the COVID-19 vaccine rollout starting in late 2020, hospitals now face an ethical dilemma around whether they should mandate vaccines for employees.
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to community health assessment including:
1) It defines a community and explains why community health assessments are important for identifying health status, resources, and factors influencing health.
2) It outlines different patterns of disease occurrence such as endemic, epidemic, and pandemic and describes communicable and non-communicable diseases.
3) It discusses important community health topics like data collection, vulnerability, infection control, and population pyramids.
The document discusses the theoretical framework for understanding the impact of implementing Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) in preventing the spread of COVID-19 in Alion, Mariveles. It reviews relevant theories and literature on quarantine and pandemics. Studies show that quarantine can effectively reduce transmission by isolating cases, but it also has economic and psychological costs. The conceptual framework identifies independent variables like age, sex, and socioeconomic status, and dependent variables like perception of the quarantine's informativeness and security. The hypothesis is that these factors may influence perceptions of the quarantine's effectiveness.
Covid-19 (https://youtu.be/r8Qj5D38GQU)Tasneem Ahmad
The document discusses COVID-19, including its origins, symptoms, diagnosis, negative consequences such as increased anxiety, depression, and stress among students. It outlines coping strategies like religious coping, social distancing, and protective measures like hand hygiene and mask use that are recommended. Vaccination is discussed though there is currently no vaccine available for COVID-19. The pandemic has disrupted education worldwide and increased psychological distress.
This document reviews research on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychology, sustainability, quality of life, and the global economy. It identifies 61 relevant studies through a systematic search. Key findings include: (1) Developing nations have been more severely affected due to weaker health systems; (2) The pandemic negatively impacts mental health through isolation, economic losses, and uncertainty; (3) Coordinated global action is needed between public and private sectors according to each country's situation.
The document discusses how sustainable livelihood approaches can help address the HIV/AIDS epidemic by taking a holistic view of its impact. It recognizes that HIV/AIDS affects many aspects of people's lives beyond just health, impacting finances, social support, education, and various livelihood assets. A livelihoods lens allows for joined-up thinking across sectors to understand how people adapt their livelihoods in response. Local responses have often been more effective than global strategies, and livelihood approaches can help share learning to support such responses.
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in numerous positive environmental impacts due to reductions in human activity. In China, lockdowns led to a 25% reduction in carbon emissions and 50% reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions, saving an estimated 77,000 lives. However, the pandemic has also enabled illegal activities like deforestation and poaching. Additionally, heightened prejudice and xenophobia toward Chinese and East Asian people have been reported worldwide during the outbreak. Scientists have worked to disseminate COVID-19 research through open access publishing and preprint servers to share results quickly.
Constructing Therapeutic Management Framework in the Treatment of Dengue Feve...paperpublications3
Abstract: To document the therapeutic management in the treatment of dengue fever (DF) among the urban poor in Cebu City, Philippines, this descriptive study was conducted in the dengue hotspot areas of the city. A total of 120 respondents using the formal and non-formal interviews were used. Results revealed that children usually got inflicted with dengue fever; household monthly income was low (Php8, 000.00) with employment as the main source of income (75%). Generally, the study was able to identify the essential factors in the DF therapy management program of the urban poor. These factors were: a) the ethnocognition on the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease, b) ethnotaxonomy of healers and health providers and, c) ethnomedical practice and the health-seeking behavior of health-care givers. In this study, it was made clear that home and alternative medication in DF therapy were responses due to the lack of financial resources in the restoration of health. Although, the urban poor may have received assistance from the national and local governments, health issues were still pressing problems that national government and local governments, and local communities have to address.
This document analyzes the impacts of utility disconnection and eviction moratoria policies on COVID-19 infections and deaths across US counties. It finds that policies limiting evictions reduced COVID-19 infections by 3.8% and deaths by 11%, while moratoria on utility disconnections reduced infections by 4.4% and deaths by 7.4%. Had these policies been adopted nationwide, infections could have been reduced up to 14.2% and deaths up to 40.7% with eviction moratoria, and infections reduced up to 8.7% and deaths up to 14.8% with utility disconnection moratoria. The document provides background on housing precarity and heterogeneity in government COVID-
"The Impact of the Pandemic on Child & Family Relationships"
Vincenzo Di Nicola
Society for the Study of Psychiatry & Culture (SSPC)
Contribution to SSPC Webinar Round Table Discussion
"Social and Cultural Insights into COVID-19 Experiences"
Anna Fiskin (Chair), Vincenzo Di Nicola, Bonnie Kaiser, Francis Lu, Alan Teo
Thursday, April 16, 2020
Since the emergency of COVID-19 pandemics, many countries have been encountered a multitude of challenges. People have been facing health related and other social consequences throughout the world. It is too early to know the aggravated impact of COVID-19 on people living in resource-limited setting, like east Africa countries. In these countries, besides direct public health impact, the COVID-19 pandemic has provoked social stigma and discriminatory behaviors against people of certain ethnic backgrounds as well as anyone perceived to have been in contact with the virus. Social stigma can negatively affect those with the disease, as well as their caregivers, family, friends and communities.COVID-19 pandemics have also been provoked great impacts on daily social consumptions such as food and other food supplements. In addition, COVID-19 pandemic were overshadowed endemics diseases such as malaria, TB and HIV related care and antenatal care services as well as other non-communicable diseases prevention and control. Social stigma coupled with other consequences could result in more severe health problems, can undermine social cohesion and prompt possible social isolation of groups, which might contribute to a situation where the virus is more, not less, likely to spread and difficulties controlling a disease outbreak. Therefore, how we communicate about COVID-19 is critical in supporting people to take effective action to help combat the disease and to avoid fuelling fear and stigma. An environment needs to be created in which the disease and its impact can be discussed and addressed openly, honestly and effectively. This is a message for government, media and local organizations working on the COVID-19 infections.
This study evaluated the direct and indirect protective effects of malaria interventions ITNs and IRS using data from 7 countries in Africa. A crude analysis found that ITN use significantly decreased odds of malaria in 2 countries and increased odds in 2 others, while IRS use significantly decreased odds in 1 country and increased odds in another. An adjusted analysis found no indirect protection for non-ITN users as coverage increased, but indirect protection was offered to ITN users as coverage increased in their neighborhood. IRS use did not provide individual or community-level protection against malaria. The contradictory findings highlight a need for further research on mechanisms driving these observed patterns.
THE ROLE OF STATE-WIDE STAY-AT-HOME POLICIES ON CONFIRMED COVID-19 CASES IN T...hiij
In January 2020, the first confirmed case of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 emerged in the United States of America. By March 2020, the USA had eclared a national emergency and implemented stay-at-home policies subject to the individual initiative of health authorities of each state. However, ambiguity in the literature exists about the extent to which temporal variation of stay-at-home implementation contributes to an effective stay-at-home order. To examine the role of the implementation of stay-at-home policy at the county level on outbreak progression, we compiled the case count data and dates of policy commencement for 1720 counties from the US Counties: Socio-Health Data database. Measures of central tendency and rate of change identified correlation between the change of confirmed case counts compared to time, quantified by comparing four successive time points of 5 days to the initial date of each county’s stay-at-home implementation. We then used a deterministic county-level SIR epidemiological model to predict post stay-at-home case counts based on pre-stay-at-home parameters and compared the model to actual post-stay-at-home case counts to identify the degree of error Mean Squared Error (MSE). Our analyses demonstrated the high error between time since stay-at-home implementation and change in actual case counts compared to predicted case counts, which suggests an interaction between policy and COVID-19 transmission. Our findings shine light on the confounding variables of stay-at-home policy at the county level and the promising outlook of stay-at-home policy in the USA.
Post Covid Era A Positive Correlation with Increased Number of Anxiety Disordersijtsrd
Covid In the context of the Post COVID 19 era after vaccinations, it appears likely that there will be substantial increases in anxiety and depression, substance use, loneliness, and domestic violence and with schools closed, there is a very real possibility of an epidemic of child abuse. This concern is so significant that the UK has issued psychological first aid guidance from Mental Health UK. The magnitude of deaths over a short period of time is an international tragedy on a historic scale. Focusing on the US, the number of deaths currently attributable to COVID 19 is nearly 4 times the number killed during the Vietnam War. This interpersonal loss at a massive scale is compounded by societal disruption. The necessary social distancing and quarantine measures implemented as mitigation strategies have significantly amplified emotional turmoil by substantially changing the social fabric by which individuals, families, communities, and nations cope with tragedy. The effect is multidimensional disruption of employment, finances, education, health care, food security, transportation, recreation, cultural and religious practices, and the ability of personal support networks and communities to come together and grieve. Dr. Bharat Kumar Marmath "Post Covid Era- A Positive Correlation with Increased Number of Anxiety Disorders" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46279.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/46279/post-covid-era-a-positive-correlation-with-increased-number-of-anxiety-disorders/dr-bharat-kumar-marmath
- The initial spread of COVID-19 in Brazil was mostly affected by patterns of socioeconomic vulnerability rather than population age or health risk factors. States with high socioeconomic vulnerability had higher initial COVID-19 mortality despite efforts to expand health system capacity and enact policies.
- Over time, differences in policy response converged across states, while physical distancing and lower death rates became relatively greater in municipalities with the highest socioeconomic vulnerabilities.
- Existing socioeconomic inequalities in Brazil have affected the course of the COVID-19 epidemic, disproportionately burdening states and municipalities with high socioeconomic vulnerability. Targeted policies are needed to protect vulnerable populations.
Archisman Nandy
The objective of this study is to make a comparison between five (5) most affected countries (USA, Brazil, U.K., Italy and India) of the world by Covid-19. The study is based on the secondary data. For conducting this study published data in online portal www.worldometers.info has been used. 4 months i.e. August 2020 to November 2020 has been chosen to carry out this study. For data analysis and interpretation Microsoft excel software (version 2019) has been used. Basic arithmetic technique and ratio analysis has been used in this study for data interpretation purpose. For measuring cyclical fluctuations in Covid-19 cases and its corresponding death cases, visual representation has been incorporated as bar diagram. Relevant images have been sourced from authentic sources and used in this study for satisfying the research objective. Finally the study has revealed that during the period of August 2020 to November 2020 Brazil is the most affected country and United States of America is the least affected country based on the mortality rate among the five countries taken as sample for this study
This document discusses public health approaches to addressing small arms violence. It makes three key points:
1) Small arms violence causes hundreds of thousands of deaths and over a million injuries annually, creating a major global public health problem. However, data on its health impacts is limited, especially in low-income and conflict-affected areas.
2) Research is needed on the health effects of small arms, contributing risk factors, and impacts of interventions. Surveillance systems and studies in various settings can help identify trends and priorities.
3) A public health approach views small arms violence as preventable and addresses its root causes, like availability of weapons and human insecurity. Reducing access to firearms can lower both the frequency
Planning for an outbreak of health? Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemicJohn Middleton
Planning for an outbreak of health? Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic Presentation to a meeting of the Alliance International Science Organisations,Univversity fo Belgrade and Chinese Academy of Sciences, online, September 23rd 2021
210923 middletonj anso conference beograd
COVID-19 Facts vs Opinion: Nonchalant Responses of The Indonesian PeopleJosephineSurya2
This paper is submitted to fulfill the English 2 Final Exam Project study program Industrial Engineering 2nd semester Buddhi Dharma University, Tangerang. Lecturer: Dra. Harisa Mardiana, M.Pd.
COVID-19: Knowledge Base, Attitudes and Practices among Practising Journalist...Premier Publishers
The document discusses a study that examined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of journalists in Abuja, Nigeria regarding COVID-19. The study utilized the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) model to assess how journalists' knowledge impacted their attitudes and behaviors related to COVID-19 protocols. The study found that journalists had generally good knowledge of COVID-19, which positively influenced their attitudes. However, their knowledge did not strongly correlate with adopting recommended practices. The study suggests journalists must follow public health protocols to effectively spread COVID-19 information to the public and encourage adherence to containment measures.
For decades, it has been acknowledged by the world’s premier health authorities that amid a pandemic, the functioning of society should be maintained, and human rights upheld. Governments and health organisations have at their disposal country-specific pandemic preparedness plans, as well as the World Health Organisation pandemic guidelines, which provide a roadmap outlining how to keep society functioning, while also mitigating the impact of a disease or virus.
In 2020, SARS-CoV-2 brought an almost–instantaneous rewriting of disease management principles as countries, with few exceptions, disregarded existing pandemic plans and replaced them with policies of ‘lockdown’.
There is no evidence that lockdowns have reduced mortality from Covid-19 and research is now revealing the devastation that lockdowns are causing, particularly in the developing world. In these draconian lockdown policies, we have also seen the biggest infringement on civil liberties in democratic countries during peacetime.
PANDA believes that, at this juncture, the science is quite clear on what key policy responses should be—or should have been. The cure should not be worse than the disease. It is critically important that societies are reopened, whilst protecting those who may be vulnerable to serious illness from SARS-CoV-2. Human agency must be upheld, and individuals should be empowered to make their own choices.
PANDA’s Protocol for Reopening Society builds upon existing pandemic frameworks and incorporates current scientific understanding of Covid-19, to provide a roadmap out of the damaging cycle of lockdowns.
The document discusses the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on the healthcare industry. It notes that over 33 million Americans have been diagnosed with COVID-19 and almost 600,000 have died. This has resulted in $50.7 billion per month in lost revenue for U.S. hospitals. Healthcare workers are also at higher risk of severe COVID-19 infections. The pandemic has caused issues like transmission risks for patients and staff, lost productivity from infected workers, and loss of revenue. With the COVID-19 vaccine rollout starting in late 2020, hospitals now face an ethical dilemma around whether they should mandate vaccines for employees.
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to community health assessment including:
1) It defines a community and explains why community health assessments are important for identifying health status, resources, and factors influencing health.
2) It outlines different patterns of disease occurrence such as endemic, epidemic, and pandemic and describes communicable and non-communicable diseases.
3) It discusses important community health topics like data collection, vulnerability, infection control, and population pyramids.
The document discusses the theoretical framework for understanding the impact of implementing Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) in preventing the spread of COVID-19 in Alion, Mariveles. It reviews relevant theories and literature on quarantine and pandemics. Studies show that quarantine can effectively reduce transmission by isolating cases, but it also has economic and psychological costs. The conceptual framework identifies independent variables like age, sex, and socioeconomic status, and dependent variables like perception of the quarantine's informativeness and security. The hypothesis is that these factors may influence perceptions of the quarantine's effectiveness.
Covid-19 (https://youtu.be/r8Qj5D38GQU)Tasneem Ahmad
The document discusses COVID-19, including its origins, symptoms, diagnosis, negative consequences such as increased anxiety, depression, and stress among students. It outlines coping strategies like religious coping, social distancing, and protective measures like hand hygiene and mask use that are recommended. Vaccination is discussed though there is currently no vaccine available for COVID-19. The pandemic has disrupted education worldwide and increased psychological distress.
This document reviews research on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychology, sustainability, quality of life, and the global economy. It identifies 61 relevant studies through a systematic search. Key findings include: (1) Developing nations have been more severely affected due to weaker health systems; (2) The pandemic negatively impacts mental health through isolation, economic losses, and uncertainty; (3) Coordinated global action is needed between public and private sectors according to each country's situation.
The document discusses how sustainable livelihood approaches can help address the HIV/AIDS epidemic by taking a holistic view of its impact. It recognizes that HIV/AIDS affects many aspects of people's lives beyond just health, impacting finances, social support, education, and various livelihood assets. A livelihoods lens allows for joined-up thinking across sectors to understand how people adapt their livelihoods in response. Local responses have often been more effective than global strategies, and livelihood approaches can help share learning to support such responses.
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in numerous positive environmental impacts due to reductions in human activity. In China, lockdowns led to a 25% reduction in carbon emissions and 50% reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions, saving an estimated 77,000 lives. However, the pandemic has also enabled illegal activities like deforestation and poaching. Additionally, heightened prejudice and xenophobia toward Chinese and East Asian people have been reported worldwide during the outbreak. Scientists have worked to disseminate COVID-19 research through open access publishing and preprint servers to share results quickly.
Constructing Therapeutic Management Framework in the Treatment of Dengue Feve...paperpublications3
Abstract: To document the therapeutic management in the treatment of dengue fever (DF) among the urban poor in Cebu City, Philippines, this descriptive study was conducted in the dengue hotspot areas of the city. A total of 120 respondents using the formal and non-formal interviews were used. Results revealed that children usually got inflicted with dengue fever; household monthly income was low (Php8, 000.00) with employment as the main source of income (75%). Generally, the study was able to identify the essential factors in the DF therapy management program of the urban poor. These factors were: a) the ethnocognition on the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease, b) ethnotaxonomy of healers and health providers and, c) ethnomedical practice and the health-seeking behavior of health-care givers. In this study, it was made clear that home and alternative medication in DF therapy were responses due to the lack of financial resources in the restoration of health. Although, the urban poor may have received assistance from the national and local governments, health issues were still pressing problems that national government and local governments, and local communities have to address.
This document analyzes the impacts of utility disconnection and eviction moratoria policies on COVID-19 infections and deaths across US counties. It finds that policies limiting evictions reduced COVID-19 infections by 3.8% and deaths by 11%, while moratoria on utility disconnections reduced infections by 4.4% and deaths by 7.4%. Had these policies been adopted nationwide, infections could have been reduced up to 14.2% and deaths up to 40.7% with eviction moratoria, and infections reduced up to 8.7% and deaths up to 14.8% with utility disconnection moratoria. The document provides background on housing precarity and heterogeneity in government COVID-
"The Impact of the Pandemic on Child & Family Relationships"
Vincenzo Di Nicola
Society for the Study of Psychiatry & Culture (SSPC)
Contribution to SSPC Webinar Round Table Discussion
"Social and Cultural Insights into COVID-19 Experiences"
Anna Fiskin (Chair), Vincenzo Di Nicola, Bonnie Kaiser, Francis Lu, Alan Teo
Thursday, April 16, 2020
Since the emergency of COVID-19 pandemics, many countries have been encountered a multitude of challenges. People have been facing health related and other social consequences throughout the world. It is too early to know the aggravated impact of COVID-19 on people living in resource-limited setting, like east Africa countries. In these countries, besides direct public health impact, the COVID-19 pandemic has provoked social stigma and discriminatory behaviors against people of certain ethnic backgrounds as well as anyone perceived to have been in contact with the virus. Social stigma can negatively affect those with the disease, as well as their caregivers, family, friends and communities.COVID-19 pandemics have also been provoked great impacts on daily social consumptions such as food and other food supplements. In addition, COVID-19 pandemic were overshadowed endemics diseases such as malaria, TB and HIV related care and antenatal care services as well as other non-communicable diseases prevention and control. Social stigma coupled with other consequences could result in more severe health problems, can undermine social cohesion and prompt possible social isolation of groups, which might contribute to a situation where the virus is more, not less, likely to spread and difficulties controlling a disease outbreak. Therefore, how we communicate about COVID-19 is critical in supporting people to take effective action to help combat the disease and to avoid fuelling fear and stigma. An environment needs to be created in which the disease and its impact can be discussed and addressed openly, honestly and effectively. This is a message for government, media and local organizations working on the COVID-19 infections.
This study evaluated the direct and indirect protective effects of malaria interventions ITNs and IRS using data from 7 countries in Africa. A crude analysis found that ITN use significantly decreased odds of malaria in 2 countries and increased odds in 2 others, while IRS use significantly decreased odds in 1 country and increased odds in another. An adjusted analysis found no indirect protection for non-ITN users as coverage increased, but indirect protection was offered to ITN users as coverage increased in their neighborhood. IRS use did not provide individual or community-level protection against malaria. The contradictory findings highlight a need for further research on mechanisms driving these observed patterns.
THE ROLE OF STATE-WIDE STAY-AT-HOME POLICIES ON CONFIRMED COVID-19 CASES IN T...hiij
In January 2020, the first confirmed case of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 emerged in the United States of America. By March 2020, the USA had eclared a national emergency and implemented stay-at-home policies subject to the individual initiative of health authorities of each state. However, ambiguity in the literature exists about the extent to which temporal variation of stay-at-home implementation contributes to an effective stay-at-home order. To examine the role of the implementation of stay-at-home policy at the county level on outbreak progression, we compiled the case count data and dates of policy commencement for 1720 counties from the US Counties: Socio-Health Data database. Measures of central tendency and rate of change identified correlation between the change of confirmed case counts compared to time, quantified by comparing four successive time points of 5 days to the initial date of each county’s stay-at-home implementation. We then used a deterministic county-level SIR epidemiological model to predict post stay-at-home case counts based on pre-stay-at-home parameters and compared the model to actual post-stay-at-home case counts to identify the degree of error Mean Squared Error (MSE). Our analyses demonstrated the high error between time since stay-at-home implementation and change in actual case counts compared to predicted case counts, which suggests an interaction between policy and COVID-19 transmission. Our findings shine light on the confounding variables of stay-at-home policy at the county level and the promising outlook of stay-at-home policy in the USA.
Post Covid Era A Positive Correlation with Increased Number of Anxiety Disordersijtsrd
Covid In the context of the Post COVID 19 era after vaccinations, it appears likely that there will be substantial increases in anxiety and depression, substance use, loneliness, and domestic violence and with schools closed, there is a very real possibility of an epidemic of child abuse. This concern is so significant that the UK has issued psychological first aid guidance from Mental Health UK. The magnitude of deaths over a short period of time is an international tragedy on a historic scale. Focusing on the US, the number of deaths currently attributable to COVID 19 is nearly 4 times the number killed during the Vietnam War. This interpersonal loss at a massive scale is compounded by societal disruption. The necessary social distancing and quarantine measures implemented as mitigation strategies have significantly amplified emotional turmoil by substantially changing the social fabric by which individuals, families, communities, and nations cope with tragedy. The effect is multidimensional disruption of employment, finances, education, health care, food security, transportation, recreation, cultural and religious practices, and the ability of personal support networks and communities to come together and grieve. Dr. Bharat Kumar Marmath "Post Covid Era- A Positive Correlation with Increased Number of Anxiety Disorders" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46279.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/46279/post-covid-era-a-positive-correlation-with-increased-number-of-anxiety-disorders/dr-bharat-kumar-marmath
- The initial spread of COVID-19 in Brazil was mostly affected by patterns of socioeconomic vulnerability rather than population age or health risk factors. States with high socioeconomic vulnerability had higher initial COVID-19 mortality despite efforts to expand health system capacity and enact policies.
- Over time, differences in policy response converged across states, while physical distancing and lower death rates became relatively greater in municipalities with the highest socioeconomic vulnerabilities.
- Existing socioeconomic inequalities in Brazil have affected the course of the COVID-19 epidemic, disproportionately burdening states and municipalities with high socioeconomic vulnerability. Targeted policies are needed to protect vulnerable populations.
Archisman Nandy
The objective of this study is to make a comparison between five (5) most affected countries (USA, Brazil, U.K., Italy and India) of the world by Covid-19. The study is based on the secondary data. For conducting this study published data in online portal www.worldometers.info has been used. 4 months i.e. August 2020 to November 2020 has been chosen to carry out this study. For data analysis and interpretation Microsoft excel software (version 2019) has been used. Basic arithmetic technique and ratio analysis has been used in this study for data interpretation purpose. For measuring cyclical fluctuations in Covid-19 cases and its corresponding death cases, visual representation has been incorporated as bar diagram. Relevant images have been sourced from authentic sources and used in this study for satisfying the research objective. Finally the study has revealed that during the period of August 2020 to November 2020 Brazil is the most affected country and United States of America is the least affected country based on the mortality rate among the five countries taken as sample for this study
This document discusses public health approaches to addressing small arms violence. It makes three key points:
1) Small arms violence causes hundreds of thousands of deaths and over a million injuries annually, creating a major global public health problem. However, data on its health impacts is limited, especially in low-income and conflict-affected areas.
2) Research is needed on the health effects of small arms, contributing risk factors, and impacts of interventions. Surveillance systems and studies in various settings can help identify trends and priorities.
3) A public health approach views small arms violence as preventable and addresses its root causes, like availability of weapons and human insecurity. Reducing access to firearms can lower both the frequency
Planning for an outbreak of health? Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemicJohn Middleton
Planning for an outbreak of health? Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic Presentation to a meeting of the Alliance International Science Organisations,Univversity fo Belgrade and Chinese Academy of Sciences, online, September 23rd 2021
210923 middletonj anso conference beograd
COVID-19 Facts vs Opinion: Nonchalant Responses of The Indonesian PeopleJosephineSurya2
This paper is submitted to fulfill the English 2 Final Exam Project study program Industrial Engineering 2nd semester Buddhi Dharma University, Tangerang. Lecturer: Dra. Harisa Mardiana, M.Pd.
COVID-19: Knowledge Base, Attitudes and Practices among Practising Journalist...Premier Publishers
The document discusses a study that examined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of journalists in Abuja, Nigeria regarding COVID-19. The study utilized the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) model to assess how journalists' knowledge impacted their attitudes and behaviors related to COVID-19 protocols. The study found that journalists had generally good knowledge of COVID-19, which positively influenced their attitudes. However, their knowledge did not strongly correlate with adopting recommended practices. The study suggests journalists must follow public health protocols to effectively spread COVID-19 information to the public and encourage adherence to containment measures.
Comment 1The social determinants of health refer to the social a.docxdivinapavey
Comment 1
The social determinants of health refer to the social and economic conditions that determine an individual’s health and medical well-being. Economic and social conditions are variedly distributed amongst people and they affect people’s working and living conditions differently. The social determinants of health affect an individual working and living conditions. Social determinants are informed by public policies that mirror the political ideologies of the people in authority. Economic conditions determine the social conditions of a community. People who live in affluent areas are more content with their lives and they are mentally and physically healthier than people who are not content with their social status. Poor people generally are less healthy and have shorter life expectancies as compared to rich people.
This differences in health are social injustices and they illuminate powerful health determinants in the modern world. The differences have allowed an increased understanding of how remarkably sensitive health issues are in the social environment. Social determinants contribute to the development of diseases in that poor people are generally more exposed to pathogens than the rich. They eat and drink contaminated food and water, the share amenities and they have no easy access to medical attention.
According to the epidemiologic triad model, the repeated interaction of a disease-causing agent on their host in a conducive environment results in the spread of infectious diseases (CDC, 2014). The pathogen leaves its host and enters another potential host through a relevant portal. The pathogen thrives and multiplies in its habitat in what is referred to as a chain of infection (WHO, 2014). Understanding the various transmission channels and exit portals enable a care provider to know the best cause of prevention and treatment. Control measures are typically employed in the section of the infection chain that allows easy intervention. For instance, in the treatment of a bacterial respiratory infection, a nurse can administer antibiotics to a patient. A nurse can also wear protective gear such as masks and gloves to protect them from getting infections by touching infected bodily fluids.
Comment 2
The global health issue which I have chosen and has affected the international health community is Zika Virus. It is a virus, which is spread by mosquito popularly known as Aedes species of mosquito. The said species of mosquito can bite both during the day and night. An issue of concern about Zika virus is pregnancy. The virus can pass through placenta thereby leading to birth defects. Zika virus can also be spread through sexual intercourse or sexual acts (Salazar, 2016). Unfortunately, Zika virus does not have a vaccine. Some of the symptoms of Zika virus include headache, fever, joint pain, rash, muscle pain and red eyes. According to CDC, Zika virus symptoms can last for days or weeks. Death and hospitalization after ...
A paper cover the devised policy for patrons in libraries during covid-19. The author has formulated few policy that are helpful for the entire community based on libraries and educational institute
The Coronavirus Disease – 2019 (COVID-19) is officially now a pandemic and not just a public health emergency of international concern as previously labelled. Worldwide, the new coronavirus has infected more than 4.9 million people and leaving more than 300,000 people dead in 188 countries. As countries of the world get locked down in an effort to contain the widespread of the virus, experts are concern about the global impacts of the pandemic on individuals, countries and the world at large. Millions of people are currently under quarantine across the globe. Many countries have responded by proclaiming a public health emergency, closed their borders and restrict incoming flights from high risk countries. This has grossly affected the travel plan of many. Several international programs, conferences, workshops and sporting activities are either postponed or cancelled. As the number of confirmed cases continues to escalate across the globe, hospitals seems to be running out of medical supplies, hospital spaces and personnel. Health workers are being overwhelmed by the numbers of people requesting for testing and treatment. Many of such health workers have been infected with the coronavirus and even lost their lives since the fight against COVID-19 started. Public health experts are also concerned about the huge medical wastes coming from the hospitals at this time and the adverse effects associated with improper management of such medical wastes, both at the hospital and community levels. The pandemic has also impacted negatively on the global economy. There have been serious crises in the stock market, with gross fall in the price of crude oil resulting in inflation and economic hardship among the populace. Many are currently out of job and as a result, the level of crime, protest and violence have continued to escalate in different parts of the world. The deaths of loved ones due to the coronavirus has left many emotionally traumatized. Nigeria, like other African countries is not spared of the ravaging effects of the pandemic, even as the government take strict measures to contain the virus. No doubt, this is very challenging, but the country is capable of surmounting the virus with the needed help from her international partners and cooperation from the citizenry. But if we as a people, remain complacent and continue with business as usual, without taking measures to flatten the curve, the disease will escalate too quickly beyond our capacity to handle and our health system will be overwhelmed and may collapse eventually. We cannot therefore afford to be complacent in our response to containing the pandemic.
This document proposes assessing lifestyles, public health measures, and their impact on containing COVID-19 transmission in communities in Horo Guduru Wollega, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study will survey 768 individuals across 4 districts on risk factors and prevention practices. Data will be analyzed to identify associations between exposures and infections. The study aims to increase awareness and limit rapid spread in the region through understanding transmission routes and improving prevention measures.
The presentation covers known Variants Covid -19 of medical importance and the second wave Covid - 19 that hit in India. The factors that led to the abrupt raised number of cases in a short time.
COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria: Misconception among individuals, impact on anim...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document discusses the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria, focusing on misconceptions among Nigerians, the impact on animals, and the role of mathematical epidemiologists. It notes that during the first wave, many Nigerians believed false claims that the virus only affects the rich, can be cured by alcohol or food, or cannot survive in hot climates. During the second wave, protests and poverty likely contributed to increased spread. The document also discusses how tigers in zoos have tested positive after contact with infected humans, representing a potential danger if the virus spreads to livestock in Nigeria. Finally, it describes how mathematical modeling can help understand disease dynamics and inform response efforts.
There is a clear connection between naturally occurring diseases and national security. Diseases do not recognize borders and can threaten a nation's security both directly by infecting military members or weakening health systems, and indirectly by causing economic and social disruption. The document discusses how diseases like the Spanish flu in 1918, Ebola in 2014-2016, and HIV/AIDS have posed national security risks by straining health infrastructure and military readiness. Maintaining strong public health systems and responding rapidly to disease outbreaks is important for national security.
There is a clear connection between naturally occurring diseases and national security. Diseases do not recognize borders and can threaten a nation's security both directly by infecting military members or indirectly by straining economic and healthcare systems. The document discusses how diseases like the Spanish flu in 1918, Ebola in 2014-2016, and HIV/AIDS have posed national security risks by reducing military readiness, overwhelming healthcare infrastructure, and slowing economic activity. Any disease that impacts a large portion of the population or military has implications for a nation's security.
How to compatibilize the health problems of the population with the economy p...Fernando Alcoforado
This document discusses how to balance health and economic issues arising from the coronavirus pandemic. It argues that total social distancing is necessary until a cure or vaccine is developed to avoid overwhelming health systems. However, social distancing harms the economy by reducing consumption and causing job losses and business closures. The author proposes governments provide support to the unemployed, poor and small businesses during social distancing to minimize economic damage until a vaccine is available, which may not be for 12-18 months. The crisis also highlights the need for countries to increase self-sufficiency in essential goods to reduce dependence on imports.
The PowerPoint "COVID-19 Pandemic" by Arnav Gupta is about COVID-19. It talks about where it started, how it spreads, and what countries did to stop it. It explains how it changed life and work, the problems for doctors, and how vaccines were made and given to people. It looks at new types of the virus and health problems after COVID. It ends by saying how important it is for countries to work together and learn from this.
Anxiety, Depression and Stress among General Population during Covid 19 Outbr...ijtsrd
On 11 Mar 2020, the WHO declared the outbreak a global pandemic. In times of an epidemic, people tend to experience fear of getting infected with the virus disease resulting in anxiety, stress, and depression, etc. The present study was a cross sectional survey with a convenience sampling technique. Data were collected through electronic means. Link to the survey was posted on various social media platforms and circulated through emails and instant messaging applications and data was collected by using Depression Anxiety Stress Scale DASS 21 . it was found that the overall DASS mean score of participants with positive history of corona virus disease was significantly higher than those with negative history. In depression subscale, anxiety subscale and stress subscale the mean score of depression subscale, anxiety subscale and stress subscale was significantly higher in participants with positive history of corona virus disease than those with negative history. Mrs. Pooja Dhasmana | Mr. Saurabh kumar "Anxiety, Depression and Stress among General Population during Covid-19 Outbreak: A Comparative Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42585.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/physiology/42585/anxiety-depression-and-stress-among-general-population-during-covid19-outbreak-a-comparative-study/mrs-pooja-dhasmana
Geographical Analysis of Covid 19 Its Relationship with Socio Economic Condit...YogeshIJTSRD
The present paper aims to analyse the spatial variations in spread of corona cases and corona deaths and level of socio economic conditions in India. The causal relationship between corona cases and corona deaths and twenty selected socio economic variables has been taken into account. The state union territory has been taken as the smallest unit of study. The entire research work is based on secondary sources of data. The study reveals states with better socio economic conditions recorded higher corona cases and states with poor socio economic conditions recorded lesser corona cases. States such as Maharashtra, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka with better socio economic conditions recorded a greater number of corona deaths. Gyanendra Singh Chauhan "Geographical Analysis of Covid 19: Its Relationship with Socio-Economic Conditions in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39871.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/39871/geographical-analysis-of-covid-19-its-relationship-with-socioeconomic-conditions-in-india/gyanendra-singh-chauhan
A Review on Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019ijtsrd
Introduction The rise of Covid 19 had acquired a noteworthy change the normal life of the common people. Largely individuals were limited within their home in a state of quarantine. The situation where people limited to stay in idle stage added with fear of Covid 19 induced major psychological effects in the population.Evidence Acquisition This paper intends to review the psychological impact of COVID 19 and its relationship with uneasiness, anxiety and depression were examined. For this paper more than 10different studies have been reviewed using electronic data base, i.e., Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Elsevier, and Science Direct. Result Detailed review of studies pointed Covid 19 and other outbreak impacted the psychological health of population adversely. The psychological effects of anxiety, depression insomnia are found in diverse class of population along with mortalities of Covid 19.Conclusion Along with major morbidity and mortalities of the Covid 19 and other epidemic outbreak situations, psychological issues also need to be addressed with major concern through any proper psychological healing procedures including various traditional medicinal systems. Aamir Mohsin | Rakhi Ahuja | Sreekiran CV "A Review on Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31141.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/31141/a-review-on-psychological-impact-of-coronavirus-disease-2019/aamir-mohsin
Fact and opinion about covid 19 outbreak DebbieInesyia
This document discusses the Covid-19 outbreak in Indonesia. It provides background on the origins and spread of the virus globally and in Indonesia. Key points discussed include the economic and social impacts of the outbreak in Indonesia, including lockdown policies implemented by the government and their effects. The document also examines the pressure the outbreak has put on healthcare systems and risks to medical workers. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of following government regulations and maintaining calm during the pandemic.
Fact and Opinion about COVID-19 OutbreakYosuaLuter
The document discusses facts and opinions about the COVID-19 outbreak. It provides background on coronaviruses and how COVID-19 originated in Wuhan, China in late 2019. It then discusses how the virus spreads between animals and humans, and how it has now spread person-to-person internationally. Opinions focus on the importance of social distancing, healthy lifestyles, hand washing, mask wearing, and other preventative measures to help stop the spread of the virus.
An Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing Corporate Sustainability on busin...AkashSharma618775
This study evaluates the effect of corporate sustainability on business performance of manufacturing
industries in USA, from 2012 to 2015. These Manufacturing industries are listed in Corporate Social
Responsibility Hub (CSRHub), Morning Star and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). All data used in this report
were extracted from 37 manufacturing companies’ Sustainability, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and
annual reports. These companies are of diverse sectors such as Automobile, Health care, consumer goods, food,
beverages and technology. Quantitative method of research is used in this study; this also includes the use of
explanatory and descriptive research design. The main issues to be discussed in this study are Donation, Incident
rate reduction and Water Recycled as the independent variables, while Revenue is the dependent variable. Data
analysis was carried out using the regression analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation. E-views software
generated the data for further analysis. The findings imply that donation has a positive insignificance effect on
revenue, reduced incident rate reduction had positive significance effect on revenue and water recycling has
negative insignificant effect on revenue. In the future researches, larger samples of companies form diverse sectors
and subsectors should be studied to broaden the research on company performance especially the non-financial
aspect.
Impact of ISO9001 Certification on the Beverage Company's Performance: A case...AkashSharma618775
This study tries to shade light on the effect of ISO9001 on Performance of Brewery companies in
Ethiopia. It empirically analyzes the impact of ISO9001 on the performance of brewery company's proxied by
profit of companies during the sample period of 2002-2015.The sample consists three brewery companies namely:
BGI-Ethiopia, Metha-Abo and Dashen brewery companies. The methodology is based on the Fixed effect model
estimator proposed for dynamic panel data, which is strong in the presence of endogenous covariates, allowing for
individual companies fixed effects, heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation. Based on findings, out of the four
independent variables average revenue and dummy of ISO9001 are positive and significant effect on companies
profit i.e an increase (decrease) in average revenue of companies results in a 5.517 percent increase (decrease) in
the company's profit. The result indicates that ISO9001 certification does have a strong significant positive impact
on brewery companies performance. As the result revealed a company's profit increases by 1.052% due to
ISO9001 certification. The other two explanatory variables average cost and natural logarithm of total sale become
statistically insignificant. In sum, the result of the study indicates that Having ISO9001 certification improves the
profitability of the brewery companies. This finding seems to agree with the study done by T. Dejene (2011) on five
brewery companies in Ethiopia and other scholars like D.S. Sharma(2005),M. Pinar(2001) and J. Singles et
al.(2000).
Administrative Behavior and Personal Traits of the School Heads of Bulan Dist...AkashSharma618775
This study determined the administrative behavior and personal traits of the School Heads of Bulan
Districts. The respondents in this study were the forty (40) elementary school heads. A simple random sampling
was used in this study. The survey questionnaire and documentary analysis were the main instrument in gathering
the necessary data supplemented with an observation and an unstructured interview. To determine the
relationship between the administrative behaviors of the school heads to their personal traits, chi-square test of
homogeneity was applied in this study. Appropriate statistical tools such as frequency count, percentage, weighted
mean and ranking were employed for the analysis and interpretation of the gathered data. The study established
that; there is no significant relationship between the administrative behavior of the school heads and their personal
traits. The study recommends that; school heads should be given ample opportunities to assess their personal traits
and administrative behavior so that they may align the said aspects to effective leadership.
This paper is a conversation on the administration challenges that directors are face so as to accomplish
hierarchical objectives. The forward piece of this paper is a conversation about the more extensive Environmental
Factors that influence the advancement of an Organization today. Factors, for example, economy, political and
sociological are been examined assessing an organization's methodology. At the last section there is a conversation
about the HRM division and how significant it is for an organization, considered as a chain between the association
and its representatives. Leadership is an essential idea in present day control. The supervisor has the responsibility
to revise, at times, the standards and regulations that practice to the management protecting for the steering of
folks of the organization, while he sees that positive ideas and rules is basically out of date. Therefore, the
supervisor should break up the responsibilities efficaciously many of the group of workers. The right department
of labour is the maximum essential piece accomplishing strategic dreams. However, a business enterprise’s
method ought to analyse a few external surroundings conditions which can be very critical. Notwithstanding the
CEOs the maximum critical component in a agency is the HRM. For any goal or challenge HRM is responsibly to
discover the ideal human resource offering also the employees with protection making the great for them that
allows you to do their high-quality at the same time as operating. The current, highly competitive and globalised
surroundings requires a great deal extra activation of enterprise than in the beyond for his or her survival and,
predominant, for their development. This activation calls for a thoughts-set exchange, extroversion, management,
modern forms of management, flexibility, velocity of choice-making and harnessing the creativity and dynamism
of the human element. Business growth calls for firstly the existence or locating a leading personality. The
inspirational leader he will form with the senior a vision for the enterprise. Based on the agreed imaginative and
prescient of the leadership group will proceed in shaping the company's medium-time period goal and to broaden
the precise strategy for achieving this aim.
Enhancement on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) operations of th...AkashSharma618775
This document summarizes a study that examined the enhancement of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) operations in schools in the 2nd Congressional District of Sorsogon, Philippines from 2016-2019. The study found that common DRRM activities conducted before, during, and after disasters included conducting drills, providing advisories, and assessing damages. Key lessons learned were the need for capacity building and preparedness. The top enhancements identified were conducting more trainings, building DRRM capacity, and designating schools as evacuation centers. The study concluded with recommendations to improve DRRM plan preparation, capacity building, and incorporating lessons learned into operations.
Exploring the Marketing Competencies of Women Entrepreneurs in Micro-Small En...AkashSharma618775
This study deals with the marketing competencies and capabilities of women entrepreneurs who own and
manage micro-small- and medium (MSMEs)ventures in traditional and non-traditional lines of activities within
the urban settings in Khartoum State, Sudan. Entrepreneurial and marketing competencies are part of the
dynamic components that contribute to venture survival and success especially for women-owned/ managed MSEs.
This study addresses the perceived knowledge gap in the literature regarding the marketing competencies of
women entrepreneurs, using the marketing mix approach and the resource-based theory. It is a qualitative study
which follows an interpretive approach and applies grounded theory techniques. The study is framed within the
Marketing Mix approach and the resource-based theory highlighted within a gendered perspective. It examines
how women entrepreneurs perceive and apply the marketing function within their MSEs to maintain success
within highly competitive, turbulent and unpredictable markets. In such conditions it is essential to understand
what marketing competencies do these women entrepreneurs are endowed with and utilize while practicing the
marketing function in their entrepreneurial ventures and thrive for high performance and success.
Japonica rice in the domestic market is mainly produced through the contract farming system in
northern Thailand. Thai consumers have misunderstood that Thailand cannot cultivate Japonica rice with good
quality. This study aimed to analyze the acceptability of Thailand’s Japonica rice from the perspectives of Thai
consumers. Its specific objectives were to investigate the consumers’ consumption behaviors for Japanese cuisine
and to evaluate consumer preferences of different Japonica rice choices and attitudes towards Japonica rice
consumption. Data were collected from 385 respondents in Bangkok using the purposive sampling method. The
results indicated that respondents’ consumption behavior of Japanese cuisine in Bangkok was increasing.
Analyzing the preference of different Japonica rice choices found that the respondents preferred JR1 (from
Japan), JR3 (Thailand) and JR2 (from Vietnam), in descending order. JR2 attributes especially smell and soft
sticky texture were like JR3. However, JR3 shared similar qualities to JR1 in terms of smell, flavor and soft sticky
texture. JR3 can be a good alternative choice for Japanese restaurant owners and consumers. In addition, the
higher market price of JR1 creates a competitive opportunity for JR3 in the domestic market. Moreover, their
attitudes towards domestically grown Japonica rice consumption was also positive.
Corporate Governance and Earning Management in Saudi ArabiaAkashSharma618775
The research paper examines the corporate governance and earning management in Saudi Arabia. It
explores certain studies that worked in different areas and discusses their findings. The essential goal of this paper
is to exactly research the impact of the late corporate administration controls presented by Capital Market
Authority (CMA) on compelling income administration hone in Saudi Arabia. Corporate governance theory is
discussed here that elaborates the procedures of organization and different strategies. At that point speculations
are tried utilizing multivariate procedure to figure out whether corporate administration qualities essentially
oblige optional accumulations. The paper also discusses literature of previous studies and some methodologies are
discussed that are important. Three different types of methodologies are described here that are related to
organization. At the end, conclusion is presented.
Effect of market penetration management strategies on performance of Small En...AkashSharma618775
Small businesses in Kenya face a myriad of challenges. Most of the establishments have gone under the
waters due to various reasons including market turbulences. The businesses leave the market as soon as they make
entry. If they stay, they stagnate at the same level they started. The objective of the study was to find out the effect
of market penetration strategies on the performance of small enterprises in Kenya. The study used descriptive
survey design. The study was conducted in Migori County, Kenya. The target population was 4997 which were
businesses registered by the department of Trade of Migori County in 2019. A sample of 481 individuals were
interviewed. This number was derived using Yamane sampling model. Data was collected from business owners
with the help of a structured questionnaire. The researcher used Cronbach’s alpha coeffect to test the reliability of
the study instrument. Data was sorted, sorted and entered using a statistical software program for social sciences
(SPSS). A simple linear regression was used to test the relationship between market penetration management
strategies and performance of small enterprises in Kenya. Pearson Product Moment correlation was employed in
testing the strength of the relationship between market penetration management strategies and growth of small
enterprises in Kenya.
The Impact of Adopting International Auditing Standards on audit quality in S...AkashSharma618775
This study will investigate the Impact of Adopting International Auditing Standards on audit quality in
Saudi Arabia. The current research focuses on Saudi Arabia. This relatively large country in the Middle East is
known for two main things, its oil and Islam. The research objectives can be identified as: To evaluate the current
state of auditing practise in Saudi Arabia, to identify the need for the adoption of international auditing standards
in Saudi Arabia, to identify the challenges in the adoption of international auditing standards in Saudi Arabia, and
to evaluate the impact of the adoption of international auditing standards in Saudi Arabia. The research is
adopting a mixed methods strategy that will combine both qualitative and quantitative research. This research is
making several contributions to the academic literature in adoption International Auditing Standards in devolving
countries in in general, and more specific in Saudi Arabia.
Effect of Knowledge Management on Employee Retention in IT industry: Regressi...AkashSharma618775
This document discusses a study examining the effect of knowledge management on employee retention in the IT industry. It identifies key variables of knowledge management like organizational culture, leadership, financial resources, technological infrastructure, employee empowerment, training, continuous learning, and motivation. The study uses a descriptive research methodology including a survey of 100 IT industry employees. Regression analysis found a positive correlation between knowledge management and employee retention. Most employees agreed that the identified knowledge management variables influence retention. The study suggests organizations focus on technology, research/development, empowerment, motivation, and adapting to industry changes to better manage knowledge and retain employees.
There are still many prevalent problems surrounding the high school curriculum. This can be seen with
many teachers still struggling with students’ retention on subjects being taught, as well as students having
difficulty with test taking. A focal point with the matter is the subjects themselves that are taught, as both teachers
and students complain about how many of the school subjects do not object towards practical skill sets needed
towards real life. In several countries, students are taught subjects related to vocation, career, finances, and even
investment. A main reason as to why these countries suffer less from economic distress, as well as having more
successful outputs for students, is because financial education is well implemented into the high school curriculum.
The purpose for this paper is to show case studies of various countries showing success due to financial education
taught in schools, and to therefore prove the point that financial education is needed all around for the youth.
Towards A Global Civil Society: A Review of Pertaining Issues, Successes and ...AkashSharma618775
This article reviews the notion of civil society by raising pertinent issues, successes and drawbacks. Often
referred to as the space where we act for common good, civil society aims to connect poor or marginalized people
with groups that can mobilize support to help. We know that civil society by itself cannot achieve poverty
eradication. It must act in partnership with governments and institutions but it must be one of the partners and
not just a servant to carry out the designs of governments or corporations. Therefore there is need to expand the
role of NGOs and civil society organizations in three main specific areas related to poverty eradication: technical,
financial and political and enhancing the participation of those whose lives are affected by decisions and this can
only happen when there is an enabling environment designed to promote popular participation. The contributions
of civil society in global environmental preservation cannot be ignored since it is a cross cutting issue and both
national and international governments need other actors to make it a reality. In short, there has been increasing
support for civil society as understanding has grown about the important role that CSOs can play in bringing
about development goals. The Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Summit Outcome Document
emphasize the relationship between sustainable human development and democratic governance and the need for
civil society engagement to foster both.
(Neo)-Colonialism, globalised modernisation and global energy and environment...AkashSharma618775
This review looks at three issues which are key to the process of globalisation, namely; colonialism,
modernization, energy and environment. The benefits of globalised colonialism, though very weak, may include a
few of the following, viz: Increasing knowledge sharing, research, and skills; providing platforms for mutual
support, and benefits to synergize at various levels; encouraging multi-cultural contributions at different levels;
fostering global citizenship for greater harmony; promoting multiculturalism and acceptance to cultural diversity;
facilitating multi ways communications and interactions; promoting self-employment, digital entrepreneurship,
and outreach; and giving voice to everyone by promoting common language. On the contrary, the notable negative
impacts of globalised colonialism include: increasing the technological gaps and digital divides; creating more
legitimate opportunities for electronic colonialism; exploiting local resources and destroying local/ indigenous
cultures; increasing inequalities, conflicts, and clashes; promoting cultural imperialism; strengthening a
symmetrical communication, facilitating haves; contributing to jobless growth and promoting outsourcing; and, it
is promoting voiceless growth and language imperialism. It important to note that energy is a driving factor in the
world economic development, World energy consumption contributes to pollution and environmental
deterioration and global house emissions which therefore calls upon world economist and politicians to set
environmental regulations. It’s also crucial to transform the current energy systems with a transition to renewable
source and their efficient use. For example, globalized modernization has today has become a major sort of debate
among academicians, policy makers and NGOs. Finally, our review notes the various merits of globalize
Deconstructing Global Movements of People: Implication for Collective Securit...AkashSharma618775
This document discusses global immigration, global security, and global borders. It begins by defining immigration and discussing its history and implications. Key challenges to immigration include language barriers, difficulties being absorbed into job markets, adapting to new weather/cultures, and security threats from terrorists. Immigration economically benefits both receiving and sending countries but can also mean loss of skilled workers for poor countries. The document then examines global emigration factors like motives, impacts, and challenges before concluding by linking immigration, security, and borders and arguing they must be analyzed together for global peace and security.
Effectiveness of drip irrigation in enhancing smart farming: a micro-study in...AkashSharma618775
This study aims to examine the effectiveness of drip irrigation in enhancing smart farming in the midnorth of Uganda. A descriptive review was adopted targeting one smart farm in the district. Data was gathered by
means of an interview guide and a farmers’ observation guide, and it was analysed using content analysis
correspondingly. The outcomes suggest that drip irrigation does not represent a large fraction of irrigation systems
in mid-north Uganda and the world in general; however, a number of new drip irrigation systems are being set-up
notwithstanding the very slow pace. Further revelation suggests that farmers can benefit from drip irrigation
through gaining knowledge and skills from visits and advises from the frequent visits; being a source of income
when the produce are sold; as well as providing food security for families, the adjacent community and the district
as a whole. Nonetheless, drip irrigation faces challenges of dearth of commitment by some members of the family,
untimely delivery of agro inputs, over cultivation of the land and very expensive inputs. It is obvious that drip
irrigation technologies are essential in enhancing smart farming in Oyam district, mid-north Uganda and the
country as a whole. The outcomes of the study can be useful as a source for scaling out drip irrigation in the region
and beyond especially when mounting a parameter on integration of drip irrigation on community development
agendas for small-holder farmers as targeted by the government’s agricultural cluster development programme.
This article contributes to the budding body of information on smart farming by emphasising obtainable
prospects, which can generate more pro-active small scale drip irrigation technologies.
APPRAISING FEMALE LABOUR IN THE INDIGENOUS ECONOMY OF MAMFE - SOUTHWEST CAMER...AkashSharma618775
African indigenous women have been instrumental in the growth and survival of local economies but
underrated in scholarly discourses. In this regard this paper reviews the role of female labour in Artistry,
agriculture, associations, investments, trade, education and skill jobs in the years 1922-1961, amidst patriarchal
background status and colonial incursion. The paper argues that female labour was the most contributing factor
to food production, household upkeep and the growth of the local economy of Mamfe during the period of British
rule in the Southern Cameroons. It debunks the untested opinions of many Cameroonians that attributed the
survival means of Mamfe women to solely prostitution- a perception that ignored the potentials of the women and
the vital role of female labour. The data needed to sustain this argument was collected from primary sources- oral
interviews with targeted eye witnesses, archival materials and theses and, secondary sources such as published
books, journals and the internet. The historical mode has been used, largely qualitative analysis presented in a
thematic and chronological manner. Findings reveal that during the years reviewed, Mamfe women were
suppressed and engulfed in a patriarchy cultural background. Yet, they were the backbones of households;
ensured food security and stirred the growth of the Mamfe economy. This, paper therefore draws the attention of
Governments, Non-Governmental and International Organizations on the need for gender-based policies that
could further enhance women’s participation in the development of rural economies in Africa including
Cameroon- a prerequisite to food security and poverty alleviation.
An Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing Corporate Sustainability on busin...AkashSharma618775
This study evaluates the effect of corporate sustainability on business performance of manufacturing
industries in USA, from 2012 to 2015. These Manufacturing industries are listed in Corporate Social
Responsibility Hub (CSRHub), Morning Star and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). All data used in this report
were extracted from 37 manufacturing companies’ Sustainability, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and
annual reports. These companies are of diverse sectors such as Automobile, Health care, consumer goods, food,
beverages and technology. Quantitative method of research is used in this study; this also includes the use of
explanatory and descriptive research design. The main issues to be discussed in this study are Donation, Incident
rate reduction and Water Recycled as the independent variables, while Revenue is the dependent variable. Data
analysis was carried out using the regression analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation. E-views software
generated the data for further analysis. The findings imply that donation has a positive insignificance effect on
revenue, reduced incident rate reduction had positive significance effect on revenue and water recycling has
negative insignificant effect on revenue. In the future researches, larger samples of companies form diverse sectors
and subsectors should be studied to broaden the research on company performance especially the non-financial
aspect.
An empirical review on ethical business conduct among small and medium Malay ...AkashSharma618775
In the contemporary world of business, ethical conduct stood to be amongst very important practices that
businessmen are required to incorporate when conducting businesses. Yet, the challenges of globalization, trade
liberalization and profitability of businesses in the uncertain business environment are critically encourage
businessmen to engage in ethical conducts. To investigate this subject matter, the study employed Malay
businessmen at small and medium scale and analyse their participation in implementing ethical business conduct.
The study used four main dimensions of ethical business conducts namely personal values, managing social
responsibility, ways of conducting business and interaction with others in business setting. Moreover the study
categorized the target respondents on race basis thus the Bumiputera (Malaysians indegenious) composed of 50%
and non-Bumiputera thus Chinese and Indians at the rates in the distribution of 32% and 18% respectively.
Generally, businessmen at SMEs scale are aware of ethical business conduct and are implementing such matters;
yet, there are continuation of unethical conducts regardless of understanding of its importance to among the
businessmen in SMEs.
THE IMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH; THE CASE OF SUB-SAHARA...AkashSharma618775
The main aim of this research is to explore the effect of trade liberalization on economic growth in subSaharan Africa by analyzing certain macro-economic indicators using Ordinary Least Squares approach to
estimate regression equations. Many developing countries have substantially liberalized their trade regime over the
past three decades, either unilaterally or as part of multilateral initiatives. Nevertheless, trade barriers remain
high in many developing countries. One of the concerns that attributes to the reluctance of many of these countries
to liberalize their trade regime is the possible worsening of the trade balance.
This research paper is meant to give a recommendation on which macro-economic indicators sub-Saharan African
countries should pay particular attention to, implementing the necessary policies to ensure its effectiveness thereby
ensuring a step-up in those aspects of the economy in order to promote development. It considers 46 different
countries with different economic policies in sub-Saharan Africa for a 14-year period. Most papers considering
sub-Saharan African region consider a selected few countries based on certain economic reasons of their choice,
and those who consider most countries in the region have different macroeconomic indicators they employ for their
modeling. This paper considers if not all, almost all sub-Saharan African countries regardless of their economic
status.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - ...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdfbkling
Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
The best massage spa Ajman is Chandrima Spa Ajman, which was founded in 2023 and is exclusively for men 24 hours a day. As of right now, our parent firm has been providing massage services to over 50,000+ clients in Ajman for the past 10 years. It has about 8+ branches. This demonstrates that Chandrima Spa Ajman is among the most reasonably priced spas in Ajman and the ideal place to unwind and rejuvenate. We provide a wide range of Spa massage treatments, including Indian, Pakistani, Kerala, Malayali, and body-to-body massages. Numerous massage techniques are available, including deep tissue, Swedish, Thai, Russian, and hot stone massages. Our massage therapists produce genuinely unique treatments that generate a revitalized sense of inner serenely by fusing modern techniques, the cleanest natural substances, and traditional holistic therapists.
PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
- Urological tumors.
- The role of FDG PET in NET.
About this webinar: This talk will introduce what cancer rehabilitation is, where it fits into the cancer trajectory, and who can benefit from it. In addition, the current landscape of cancer rehabilitation in Canada will be discussed and the need for advocacy to increase access to this essential component of cancer care.
DECODING THE RISKS - ALCOHOL, TOBACCO & DRUGS.pdfDr Rachana Gujar
Introduction: Substance use education is crucial due to its prevalence and societal impact.
Alcohol Use: Immediate and long-term risks include impaired judgment, health issues, and social consequences.
Tobacco Use: Immediate effects include increased heart rate, while long-term risks encompass cancer and heart disease.
Drug Use: Risks vary depending on the drug type, including health and psychological implications.
Prevention Strategies: Education, healthy coping mechanisms, community support, and policies are vital in preventing substance use.
Harm Reduction Strategies: Safe use practices, medication-assisted treatment, and naloxone availability aim to reduce harm.
Seeking Help for Addiction: Recognizing signs, available treatments, support systems, and resources are essential for recovery.
Personal Stories: Real stories of recovery emphasize hope and resilience.
Interactive Q&A: Engage the audience and encourage discussion.
Conclusion: Recap key points and emphasize the importance of awareness, prevention, and seeking help.
Resources: Provide contact information and links for further support.
INFLUENCE OF BAKIGA CULTURAL BELIEFS AND PRACTICES ON MANAGEMENT OF CORONA VIRUS: IMPLICATIONS FOR MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY
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INFLUENCE OF BAKIGA CULTURAL
BELIEFS AND PRACTICES ON
MANAGEMENT OF CORONA VIRUS:
IMPLICATIONS FOR MEDICAL
SOCIOLOGY
Dr. Nareeba Peter
Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Uganda Christian University
Email: pnareeba@ucu.ac.ug
Abstract: The focus of this discourse is to construct an understanding of cultural beliefs and practices on the
influence and spread of corona virus as viewed from lenses of medical sociology. This review starts from the
premise that we need a sociology of health agenda to manage the corona virus epidemic. The study points to the
fact that cultural beliefs are an unsung aspect in our understanding of the sociology of health particularly in the
management of corona virus despite the role of describing social behavior in other disciplines, including utilization
of medicine itself. Some cultural fanatics among the Bakiga hold several casual beliefs that Corona Virus is a
disease of the West (most developed countries) and therefore, Africans are an exception. Another competing belief
is that most Africans have endured harsh conditions which made them develop immunity against the virus.
Another argument is that Africans have been infected by flu and common cold and therefore, their body has
requisite immunity to fight COVID 19.Culture in health interventions seems to have three domains of health
beliefs and behavior that should be taken into account: (1) Cultural Identity, (2) Relationships and Expectations,
and (3) Cultural Empowerment. It is essential to maximize the wealth of experience that emerges both from
anthropological and sociological analysis of epidemic responses in different contexts for similar airborne diseases,
including historical analyses. Although the socio-cultural practices of the Bakiga highlighted in this work have
been shown to contribute to the spread of COVID 19, any future efforts to eradicate and/or contain these
outbreaks should also include the medical sociologist on the African continent as the dearth of them was the main
structural contributor to the course of the pandemic.
Keywords: Cultural beliefs, Practices, Management of corona Virus, Medical sociology.
1. INTRODUCTION
Infectious diseases pose a significant risk to the global population (Kouadio et al., 2012). The reasons behind their
appearance, and how outbreaks differ are of notable interest to epidemiologists and public health professionals. Continued
lack of vaccines for many of the major infectious diseases will dampen progress in prevention, while continued alterations
in temperature and rainfall, and human impact on agricultural lands, forests and rivers will in some instances increase the
number of virus and alter the geographic distribution of animal hosts, leading to the emergence of new human infections
and/or re-emergence of those that are known. Weak infection control procedures by health workers have caused the
amplification of transmission in outbreaks diseases such as Ebola, SARS and MERS.
Coronaviruses in particular have become a global health threat. Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that
cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-
2. ISSN 2348-3156 (Print)
International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online)
Vol. 9, Issue 3, pp: (430-437), Month: July - September 2021, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
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CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (Su et al., 2016). The Coronavirus, better known as COVID-19 in the
medical community, is a group of viruses that causes respiratory tract illnesses. The symptoms are severe cough,
sneezing, and breathing difficulties. The virus broke out in the Wuhan district in China and slowly spread to other parts of
the world. An epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly since December 8, 2019 in China.
Currently, the disease has spread to over 104 countries with major economies such as Italy, Japan, South Korea, France,
Spain, Australia, and the US having all reported multiple cases of the virus within their borders, and deaths related to the
virus.
The World Health Organization (WHO), on 11th
March 2020, declared the outbreak of a global pandemic raising the risk
assessment of the outbreak to ―very high‖. A pandemic status is given to a disease epidemic that has spread across a large
region across the globe and community spread is inevitable. The World Health Organization referred to the novelty of the
new strain of the virus. Novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a new strain that has not been previously identified. Apparently,
virus chains are renewing on a daily basis while we are trying to prevent exposure by social action (WHO, 2020).
The fear of contracting the virus is also perceived to be spreading faster than the virus itself, having sparked fear across
the globe with most people being driven by emotional contagion and rushing to stock up on items such as hand sanitizers,
gloves and face masks, with online sales for these products having risen by 81.7% between January and February 2021.
The outbreak of coronavirus and its associated health and social consequences should be considered as one of the most
important social events in human life in the 21st
century (Kumar & Somani, 2020)
Many social and economic issues are tied to the Corona outbreak. The Coronavirus shock was wider and stronger than
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), bird flu, and swine flu in previous years. This particular outbreak of
coronavirus revealed how a biological and epidemiological issue can be transformed to a social, economic and political
subject. Many daily activities even in cities without confirmed cases were affected. Quarantines of large cities and some
sort of home confinement for even unaffected persons occurred. In a rare event some countries closed their borders and
restricted their flights (Paraskevis, Kostaki & Tsiodras, 2020).
The most common and the most important strategy of states facing this virus has been the public health approach.
Enhancing the capacity of clinics and hospitals and strict quarantine of infected patients, campaigns for hand washing and
cough etiquettes were commonly used. However, the demands have gone much further. Despite a lack of evidence for use
of masks by general populations, an enormous demand for buying masks occurred worldwide (Tariku & Hajure, 2020).
Social distancing and social isolation has been identified as the surest way to reduce the intensity of COVID 19 infection.
However, we should not overlook the social and psychological effects of these interventions. The containment campaign
basically greatly reduces the contacts people have with one another, by canceling numerous social events and urging older
people and those with special health conditions not to leave their homes. Many of these older folk live on their own, as
their partners have died. For all, it means fewer opportunities to see family and friends (Sadati et al., 2020).
So far, it seems that coronavirus is transmitted mainly by droplets between infected people or carriers, although it also
survives on surfaces for quite a while. Because of its long incubation period, we can‘t identify carriers early enough,
although it seems that people are most infectious when they show symptoms. Most likely, there are many more infected
people who do not show symptoms. In this regard, socio-cultural beliefs and practices encourage social contacts, social
organization and social network that has impact on the spread of COVID 2019 (Jayaweera, Gunawardana & Manatunge,
2020). Examination of the future health care agenda makes it abundantly clear that if we didn't have a sociology of health
initiative we would need to invent one. The influences affecting health and the provision of services are largely social, and
the way we address problems of illness and care reflects our values and the arrangement of powerful interests within our
social system. Therefore, it is vital to examine cultural beliefs and practices of the Bakiga community in regard to
management of COVID 19 from a perspective of medical sociology.
The Kiga people, or Abakiga (―people of the mountains―), are an ethnic group located in northern Rwanda and southern
Uganda. The Kiga speak a Bantu language called Rukiga. They are sometimes referred to as the Chiga or Kiga, while the
singular form is Omukiga. It has been suggested that the Bakiga arrived in what is modern day Uganda from Rwanda
between 1600 and 1700. The Bakiga people live in southwestern Uganda and North Eastern Rwanda, mostly located in
Kabale district (and Byumba prefecture in Rwanda) (Niwatuhereza, 2019).
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The Kiga have various cultural beliefs and practices. They believed in Ruhanga, the Creator of all things. They also had
several cults, among which the most important was Nyabingi – the spirit of the much respected rain-maker. It was and is
still considered good manners for a visitor to join a family eating a meal without invitation. The Bakiga brew local beer,
and to enjoy it, people would sit on wooden stools surrounding a pot, and drink it through long tubes. Marriage wasn‘t
only important for the chieftain; it held great significance for the entire clan. Polygamy was the exception rather than the
norm, practiced in specific clans or segments of households when widow inheritance occurred following the death of a
married family member. The form of dance for the Bakiga is called the Ekizino. Ekizino is a royal dance from the Bakiga
people of Kigezi (Niwatuhereza, 2019).
2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
One model that has been at the forefront of understanding the influence of culture on health is the PEN-3 cultural model
(Iwelunmor et al., 2014). Developed by Airhihenbuwa (1989), the model places culture at the core of the development,
implementation and evaluation of successful public health interventions (Airhihenbuwa& Webster, 2004; Airhihenbuwa,
2007). Airhihenbuwa asserts that to centralize culture in health interventions, three domains of health beliefs and behavior
should be taken into account: (1) Cultural Identity, (2) Relationships and Expectations, and (3) Cultural Empowerment.
Each domain includes three factors that form the acronym PEN; Person, Extended Family, Neighborhood (for the Cultural
Identity domain); Perceptions, Enablers, and Nurturers (for the Relationships and Expectation domain); Positive,
Existential and Negative (for the Cultural Empowerment domain). Within the Cultural Empowerment domain, health
issues are investigated first by identifying practices that are positive highlighting values that are existential and have no
harmful health consequences before identifying negative practices that serve as barriers (Airhihenbuwa, 2007). Using the
PEN-3 cultural model as an analytical framework, the objective of this study is to assess the role played by sociocultural
factors in the spread of Corona Virus 2019. Health beliefs, cultural practices, and human behavior have combined to fan
the dispersal of the disease. Using the cultural empowerment dimension of the PEN-3 model, we analyze the role of
cultural belief and practices on the management of COVID 2019.
Cultural aspects have a great influence on the processes of symptom recognition, labelling, help-seeking and the structure
of health systems (Angel & Williams, 2000). For example, a peoples‘ decision to attend or ignore physical or
psychological changes, their interpretation and evaluation of this change and their way of acting on the symptoms is
influenced by culture (Angel & Williams, 2000). Hence public health measures need to consider the cultural background,
i.e. the social agreements and assumptions (Napier et al., 2014) and must be located at community level to enhance in-
depth understanding of the individual context, participation and appropriateness of measures (Shaikh & Hatcher, 2005)
Literature shows that culture, ‗a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts‘ has the potential to
influence infectious disease transmission including COVID 19 (Yoosefi Lebni, Abbas & Ziapour, 2021). There are
several casual beliefs that Corona Virus is a disease of the West (most developed countries) and therefore, Africans are an
exception. Another belief is borne out of the belief that most Africans have endured harsh conditions which made them
develop immunity for the virus. Another perception is that Africans have been infected by flu and common cold and
therefore, their bodies have developed requisite immunity to fight COVID 19. Another common belief among the Bakiga
Community in Uganda is that they have received various immunizations and vaccinations which increased the general
ability of their bodies to combat viruses.
It is also worthy to note that some of the Bakiga communities do not believe in pharmaceutical medicine and drugs to
treat infectious diseases. It is evident that resistance to use these drugs increases the spread of the corona virus . Currently,
several recognized motives exist among African populations for the U.S. creation or re-creation of viruses such as EVD
include profiting from providing a cure for the disease and/or working hand-in-hand with the pharmaceutical industry, as
well as the belief that EVD was purposely administered to African civilians in the form of a vaccination under the guise of
humanitarian assistance (Guy-lucien et al., 2015). These beliefs lead to health workers being met with suspicion and
distrust in most African countries. This, in turn, increase the likelihood of individuals resorting to home remedies or
simply waiting to go to the doctor until only after the disease has progressed too substantially (Omonzejele, 2014)
However, the beliefs have been subject to criticism with the WHO warning that Africans should not believe that they are
immune to infectious diseases such as Corona Virus as this would result in careless living hence increasing the chances of
COVD 19 transmission. Statistics from the United States seem to indicate that African Americans appear to have been
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highly been affected by COVID 19 in some states. Similarly, the belief that the virus is active among the old, has also
been refuted with evidence of all age groups being affected by the corona virus (WHO, 2020).
Extensive literature seems to suggest that cultural practices have resulted in pandemics of infectious diseases in African
contexts. The Bakiga, like other Ugandan communities, have several cultural practices such as funerals, initiation
ceremonies, wedding and religious ceremonies which among others have increased the spread of infectious diseases. The
Bakiga community have an elaborate marriage ceremony although there has been transformation due to urbanization.
However, some households especially in rural areas still have cultural practices such as The Visit of the Couple Butter‘
(OkumaraAmajuta), Bridal Reception (Okutaasya), ‗Give-Away‘ Ceremony (Okuhingira) and : Invitation to Collect the
Bride (Okutegura) among other procedures. During cultural practices, there are several personal contacts which increase
the possibility of corona virus infections (Atekyereza, 2007).
Sub-Saharan Africa embraces a rich diversity of indigenous and imported religious traditions. Since moral behavioral
prescriptions often trace their sources to religious teachings, religion and a strong adherence to religious principles have
been thought to protect against transmission of infectious diseases such as corona virus (Sewe, Oduke, Odhiambo &
Obwoge, 2021). Even though modern religions such as Christianity and Islam have taken credence among the Bakiga
Community, there are elements of traditionalists who still believe in their supreme being. Majority of the Bakiga
community believe that the disease is related to supernatural actions. Some of the people indicated that their God is not
happy and therefore, diseases such are Corona Virus and Ebola are common hence there is need for repentance as well as
offering of sacrifices to the supernatural being. Koenig and Al Shohaib (2014) concluded from a study of Muslims,
Christians and Animists in a rural community of Senegal that there was little difference in infectious diseases knowledge
between groups that consider religion important and those that do not.
The deeply rooted tradition of large family gatherings at funerals has also been recognized as very likely to increase the
spread of this outbreak. Various activities associated with burial practices contribute to the transmission of virus based
diseases such as COVID 19. Most communities in Africa believe in life after death. Consequently, funeral and burial
practices are perceived as crucial steps in transitioning from the world of the living to the spiritual world. It is
believed to be a duty for surviving relatives of a deceased person to facilitate the transition from this world to
the spiritual world through funeral and burial rituals. Given that the major means of human-to-human transmission of
corona virus is through droplets, the afore-mentioned funeral and burial practices inadvertently result in spreading of
the disease (Houéto, 2019). For instance, the study of Louis et al. in Guinea reported that people who attended a rural
funeral were more affected by the outbreak of infectious diseases that ensued than those who did not (Ngwa et al., 2017).
While modern health care based on Western medicine is now considered the norm in many countries, much of Africa still
relies heavily on traditional practices. While traditional medicine can have a positive role in health care, ethnomedical
beliefs can also have important impacts on health-seeking behavior, health outcomes, and pathogen transmission
pathways. Individuals often look to traditional healers and family members for advice and care despite inexperience of the
person providing information. Traditional healers may have positions of influence within the community and, therefore,
command a level of trust, and can also have a significant influence on health-seeking behavior and uptake of health
messages, factors that can directly affect outbreak dynamics. Sick individuals have often opted to listen to traditional
healers and rumors about potential ―cures. For instance, as mentioned, they no longer suck out yat with their mouths
because some healers who did so contracted and died from diseases related to virus. Thus traditional healers are most
likely to infect a lot of patients unknowingly due to incubation of corona virus which is approximately 14 days (Hewlett
&Amola, 2003).
Assessing the parameters of gender roles, which includes socio-cultural dynamics as well as male-female differences, is
therefore crucial in examining both the patterns of exposure to infectious agents (frequency and intensity) and the
treatment of infectious diseases. Historically, and even presently, the relationship between gender and infectious disease
has been under-researched, particularly when assessing approaches to disease management and control. Culturally
sanctioned gender relations have an especially prominent role in the infectious diseases epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa
(UNAIDS, 2008). Generally, in the literature, gender is understood as the social role occupied by each sex and gender
relations as the interactions between these two social roles.
The relative status of women in society in general and in their intimate relationships in particular can strongly impact the
chances of being infected (Macdonald, 1996) and is a common theme in the literature. Ethnographic evidence in relatively
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egalitarian societies also supports the connection between gender relations and spread of infectious diseases. Customs
such as remaining close to the sick family member to nurse them, touching and/ or embracing them is mainly performed
by women. This entails means that the extent of contracting virus is high among women as compared to men. According
to Bah et al (2015) the cleaning and grooming of the victim‘s body by family members have been identified as triggering
factors in the spread of the disease due to a high viral load present in victims.
3. MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY VIEW
Health and medicine are key areas of sociological specialization, but in the face of rapid global challenges, they are
changing (Karvonen, Kestilä & Mäki-Opas, 2018). The need for change is becoming more and more urgent and the
relevance of some of the traditional approaches, frameworks and theoretical perspectives should be evaluated. Medical
sociology is the sociological analysis of medical organizations and institutions; the production of knowledge and selection
of methods, the actions and interactions of healthcare professionals, and the social or cultural (rather than clinical or
bodily) effects of medical practice. The field commonly interacts with the sociology of knowledge, science and
technology studies, and social epistemology. Medical sociologists are also interested in the qualitative experiences of
patients, often working at the boundaries of public health, social work, demography and gerontology to explore
phenomena at the intersection of the social and clinical sciences. Health disparities commonly relate to typical categories
such as class and race (Cockerham, 2014).
There has been general awareness of the importance of cultural aspects, however, recommendations from anthropologists
have mostly not been taken into account and Kargbo et al (2016) explained that initially response teams dealt with
pandemics solely as a health issue without awareness of the complex culture (Kargbo et al, 2016). Thus, health
interventions were not only ineffective but sometimes even harmful and often did not meet the need for practical
implications (Abramowitz et al., 2015). For medical sociologists to have a positive impact on the management of Corona
Virus of 2019. The roles exhibit a wide spectrum from prevention of the disease to post disease management and
especially stigmatization of the ex-patients.
Stigma hurts everyone by creating fear or anger towards other people. Stigmatized groups may be subjected to social
rejection, denial of healthcare, education, housing, employment, physical violence among others. Stigma affects the
emotional or mental health of stigmatized groups and the communities they live in. Stopping stigma is important for us to
create a society that is resilient to the pandemic. Everyone can help stop stigma related to Covid-19 by knowing facts
about the virus and sharing them with others. It was not the wish of coronavirus patients to contract the disease (WHO,
2020).
"Stigma can undermine social cohesion and prompt possible social isolation of groups, which might contribute to a
situation where the virus is more, not less, likely to spread," the WHO says. In short, if people are trying to hide their
illness to avoid discrimination, they are less likely to get tested or treated. "Using criminalizing or dehumanizing
terminology creates the impression that those with the disease have somehow done something wrong or are less human
than the rest of us, feeding stigma, undermining empathy, and potentially fuelling wider reluctance to seek treatment or
attend screening, testing and quarantine (WHO, 2020).
The medical sociologists‘ contribution to pandemics cannot go unnoticed. Medical sociology, for example, has had long
involvement in the study of medical education, dating from the 1950s. Educators sought assistance from sociologists in
improving curricula and in understanding better how to structure education to deal with the stresses of training, reduce
unethical behavior, improve selection processes, and induce more thoughtful inquiring behavior on the part of physicians
in training—in short, how to transform students into better medical professionals. Many sociologists sharing these goals
with medical educators did excellent studies on such issues as coping with uncertainty, specialty selection, factors
affecting professional socialization, and the like (Naseer, 2016).
Work in medical sociology, more closely tied to disciplinary interests, finds less acceptance among physicians and
administrators because it looks at issues of health and medicine from the outside, commonly operating on premises that
reject basic assumptions of the medical profession (Seale, 2008). Petersdorf and Feinstein (1991), in commenting on the
field, note that such work ―has been a troublesome domain for many clinicians, who believe their distinctive concerns for
individual people are lost in collectivist beliefs about society, and whose generally conservative political views have
clashed with the strongly liberal, often radical positions of many sociologists.‖ It seems clear that these commentators—
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and probably most of their colleagues—prefer a sociology that is adjunct to medical activity and accepting of its basic
premises. Such a sociology would simply be a servant to medicine, not fulfilling its larger responsibility to understand
medicine as a social, political, and legal endeavor; to challenge its curative and technological imperatives; to examine
equity of care in relation to class, race, gender, age, character of illness, and geographic area; and to study the appropriate
goals and objectives for health care (Weiss, 2015).
Public health measures to stop viral pandemics did not consider such cultural aspects at first, however UNESCO realised
that a medical approach alone is not sufficient to tackle a multifaceted issue. Yet, the motivation for this shift was mainly
driven by the need for more effective interventions e.g. in terms of behaviour change (UNESCO, 2001) and respect for
local cultures seemed to be only a side-effect. This corresponds with the common deficit orientated understanding of
culture in public health research (Bond & Brough, 2007).
Alongside epidemiological and medical approaches, it is believed that social scientists with experience in pandemic
response must be included in this management (Lees, Palmer, JProcureur & Blanchet, 2020). Collaboration between
social scientists and practitioners is vital to understand the key social and cultural features of the local contexts of affected
areas, and how these will directly influence the strategy and implementation of the COVID 19 management. There is need
to investigate social contexts of health emergencies to better control outbreaks and to prepare for them.
This is essential to maximize the wealth of experience that emerges both from anthropological and sociological analysis
of epidemic responses in different contexts for similar airborne diseases, including historical analyses (Baer, Singer &
Susser, 2013). Although the socio-cultural practices highlighted in this work have been shown to contribute to the spread
of COVID 19, any future efforts to eradicate and/or contain these outbreaks should also include the medical sociologists
on the African continent as the dearth of them is a structural contributor to the course of the pandemic.
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