The document provides an overview of key concepts related to community health assessment including: 1) It defines a community and explains why community health assessments are important for identifying health status, resources, and factors influencing health. 2) It outlines different patterns of disease occurrence such as endemic, epidemic, and pandemic and describes communicable and non-communicable diseases. 3) It discusses important community health topics like data collection, vulnerability, infection control, and population pyramids.

1. AN OVER VIEW
ABOUT COMMUNITY
By / Mahmoud Shaqria
‫شقريه‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫محمود‬

2. OUT LINE
 Define community
 Definitions
 what is Data collection ?
 what is Valnrability?
 Define Communicable diseases
 Define NON Communicable diseases
 Define Infection control
 Define Population pyramid
 List types of community
 Characteristics of community
 What are the functions of the community
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4. COMMUNITY
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A group of people living in the
same place or having a particular
characteristic in common.
The condition of sharing or having
certain attitudes and interests in
common.
Community is a social setting
Community is a social structure

5. WHY ASSESS COMMUNITES
 To identify the health status of the community
 To identify community resources
 To identify factors that may be influencing
health status both postive and negative
 To take the opnion of community members
 To engage community members in thinking
about the health of their community
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6. DEFINITIONS
 Infection: it is the entry , development and
multiplication of an infectious agent in the
body of man or animal.
 Infectious disease: A clinically manifest
disease of man or animal resulting from
infection
 Subclinical infection: the infection doesn,t
become manifest at any stage
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7. CONTINUE
 Latent infection : the infectious agent lies
(dormant) with in the host body with out any
clinical manifestation after a period of time ,
under certain circumstances it reactivates
and produces diseases
 Opportunistic infections : the term refers to
diseases caused by infectious agent which
are normally not pathogenic due to a decline
in the general or specific immune status of
the host
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8. CONTINUE
 Contamination: the presence of living
infectious agent on the exterior surface of the
body or on the clothes or articles of the
person or in any intimaite object in the
environment including water and food
 Pollution : introduction of contaminants into
an environment that causes in stability
disorder , harm or discomfort to the
ecosystem
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9. CONTINUE
 Infestation : presence of parasities on the
surface of the body or the invasion of tissues
by animal parasites
 Contagious diseases :diseases those are
capable of being transmitted from one
person to another by contact or close
proxmity(ex: scabies)
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10. CON
 Communicable diseases: a diseases resulting
from infection and capable of being transmitted
directly or indirectly from man to man , from
animal to animal , from animal to man or from
the environment through air, water , soil
 Nosocomial infection (hospital acquired
infection): it is an infection occuring in a patient
while in a hospital or other health care facility it
shouldn,t be present or incubating at the time od
admission
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11. BENEFITS OF A COMMUNITY HEALTH ASSESSMENT
 Support health services planning and program
development
Better understanding of the community’s health issues .
Current information on the community’s health-related
assets, resources, and capacity.
 Guides the priorities of the health department or facility
Reducing Health Disparities.
Promoting Wellness of Vulnerable Populations.
Address Unmet Health Needs of the Uninsured.
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12. PATTERNS OF OCCURANCE OF DISEASES IN
COMMUNITIES :
 Sporadic :scattered cases which are
seperated from each other . There is
unknown common source of infection as
polio and meningococcal meningitis
 Endemic: the constant presence of the
diseases in a geographic area or the
presence of an illness or disease in a certain
area all over the year ex: bilharizaias
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13. CON
 Outbreak: A more or less localized epidemic
effecting large number of a group in the
community ex:( out break of food poisoning)
 Epidemic : the sudden apperance of an
illness or disease in a certain area and in a
specific time or it is the occurance of an
illness in excess of normal expectation based
on past experience in a community or
specific geographic area
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14. CON
 Epidemic –endemic : it is an epidemic upon
endemic diseases
 Pandemic : the appearance of a disease in
an epidemic form spreading from on country
to another in a short time or occurs at the
same time in different countries as influenza
and cholera ( epidemic in mor than one
country)
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15. CON
 Exotic disease: disease which are imported
into a country (ex:imported malaria)
 Zoonoses: diseases and infections which are
naturally transmitted between vertebrate
animals and man
Enzootic: endemic disease occuring among
animals as bovine TB
 Epizootic : epidemic disease occuring among
animals
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16. DATA COLLECTION (SOURCE OF DATA
COLLECTION)
 Data can be defines as qualitative or
quantitative values of a variable
 Data can be numbers , images , words
,figures ,facts or ideas .
 Data sources are broadly classified into
primary data and secondary data .
 Data is thought to be the lowest unit of
information from which other measurments
and analysis can be done
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17. IMPORTANCE OF DATA AND DATA COLLECTION
 Data is one of the most important and vital
aspect of any research studies
 Data is the basic unit in statical studies the
statical information is like population
variables ,health statices and road accient
record are all developed from data
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18. DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES
 There are two sources of data collection
techniques primary and secondary data
collection techniques . Primary data
collection uses survey ,experiments or direct
observations .secondary data collection may
be conducted by collecting information from
electronically stored information , census and
market studies are examples of common
sources of secondary data
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19. WHAT IS VURNABILITY?
 Vulnerability describes the characteristics
and circumstances of a community, system
or asset that make it susceptible to the
damaging effects of a hazard. There are
many aspects of vulnerability, arising from
various physical, social, economic, and
environmental factors
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20. COMMUNICABLE DISESES
 A communicable diseses is an illiness
caused by specific infectious agent or it’s
toxic products
 It arises through transmission of that agent or
it’s products from an infected person or
animal or intimatie resvoir to a susptible host
directly or indirectly
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21. CONTINUE
 Communicable disease may be classified
according to the causative agent the clinical
illness caused or the means of transmission
 These diseases spread from person to
person and from animal to person the spread
or transfer can happen through the air
through contact with contaminated surface or
through direct contact with the blood ,feces
or other fluids
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22. NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES
 Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs),
including cardiovascular diseases, diabete
s,
cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases,
are currently the leading national cause of
death in Egypt. NCDs are estimated to
account for 82% of all deaths in Egypt and
67% of premature deaths
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23. NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE IS A MEDICAL
CONDITION OR DISEASE
 Which is not infectious
 With long duration
 Relatively slow in progress
 Which a person is un aware of diseases un
less or other wise examined
 A silent killer of people
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24. MAJOR NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
 Cardio vascular diseases ( heart attacks and
stroke)
 Cancer
 Diabetes
 Chronic respiratory diseases
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25. CHARACTERISTICES OF NON COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES
 Not caused by an acute infection
 Have a common risk factors
 Cause long term harm
 Need a long term treatment
 Cause both men and women equally
 Sometimes cause disability
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26. CAUSES OF NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
(RISK FACTORS)
 Un healthy diet
 Tobacoo usage
 Physical inactivity
 Stress factors
 Obesity
 Gentics
 Harmful use of alcohol
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27. INFECTION CONTROL
 Infection is deposition of organsmis in the
tissues and their growth resulting in host
reaction
 The number of organsmis required to cause
an infection is termed as infective dose
 Depend on virulence of the organism ,
susceptibility of the host age , pre existing
dose and drug
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28. CONTINUE
 Prevention of spread of microorgansmis from
their hosts
 Kills or removal of microorgansmis from
objects and surface
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29. INFECTIOUS DISEASES
 Viral infection
 Bacterial infection
 Fungal infection
 Parasetic infection
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30. THE DISEASES
Tb
 Herbs simplex virus
 Hepatitis b virus
 Hepatitis c virus
 HIV
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31. MODES OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION
 Personal contact
 Carrier contact
 Droplet transmission
 Indirect transmission
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32. WHAT IS A POPULATION PYRAMID ?
 It is a diaghram that gives information about
the proportion of male and female in each
age group
 A population pyramid, also called an "age-
sex pyramid", is a graphical illustration that
shows the distribution of various age groups
in a population (typically that of a country or
region of the world), which forms the shape
of a pyramid when the population is growing.[
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33. There are, broadly speaking, five different types
of communities:
You can classify every type of community by the purpose that brings
them together.
Interest. Communities of people who share the same interest or
passion.
Action. Communities of people trying to bring about change.
Place. Communities of people brought together by geographic
boundaries.
Practice. Communities of people in the same profession or
undertake the same activities.
Circumstance.Communities of people brought together by
external events/situations.
TYPES OF
COMMUNITIES
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36. Self organized network of people with
common agenda cause or interest who
collaborate by sharing ideas information and
other resources .Virtual communites consist of
participants in online discussions on topics of
mutual concern or of those who frequent certain
websites

37. WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF A COMMUNITY ?
 The community organizer plays an important
role in developing ,assessing and changing
social policy as it relates to specific groups.
 It is an influential role and it is one that
requires excellent communication skills , a
passion for helping others and out standing
persuasive and leader ship abilites .
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38. WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF COMMUNITIES?
community, also called biological
community, in biology, an interacting
group of various species in a common
location. for example, a forest of trees
and undergrowth plants, inhabited by
animals and rooted in soil containing
bacteria and fungi, constitutes a
biological community.
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40. WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY?
 Several characteristics of the
community can give clues to the degree
of it’s social cohesion and anticipate
problems that may arise .These
characteristics include the history of
community and it’s relations with others
,it’s present social structure,it’s culture
values and the way it governs itself.
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42. THANK YOU…
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