There is a clear connection between naturally occurring diseases and national security. Diseases do not recognize borders and can threaten a nation's security both directly by infecting military members or weakening health systems, and indirectly by causing economic and social disruption. The document discusses how diseases like the Spanish flu in 1918, Ebola in 2014-2016, and HIV/AIDS have posed national security risks by straining health infrastructure and military readiness. Maintaining strong public health systems and responding rapidly to disease outbreaks is important for national security.
Consider this scenario A cyber-attack occurred in a healthcare orAlleneMcclendon878
Consider this scenario: A cyber-attack occurred in a healthcare organization, resulting in significant data loss. You have been called as an information security management consultant to recommend an incident response plan for this incident and will need to present it to the executive board of the healthcare organization.
Develop a 10- to 12-slide multimedia-rich presentation of your recommended incident response plan to mitigate or reduce impact to the organization, and do the following:
· Define the incident response plan goal and scope for this cyber-attack.
· Analyze the impact and severity of the cyber-attack by applying a business impact analysis (BIA) to the organization, including mission performance, regulatory requirements, and compliance.
· Identify the communication requirements, including criteria for escalation and organization reporting and regulatory requirements.
· Explain the process for responding to this incident.
· Describe the relationship with other organization processes and methods, such as BCP/DR.
· Recommend prioritization, resource requirements, and any opportunity created by the event.
Use appropriate images and charts where applicable.
Include a slide with APA-formatted references.
Infectious disease in a highly connected world: Nurses’ role to prevent, detect, respond
Catherine M. Dentinger, Amy R. Kolwaite
“With Ebola back in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, this year’s World Health Assembly sees the threat of pandemic diseases and the fragility of global health security once again at the forefront of the global health leaders’ minds.”
71st World Health Assembly, May 21, 2018 (retrieved from www.devex.com/news/what-to-watch-at-this-year-s-world-health-assembly-92787)
Not long ago, infectious diseases were thought to be well controlled through hygiene measures, vaccines, and antimicrobial medications, but that perspective has shifted. In the past 35 years, we have experienced infectious disease outbreaks in which global spread of severe infections has occurred due to an increasingly interconnected world. Timely detection of and efficient response to these events is key to limiting their magnitude and duration; this requires sustained attention, international engagement and coordination, and reliable resources. Nurses, the largest sector of the global health care workforce, are integral to preventing, detecting, and responding to these infectious disease threats.
Context
“Vaccines and antibiotics have made many infectious diseases a thing of the past; we’ve come to expect that public health and modern science can conquer all microbes. But nature is a formidable adversary.”
Dr. Tom Frieden, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), February 2016
By the 1960s, advances in public sanitation, immunizations, and antimicrobials led to large declines in morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases in some countries and toward what was thought to be their eventual elimination as a human health c ...
On July 1, 1665, the lordmayor and aldermen of thecity of Lo.docxvannagoforth
On July 1, 1665, the lordmayor and aldermen of the
city of London put into place a set
of orders “concerning the infec-
tion of the plague,” which was
then sweeping through the popula-
tion. He intended that these
actions would be “very expedient
for preventing and avoiding of
infection of sickness” (1).
At that time, London faced a
public health crisis, with an inade-
quate scientific base in that the
role of rats and their fleas in dis-
ease transmission was unknown.
Nonetheless, this crisis was faced
with good intentions by the top
medical and political figures of
the community.
Daniel Defoe made an observation that could apply to
many public health interventions then and today, “This
shutting up of houses was at first counted a very cruel and
unchristian method… but it was a public good that justi-
fied a private mischief” (1). Then, just as today, a complex
relationship existed between the science of public health
and the practice of public health and politics. We address
the relationship between science, public health, and poli-
tics, with a particular emphasis on infectious diseases.
Science, public health, and politics are not only com-
patible, but all three are necessary to improve the public’s
health. The progress of each area of public health is relat-
ed to the strength of the other areas. The effect of politics
in public health becomes dangerous when policy is dictat-
ed by ideology. Policy is also threatened when it is solely
determined by science, devoid of considerations of social
condition, culture, economics, and public will.
When using the word “politics,” we refer not simply to
partisan politics but to the broader set of policies and sys-
tems. Although ideology is used in many different ways, in
this case, it refers to individual systems of belief that may
color a person’s attitudes and actions and that are not nec-
essarily based on scientific evidence (2).
Public Health Achievements
Science influences public health decisions and conclu-
sions, and politics delivers its programs and messages.
This pattern is obvious in many of public health’s greatest
triumphs of the 20th century, 10 of which were chronicled
in 1999 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) as great public health achievements, and several of
which are presented below as examples of policy affecting
successes (3). These achievements remind us of what can
be accomplished when innovation, persistence, and luck
converge, along with political will and public policy.
Vaccination
Childhood vaccinations have largely eliminated once-
common, terrible diseases, such as polio, diphtheria,
measles, mumps, and pertussis (4). Polio is being eradicat-
ed worldwide. The current collaboration between the
World Health Organization, the United Nations Children’s
Fund, CDC, and Rotary International is a political as well
as biological “tour de force,” and eradication of polio in
Nigeria has been threatened by local political struggles and
decisions. ...
3 best reasons that describe Will There Be a Next Pandemic? | The Lifescience...The Lifesciences Magazine
Here are 3 best reasons that describe Will There Be a Next Pandemic? ;
1. What role does climate change play in the next pandemic?
2. How do we monitor for the next outbreak?
3. How do we prepare for the next pandemic?
Hiv Aids Conclusions
Aids
Essay about AIDS Problem
Hiv/Aids in Africa Essay
Hiv/Aids Essay
Essay about AIDS and Philadelphia (1993)
Hiv And Its Effects On Hiv Essay
HIV and AIDS: The Epidemic Essay example
Essay on Understanding HIV/AIDS
AIDS and HIV Essay
Hiv And Aids : Hiv / Aids Essay
Prevention Of Hiv / Aids Essay
Consider this scenario A cyber-attack occurred in a healthcare orAlleneMcclendon878
Consider this scenario: A cyber-attack occurred in a healthcare organization, resulting in significant data loss. You have been called as an information security management consultant to recommend an incident response plan for this incident and will need to present it to the executive board of the healthcare organization.
Develop a 10- to 12-slide multimedia-rich presentation of your recommended incident response plan to mitigate or reduce impact to the organization, and do the following:
· Define the incident response plan goal and scope for this cyber-attack.
· Analyze the impact and severity of the cyber-attack by applying a business impact analysis (BIA) to the organization, including mission performance, regulatory requirements, and compliance.
· Identify the communication requirements, including criteria for escalation and organization reporting and regulatory requirements.
· Explain the process for responding to this incident.
· Describe the relationship with other organization processes and methods, such as BCP/DR.
· Recommend prioritization, resource requirements, and any opportunity created by the event.
Use appropriate images and charts where applicable.
Include a slide with APA-formatted references.
Infectious disease in a highly connected world: Nurses’ role to prevent, detect, respond
Catherine M. Dentinger, Amy R. Kolwaite
“With Ebola back in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, this year’s World Health Assembly sees the threat of pandemic diseases and the fragility of global health security once again at the forefront of the global health leaders’ minds.”
71st World Health Assembly, May 21, 2018 (retrieved from www.devex.com/news/what-to-watch-at-this-year-s-world-health-assembly-92787)
Not long ago, infectious diseases were thought to be well controlled through hygiene measures, vaccines, and antimicrobial medications, but that perspective has shifted. In the past 35 years, we have experienced infectious disease outbreaks in which global spread of severe infections has occurred due to an increasingly interconnected world. Timely detection of and efficient response to these events is key to limiting their magnitude and duration; this requires sustained attention, international engagement and coordination, and reliable resources. Nurses, the largest sector of the global health care workforce, are integral to preventing, detecting, and responding to these infectious disease threats.
Context
“Vaccines and antibiotics have made many infectious diseases a thing of the past; we’ve come to expect that public health and modern science can conquer all microbes. But nature is a formidable adversary.”
Dr. Tom Frieden, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), February 2016
By the 1960s, advances in public sanitation, immunizations, and antimicrobials led to large declines in morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases in some countries and toward what was thought to be their eventual elimination as a human health c ...
On July 1, 1665, the lordmayor and aldermen of thecity of Lo.docxvannagoforth
On July 1, 1665, the lordmayor and aldermen of the
city of London put into place a set
of orders “concerning the infec-
tion of the plague,” which was
then sweeping through the popula-
tion. He intended that these
actions would be “very expedient
for preventing and avoiding of
infection of sickness” (1).
At that time, London faced a
public health crisis, with an inade-
quate scientific base in that the
role of rats and their fleas in dis-
ease transmission was unknown.
Nonetheless, this crisis was faced
with good intentions by the top
medical and political figures of
the community.
Daniel Defoe made an observation that could apply to
many public health interventions then and today, “This
shutting up of houses was at first counted a very cruel and
unchristian method… but it was a public good that justi-
fied a private mischief” (1). Then, just as today, a complex
relationship existed between the science of public health
and the practice of public health and politics. We address
the relationship between science, public health, and poli-
tics, with a particular emphasis on infectious diseases.
Science, public health, and politics are not only com-
patible, but all three are necessary to improve the public’s
health. The progress of each area of public health is relat-
ed to the strength of the other areas. The effect of politics
in public health becomes dangerous when policy is dictat-
ed by ideology. Policy is also threatened when it is solely
determined by science, devoid of considerations of social
condition, culture, economics, and public will.
When using the word “politics,” we refer not simply to
partisan politics but to the broader set of policies and sys-
tems. Although ideology is used in many different ways, in
this case, it refers to individual systems of belief that may
color a person’s attitudes and actions and that are not nec-
essarily based on scientific evidence (2).
Public Health Achievements
Science influences public health decisions and conclu-
sions, and politics delivers its programs and messages.
This pattern is obvious in many of public health’s greatest
triumphs of the 20th century, 10 of which were chronicled
in 1999 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) as great public health achievements, and several of
which are presented below as examples of policy affecting
successes (3). These achievements remind us of what can
be accomplished when innovation, persistence, and luck
converge, along with political will and public policy.
Vaccination
Childhood vaccinations have largely eliminated once-
common, terrible diseases, such as polio, diphtheria,
measles, mumps, and pertussis (4). Polio is being eradicat-
ed worldwide. The current collaboration between the
World Health Organization, the United Nations Children’s
Fund, CDC, and Rotary International is a political as well
as biological “tour de force,” and eradication of polio in
Nigeria has been threatened by local political struggles and
decisions. ...
3 best reasons that describe Will There Be a Next Pandemic? | The Lifescience...The Lifesciences Magazine
Here are 3 best reasons that describe Will There Be a Next Pandemic? ;
1. What role does climate change play in the next pandemic?
2. How do we monitor for the next outbreak?
3. How do we prepare for the next pandemic?
Hiv Aids Conclusions
Aids
Essay about AIDS Problem
Hiv/Aids in Africa Essay
Hiv/Aids Essay
Essay about AIDS and Philadelphia (1993)
Hiv And Its Effects On Hiv Essay
HIV and AIDS: The Epidemic Essay example
Essay on Understanding HIV/AIDS
AIDS and HIV Essay
Hiv And Aids : Hiv / Aids Essay
Prevention Of Hiv / Aids Essay
Globalization and the Spread of Infectious DiseasesGlobalizatio.docxwhittemorelucilla
Globalization and the Spread of Infectious Diseases
Globalization is a topic that has been around for centuries and is present phenomenon, but what is it exactly? Globalization is defined as a process of interaction and integration between people, companies, and governments of multiple different nations across the world (“What is Globalization?,” 2016). It is a process that has existed as long as international trade and will continue to exist as long as nations continue to buy and sell to one another. Globalization is a process that impacts people and communities all around the world that are participate in this kind of international relation. It covers a wide spectrum of forces such as, the environment, technology, different demographics, the economy, as well as multiple others. Globalization elicits a lot of changes within each of these forces, changes that have very wide spread effects on humans and on the communities that they inhabit. This topic is however very controversial and many arguments have been made in favor as well as against this process. “Proponents of globalization argue that it allows poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and raise their standards of living, while opponents of globalization claim that the creation of an unfettered international free market has benefited multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense of local enterprises, local cultures, and common people.” (“What is Globalization?,” 2016). Both sides of the argument hold very strong values and opinions that are influenced by factors such as health.
The effects of Globalization on overall health, is a major concern for all nations. A topic that has been closely associated with Globalization is the greater spread of infectious diseases. Infectious diseases are those that are caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi and can be spread from one person to another either directly or indirectly (WHO, 2016). Direct contact is when an infectious disease is contracted by direct contact from one person to another person, an animal to a person, or from a mother to her unborn child. Indirect contact is when an infectious disease is contracted by coming in contact with an item that has been contaminated with the germs of the disease. Insect bites as well as food contamination are also common ways that infectious diseases are transferred. Mosquitos are well known for passing malaria onto humans through a bite and E. coli is a common disease that is transferred through the consumption of undercooked food.
http://ps4h.org/communicable_diseases.html
Understanding infectious diseases is a key component to understanding the relationship between them and Globalization. In the world today, approximately half of all deaths that are caused by infectious diseases can be traced back to three diseases: tuberculosis, malaria, and AIDS (Networks, 2000). Tuberculosis, commonly referred to as TB, is a contagious disease that is caused by b ...
Poverty, Global
Health, and
Infectious Disease:
Lessons from Haiti
and Rwanda
Marcella M. Alsan, MD, MPHa,b,*, Michael Westerhaus, MD, MAb,c,
Michael Herce, MD, MPHd,e, Koji Nakashima, MD, MHSf,g,
Paul E. Farmer, MD, PhDb,h
KEYWORDS
� Poverty � Global health � Infectious disease � HIV/AIDS
� Malaria and inequality
The association between poverty and communicable disease is evident from a cursory
exercise in cartography. The maps of those living on less than US $2 a day and the
epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS), malaria, tuberculosis (TB), and many other infectious diseases coin-
cide nearly exactly (Fig. 1). Countries with higher incomes per capita tend to enjoy
longer life expectancies (Fig. 2). Although notable exceptions exist in some low
Potential conflicts of interest: the authors have no conflicts of interest or financial support to
disclose.
a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Economics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Harvard University, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
b Partners In Health
c Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
d Abwenzi Pa Za Umoyo, Partners In Health, Malawi
e Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, FXB Building, 651 Huntington Avenue, 7th
Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA
f Zanmi Lasante, Partners In Health, Haiti
g Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
888 Commonwealth Avenue, 3rd Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA
h Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115,
USA
* Corresponding author. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Economics, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115.
E-mail address: [email protected]
Infect Dis Clin N Am 25 (2011) 611–622
doi:10.1016/j.idc.2011.05.004 id.theclinics.com
0891-5520/11/$ – see front matter � 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
mailto:[email protected]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2011.05.004
http://id.theclinics.com
Fig. 1. (A) Estimated TB incidence by country, 2009. (Adapted from WHO Global Tuberculosis
Control, 2010.) (B) Global poverty map. (Reprinted from The World Resources Institute; with
permission.)
Alsan et al612
income settings, such as Cuba or Kerala State, where India has an excellent perfor-
mance on population health measures, these instances represent important excep-
tions to the general rule. What are the linkages between poverty and ill health? How
can the vicious cycle of destitution and sickness be broken?
Poverty is arguably the greatest risk factor for acquiring and succumbing to disease
worldwide, but ha ...
Poverty, Global
Health, and
Infectious Disease:
Lessons from Haiti
and Rwanda
Marcella M. Alsan, MD, MPHa,b,*, Michael Westerhaus, MD, MAb,c,
Michael Herce, MD, MPHd,e, Koji Nakashima, MD, MHSf,g,
Paul E. Farmer, MD, PhDb,h
KEYWORDS
� Poverty � Global health � Infectious disease � HIV/AIDS
� Malaria and inequality
The association between poverty and communicable disease is evident from a cursory
exercise in cartography. The maps of those living on less than US $2 a day and the
epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS), malaria, tuberculosis (TB), and many other infectious diseases coin-
cide nearly exactly (Fig. 1). Countries with higher incomes per capita tend to enjoy
longer life expectancies (Fig. 2). Although notable exceptions exist in some low
Potential conflicts of interest: the authors have no conflicts of interest or financial support to
disclose.
a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Economics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Harvard University, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
b Partners In Health
c Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
d Abwenzi Pa Za Umoyo, Partners In Health, Malawi
e Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, FXB Building, 651 Huntington Avenue, 7th
Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA
f Zanmi Lasante, Partners In Health, Haiti
g Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
888 Commonwealth Avenue, 3rd Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA
h Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115,
USA
* Corresponding author. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Economics, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115.
E-mail address: [email protected]
Infect Dis Clin N Am 25 (2011) 611–622
doi:10.1016/j.idc.2011.05.004 id.theclinics.com
0891-5520/11/$ – see front matter � 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
mailto:[email protected]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2011.05.004
http://id.theclinics.com
Fig. 1. (A) Estimated TB incidence by country, 2009. (Adapted from WHO Global Tuberculosis
Control, 2010.) (B) Global poverty map. (Reprinted from The World Resources Institute; with
permission.)
Alsan et al612
income settings, such as Cuba or Kerala State, where India has an excellent perfor-
mance on population health measures, these instances represent important excep-
tions to the general rule. What are the linkages between poverty and ill health? How
can the vicious cycle of destitution and sickness be broken?
Poverty is arguably the greatest risk factor for acquiring and succumbing to disease
worldwide, but ha ...
INFLUENCE OF BAKIGA CULTURAL BELIEFS AND PRACTICES ON MANAGEMENT OF CORONA VI...AkashSharma618775
The focus of this discourse is to construct an understanding of cultural beliefs and practices on the
influence and spread of corona virus as viewed from lenses of medical sociology. This review starts from the
premise that we need a sociology of health agenda to manage the corona virus epidemic. The study points to the
fact that cultural beliefs are an unsung aspect in our understanding of the sociology of health particularly in the
management of corona virus despite the role of describing social behavior in other disciplines, including utilization
of medicine itself. Some cultural fanatics among the Bakiga hold several casual beliefs that Corona Virus is a
disease of the West (most developed countries) and therefore, Africans are an exception. Another competing belief
is that most Africans have endured harsh conditions which made them develop immunity against the virus.
Another argument is that Africans have been infected by flu and common cold and therefore, their body has
requisite immunity to fight COVID 19.Culture in health interventions seems to have three domains of health
beliefs and behavior that should be taken into account: (1) Cultural Identity, (2) Relationships and Expectations,
and (3) Cultural Empowerment. It is essential to maximize the wealth of experience that emerges both from
anthropological and sociological analysis of epidemic responses in different contexts for similar airborne diseases,
including historical analyses. Although the socio-cultural practices of the Bakiga highlighted in this work have
been shown to contribute to the spread of COVID 19, any future efforts to eradicate and/or contain these
outbreaks should also include the medical sociologist on the African continent as the dearth of them was the main
structural contributor to the course of the pandemic.
Bioterrorism
Introduction
Bioterrorism is the intentional or threatened use of viruses, bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals or plants to accomplish political or social objectives. Agents of bioterrorism can be altered or mutated in such a way soas to increase their virulence and ability to cause disease. They can be engineered to resist current medications. They can be spread through air, food, water, fomites, or through infected hosts (including humans, animals, insects, and other reservoirs)
Issues of population explosion has evoked several images characterized by
emotional, value-laden and often paranoiac connotation that cannot be obviously
ignored considering its threatening challenges. It is against the foregoing that this
paper attempt to interrogate the relevance of Thomas Malthus theory on population and
the challenges of the bourgeoning population explosion in Nigeria. The core objective
of this paper is to investigate the relevance of the theory on Nigeria’s population. Other
objectives are to ascertain the effects of the population explosion on the Nigerian urban
areas; food security, crimes and security and poverty. In terms of methodology, the
paper relies on an explanatory design and some empirical data generated through
secondary sources and official documents were examined. The data were analysed using
a descriptive method of analysis. The paper identified the relevance of Malthus theory
on the bourgeoning population explosion on the following key areas: Food Security;
Poverty Rate; Urbanization; crimes and Security Threat. After examination of official
documents and secondary data, the paper concludes that population explosion has
continued to undermine the achievement of development’s goals in Nigeria. A
population growing faster than the output of modern goods and services not only
frustrates development goals; it undermines the credibility of promises made
CLASS PRESENTATION ON Epidemics, pandemics and epizootics.pptGeorgeKabongah2
COVID-19 and varied government responses, popular responses and narratives, and cultural, socio-economic, and political impacts, have provided a stark reminder of how diseases help to make history, but also how they help to bring various social relations and realities into the spotlight. This session will elicit debates that looks at both of these aspects – namely, on the impacts of, and insights provided by, disease – in the context of COVID-19 or earlier epidemics, pandemics and epizootics in the region.
CLASS PRESENTATION ON Epidemics, pandemics and epizootics.pptGeorgeKabongah2
COVID-19 and varied government responses, popular responses and narratives, and cultural, socio-economic, and political impacts, have provided a stark reminder of how diseases help to make history, but also how they help to bring various social relations and realities into the spotlight.
Immunization is widely recognized as one of public health’s most successful and cost-effective health interventions. Routine childhood immunization can prevent certain illnesses, premature deaths from vaccine-preventable illnesses, and hospitalizations over a lifetime...
Bioterrorism is a form of terrorism involving the intentional release of biological agents bacteria, viruses, or germs to harm people and spread fear. It is carried out by terrorists to create outbreaks of infectious diseases which will cause mass casualties, terror, societal disruption, or economic loss. Such outbreaks of infectious diseases pose a major threat to global health. Bioterrorism is regarded as a great threat to society as it involves the release of an organism without any warning. Bioterrorism and its potential for mass destruction have been subjects of increasing international concern. This paper provides an introduction to bioterrorism. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Uwakwe C. Chukwu | Sarhan M. Musa "Bioterrorism: An Introduction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50358.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/50358/bioterrorism-an-introduction/paul-a-adekunte
Bioterrorism is a form of terrorism involving the intentional release of biological agents bacteria, viruses, or germs to harm people and spread fear. It is carried out by terrorists to create outbreaks of infectious diseases which will cause mass casualties, terror, societal disruption, or economic loss. Such outbreaks of infectious diseases pose a major threat to global health. Bioterrorism is regarded as a great threat to society as it involves the release of an organism without any warning. Bioterrorism and its potential for mass destruction have been subjects of increasing international concern. This paper provides an introduction to bioterrorism. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Sarhan M. Musa "Bioterrorism: An Introduction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31660.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/31660/bioterrorism-an-introduction/paul-a-adekunte
Globalization and the Spread of Infectious DiseasesGlobalizatio.docxwhittemorelucilla
Globalization and the Spread of Infectious Diseases
Globalization is a topic that has been around for centuries and is present phenomenon, but what is it exactly? Globalization is defined as a process of interaction and integration between people, companies, and governments of multiple different nations across the world (“What is Globalization?,” 2016). It is a process that has existed as long as international trade and will continue to exist as long as nations continue to buy and sell to one another. Globalization is a process that impacts people and communities all around the world that are participate in this kind of international relation. It covers a wide spectrum of forces such as, the environment, technology, different demographics, the economy, as well as multiple others. Globalization elicits a lot of changes within each of these forces, changes that have very wide spread effects on humans and on the communities that they inhabit. This topic is however very controversial and many arguments have been made in favor as well as against this process. “Proponents of globalization argue that it allows poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and raise their standards of living, while opponents of globalization claim that the creation of an unfettered international free market has benefited multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense of local enterprises, local cultures, and common people.” (“What is Globalization?,” 2016). Both sides of the argument hold very strong values and opinions that are influenced by factors such as health.
The effects of Globalization on overall health, is a major concern for all nations. A topic that has been closely associated with Globalization is the greater spread of infectious diseases. Infectious diseases are those that are caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi and can be spread from one person to another either directly or indirectly (WHO, 2016). Direct contact is when an infectious disease is contracted by direct contact from one person to another person, an animal to a person, or from a mother to her unborn child. Indirect contact is when an infectious disease is contracted by coming in contact with an item that has been contaminated with the germs of the disease. Insect bites as well as food contamination are also common ways that infectious diseases are transferred. Mosquitos are well known for passing malaria onto humans through a bite and E. coli is a common disease that is transferred through the consumption of undercooked food.
http://ps4h.org/communicable_diseases.html
Understanding infectious diseases is a key component to understanding the relationship between them and Globalization. In the world today, approximately half of all deaths that are caused by infectious diseases can be traced back to three diseases: tuberculosis, malaria, and AIDS (Networks, 2000). Tuberculosis, commonly referred to as TB, is a contagious disease that is caused by b ...
Poverty, Global
Health, and
Infectious Disease:
Lessons from Haiti
and Rwanda
Marcella M. Alsan, MD, MPHa,b,*, Michael Westerhaus, MD, MAb,c,
Michael Herce, MD, MPHd,e, Koji Nakashima, MD, MHSf,g,
Paul E. Farmer, MD, PhDb,h
KEYWORDS
� Poverty � Global health � Infectious disease � HIV/AIDS
� Malaria and inequality
The association between poverty and communicable disease is evident from a cursory
exercise in cartography. The maps of those living on less than US $2 a day and the
epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS), malaria, tuberculosis (TB), and many other infectious diseases coin-
cide nearly exactly (Fig. 1). Countries with higher incomes per capita tend to enjoy
longer life expectancies (Fig. 2). Although notable exceptions exist in some low
Potential conflicts of interest: the authors have no conflicts of interest or financial support to
disclose.
a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Economics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Harvard University, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
b Partners In Health
c Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
d Abwenzi Pa Za Umoyo, Partners In Health, Malawi
e Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, FXB Building, 651 Huntington Avenue, 7th
Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA
f Zanmi Lasante, Partners In Health, Haiti
g Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
888 Commonwealth Avenue, 3rd Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA
h Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115,
USA
* Corresponding author. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Economics, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115.
E-mail address: [email protected]
Infect Dis Clin N Am 25 (2011) 611–622
doi:10.1016/j.idc.2011.05.004 id.theclinics.com
0891-5520/11/$ – see front matter � 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
mailto:[email protected]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2011.05.004
http://id.theclinics.com
Fig. 1. (A) Estimated TB incidence by country, 2009. (Adapted from WHO Global Tuberculosis
Control, 2010.) (B) Global poverty map. (Reprinted from The World Resources Institute; with
permission.)
Alsan et al612
income settings, such as Cuba or Kerala State, where India has an excellent perfor-
mance on population health measures, these instances represent important excep-
tions to the general rule. What are the linkages between poverty and ill health? How
can the vicious cycle of destitution and sickness be broken?
Poverty is arguably the greatest risk factor for acquiring and succumbing to disease
worldwide, but ha ...
Poverty, Global
Health, and
Infectious Disease:
Lessons from Haiti
and Rwanda
Marcella M. Alsan, MD, MPHa,b,*, Michael Westerhaus, MD, MAb,c,
Michael Herce, MD, MPHd,e, Koji Nakashima, MD, MHSf,g,
Paul E. Farmer, MD, PhDb,h
KEYWORDS
� Poverty � Global health � Infectious disease � HIV/AIDS
� Malaria and inequality
The association between poverty and communicable disease is evident from a cursory
exercise in cartography. The maps of those living on less than US $2 a day and the
epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS), malaria, tuberculosis (TB), and many other infectious diseases coin-
cide nearly exactly (Fig. 1). Countries with higher incomes per capita tend to enjoy
longer life expectancies (Fig. 2). Although notable exceptions exist in some low
Potential conflicts of interest: the authors have no conflicts of interest or financial support to
disclose.
a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Economics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Harvard University, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
b Partners In Health
c Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
d Abwenzi Pa Za Umoyo, Partners In Health, Malawi
e Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, FXB Building, 651 Huntington Avenue, 7th
Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA
f Zanmi Lasante, Partners In Health, Haiti
g Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
888 Commonwealth Avenue, 3rd Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA
h Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115,
USA
* Corresponding author. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Economics, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115.
E-mail address: [email protected]
Infect Dis Clin N Am 25 (2011) 611–622
doi:10.1016/j.idc.2011.05.004 id.theclinics.com
0891-5520/11/$ – see front matter � 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
mailto:[email protected]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2011.05.004
http://id.theclinics.com
Fig. 1. (A) Estimated TB incidence by country, 2009. (Adapted from WHO Global Tuberculosis
Control, 2010.) (B) Global poverty map. (Reprinted from The World Resources Institute; with
permission.)
Alsan et al612
income settings, such as Cuba or Kerala State, where India has an excellent perfor-
mance on population health measures, these instances represent important excep-
tions to the general rule. What are the linkages between poverty and ill health? How
can the vicious cycle of destitution and sickness be broken?
Poverty is arguably the greatest risk factor for acquiring and succumbing to disease
worldwide, but ha ...
INFLUENCE OF BAKIGA CULTURAL BELIEFS AND PRACTICES ON MANAGEMENT OF CORONA VI...AkashSharma618775
The focus of this discourse is to construct an understanding of cultural beliefs and practices on the
influence and spread of corona virus as viewed from lenses of medical sociology. This review starts from the
premise that we need a sociology of health agenda to manage the corona virus epidemic. The study points to the
fact that cultural beliefs are an unsung aspect in our understanding of the sociology of health particularly in the
management of corona virus despite the role of describing social behavior in other disciplines, including utilization
of medicine itself. Some cultural fanatics among the Bakiga hold several casual beliefs that Corona Virus is a
disease of the West (most developed countries) and therefore, Africans are an exception. Another competing belief
is that most Africans have endured harsh conditions which made them develop immunity against the virus.
Another argument is that Africans have been infected by flu and common cold and therefore, their body has
requisite immunity to fight COVID 19.Culture in health interventions seems to have three domains of health
beliefs and behavior that should be taken into account: (1) Cultural Identity, (2) Relationships and Expectations,
and (3) Cultural Empowerment. It is essential to maximize the wealth of experience that emerges both from
anthropological and sociological analysis of epidemic responses in different contexts for similar airborne diseases,
including historical analyses. Although the socio-cultural practices of the Bakiga highlighted in this work have
been shown to contribute to the spread of COVID 19, any future efforts to eradicate and/or contain these
outbreaks should also include the medical sociologist on the African continent as the dearth of them was the main
structural contributor to the course of the pandemic.
Bioterrorism
Introduction
Bioterrorism is the intentional or threatened use of viruses, bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals or plants to accomplish political or social objectives. Agents of bioterrorism can be altered or mutated in such a way soas to increase their virulence and ability to cause disease. They can be engineered to resist current medications. They can be spread through air, food, water, fomites, or through infected hosts (including humans, animals, insects, and other reservoirs)
Issues of population explosion has evoked several images characterized by
emotional, value-laden and often paranoiac connotation that cannot be obviously
ignored considering its threatening challenges. It is against the foregoing that this
paper attempt to interrogate the relevance of Thomas Malthus theory on population and
the challenges of the bourgeoning population explosion in Nigeria. The core objective
of this paper is to investigate the relevance of the theory on Nigeria’s population. Other
objectives are to ascertain the effects of the population explosion on the Nigerian urban
areas; food security, crimes and security and poverty. In terms of methodology, the
paper relies on an explanatory design and some empirical data generated through
secondary sources and official documents were examined. The data were analysed using
a descriptive method of analysis. The paper identified the relevance of Malthus theory
on the bourgeoning population explosion on the following key areas: Food Security;
Poverty Rate; Urbanization; crimes and Security Threat. After examination of official
documents and secondary data, the paper concludes that population explosion has
continued to undermine the achievement of development’s goals in Nigeria. A
population growing faster than the output of modern goods and services not only
frustrates development goals; it undermines the credibility of promises made
CLASS PRESENTATION ON Epidemics, pandemics and epizootics.pptGeorgeKabongah2
COVID-19 and varied government responses, popular responses and narratives, and cultural, socio-economic, and political impacts, have provided a stark reminder of how diseases help to make history, but also how they help to bring various social relations and realities into the spotlight. This session will elicit debates that looks at both of these aspects – namely, on the impacts of, and insights provided by, disease – in the context of COVID-19 or earlier epidemics, pandemics and epizootics in the region.
CLASS PRESENTATION ON Epidemics, pandemics and epizootics.pptGeorgeKabongah2
COVID-19 and varied government responses, popular responses and narratives, and cultural, socio-economic, and political impacts, have provided a stark reminder of how diseases help to make history, but also how they help to bring various social relations and realities into the spotlight.
Immunization is widely recognized as one of public health’s most successful and cost-effective health interventions. Routine childhood immunization can prevent certain illnesses, premature deaths from vaccine-preventable illnesses, and hospitalizations over a lifetime...
Bioterrorism is a form of terrorism involving the intentional release of biological agents bacteria, viruses, or germs to harm people and spread fear. It is carried out by terrorists to create outbreaks of infectious diseases which will cause mass casualties, terror, societal disruption, or economic loss. Such outbreaks of infectious diseases pose a major threat to global health. Bioterrorism is regarded as a great threat to society as it involves the release of an organism without any warning. Bioterrorism and its potential for mass destruction have been subjects of increasing international concern. This paper provides an introduction to bioterrorism. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Uwakwe C. Chukwu | Sarhan M. Musa "Bioterrorism: An Introduction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50358.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/50358/bioterrorism-an-introduction/paul-a-adekunte
Bioterrorism is a form of terrorism involving the intentional release of biological agents bacteria, viruses, or germs to harm people and spread fear. It is carried out by terrorists to create outbreaks of infectious diseases which will cause mass casualties, terror, societal disruption, or economic loss. Such outbreaks of infectious diseases pose a major threat to global health. Bioterrorism is regarded as a great threat to society as it involves the release of an organism without any warning. Bioterrorism and its potential for mass destruction have been subjects of increasing international concern. This paper provides an introduction to bioterrorism. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Sarhan M. Musa "Bioterrorism: An Introduction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31660.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/31660/bioterrorism-an-introduction/paul-a-adekunte
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. dicussion board responses
Joshua Sayoc response to week 8 GCH 535 Week 8 COLLAPSE Adversarial Connection
National security and naturally occurring diseases have a naturally adversarial connection.
National security aims to protect citizens, economy, institutions from military threats,
terrorist threats, economic threats, food threats, cyber threats, natural disasters, etc. On the
other hand, naturally occurring diseases, whether it is bacterial or viral, do not have an
agenda, infect people indiscriminately, and do not abide by laws and norms established by
society—such as borders. Diseases (bacterial or viral) act in a natural manner established
before humans, since they are the earliest living life forms found on earth dating back
billions of years ago. Potential National Security Threats Disease incidence does pose a
threat to national security, looking back at history there are examples of naturally occurring
diseases that posed a national security threat: Spanish Flu (1918 Flu Pandemic) – Not
initially designated as a threat to national security, the pandemic had security implications
that fit our current day definition of national security • • • • • • • • • The Spanish flu was one
of the worst pandemics in recent history, roughly 500 million or a third of the population
died as a result of this pandemic. Military readiness was affected, it is estimated that more
soldiers died of the flu than in WWI battle. Hospitals were overcrowded and makeshift
hospitals were needed. Businesses shut down due to illness. Lack of available works slowed
economic activity. State and local health departments shutdown (History.com Editors,
2010). Ebola (2014-2016) – The 2014 Ebola outbreak posed a national security threat and
had every country on high alert and worried about individuals who traveled to and from
West Africa. In terms of security in West African countries, the 2014 outbreak of Ebola put
huge stresses on underprepared health care infrastructure in Liberia. o Studies showed that
several hospitals in Liberia lacked the essential medical supplies, such as gloves, depleted
supplies of soap and cleaning supplies, and poor communication capabilities (Forrester et
al., 2014). The international health community responded in west Africa by providing aid in
the forms of health workers and supplies o Incidentally this led to a few Ebola cases being
treated in Spain, Italy, and the United States, mainly among health care workers who
recently traveled to west Africa (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.). During
the 2014 outbreak, then Presidential Candidates Chris Christie and Donald Trump
promoted the idea of travel bans for countries affected by Ebola. o Evidence shows that
travel bans do not work, since determined individuals will get into a country no matter
what, and that travel bans weaken our disease and surveillance capabilities (Belluz &
Hoffman, 2019). Belluz, J., & Hoffman, S. (2019, July). Ebola outbreak 2019: Closing borders
2. to stop the disease won’t work. Retrieved October 16, 2019, from
https://www.vox.com/2014/10/18/6994413/research-travel-bans-ebola-virusoutbreak
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Global Health Security | Division of Global
Health Protection | Global Health | CDC. Retrieved October 16, 2019, from
https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/healthprotection/ghs/index.html Forrester, J. D., Pillai,
S. K., Beer, K. D., Bjork, A., Neatherlin, J., Massaquoi, M., … Cock, K. D. (2014). Assessment of
Ebola Virus Disease, Health Care Infrastructure, and Preparedness—Four Counties,
Southeastern Liberia, August 2014. 63(40), 3. History.com Editors. (2010, October). Spanish
Flu. Retrieved October 16, 2019, from https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/1918-
flu-pandemic Yashvi Aware Week 8 COLLAPSE Disease and Security Naturally occurring
diseases and national security are very related, as an infectious disease outbreak has the
potential to destabilize a nation and cause tremendous economic and social harm.The
threat of disease can result in social instability, especially when a nation or community has
never experienced a specific outbreak before, or is not prepared. Monetary resources,
health care professionals, and facilities are strained during such instances, which can
further propagate unrest (Cecchine and Moore). Those looking to harm a nation could prey
upon these vulnerabilities to create greater harm, and bioterrorism could even cause the
initial outbreak and trigger catastrophe. Disease Incidents In 2016, President Obama sent
the U.S. military into Liberia to help assist with the containment of Ebola because he
recognized the threat it had to not only Liberia or Africa, but across the Atlantic Ocean into
the U.S. (Gostin and Hodge, 2016). If any of those soldiers were infected, many of our service
members could be lost as well. Loss of service members poses a clear threat to our national
security. Another disease of interest is HIV/AIDS, which has prevalence in military
personnel in regions across the world. Because of this, the President’s Emergency Plan for
AIDS Relief in 2003 worked to provide global support for prevention and treatment
services. (WHO.Int) When diseases are perceived as security threats, they are able to garner
more political support and funding that helps people in communities live healthy lives and
keep nations safe. Impact of Disease Diseases such as Zika have the ability to directly impact
national security by the strain they place in economical and social structures. As hot zones
of Zika increase, travel is lessened- which directly impacts our economy. The future of
children and mothers infected with Zika are still being studied and we do not know the
disease burden complete. This disease impacts an entire generation of people that might not
be able to contribute to economic and social growth because of the disease. (Gostin and
Hodge, 2016). Zika can also have indirect impacts on factors like contraceptives and family
dynamics for those having to care for those affected by Zika or other infectious diseases.
References Cecchine, Gary, Moore, & Melinda. (2006, August 2). Infectious Disease and
National Security: Strategic Information Needs. Retrieved from
https://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR405.html. Gostin, L. O., & James G. Hodge,
J. (n.d.). Zika Prevention Is a Matter of National Security. Retrieved from
https://time.com/4449287/zika-prevention-national-security/. Health and security in
foreign policy. (2011, March 4). Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/85/3/06-036889/en/. Melissa Gray security
threats with disease COLLAPSE Association between naturally occurring diseases and
3. security, deliberating on how and why disease incidents could become national security
threats: There is a clear link between diseases and national security. Katz (2019) describes
the relationship by categorizing the information into two sections- indirect and direct.
Examples of direct links between health and national security include the use of biological
weapons or intentional spread of disease as well as when diseases affect our armed forces
(Katz, 2019). A nation that is trying to defend itself is less effective if the military is dying
from infectious diseases. The overall “readiness” is directly affected by those ill individuals.
Examples of indirect links between health and security is the issue of morbidity and
mortality. Large loss of life, or large sectors of the population being affected by diseases, can
result in economic loss, societal disruption or disorder, fear of disease, unrest, or
deterioration of the population (Katz, 2019). A nation that is “safer” from the spread of
infectious diseases, meaning that they can respond rapidly to outbreaks or work to prevent
outbreaks, is a stronger country in regard to their safer security measures. Especially since
people are constantly entering and leaving countries, there is potential for quickly
spreading diseases. Diseases can compromise the ability to protect and respond if the
population is severely affected or exposed without preparedness plans. In an article by the
National Academy of Sciences (NAS) (2003) they referred to the National Intelligence
Council 2000 report and mentioned how emerging diseases or biological agents can pose a
large threat on global security. They stated that the future of global security with infectious
diseases is influenced by the antimicrobial resistance, the research and development of
vaccines, developing transitional economies where everyone in the population despite
income level can have good quality of life where they are protected from disease, and the
effectiveness of surveillance and response in public health infrastructure (NAS, 2003). Two
disease that have posed a security threat: Two diseases that have posed a security threat
are influenza (H5N1) and HIV/AIDS. They have each caused economic impact from any size
outbreak and HIV/AIDS continues to be a threat to public health. Each has led to
incorporating political action and funds to create Relief Funds (AIDS Relief) or aid programs
to protect both diseased and non-diseased individuals. Increased interest in protecting
another outbreak from occurring is the national security threat that public health workers
are working to protect (Katz & Singer, 2003). Working to get a larger portion of the
population vaccinated from the flu is an example of protecting the public from large
outbreaks. Examples of disease incidents that had (or have) security implications: The Zika
virus caused security implications in 2015 when it finally made global news. The virus was
first discovered in 1947 in Uganda but it was not until 2015 that more attention was
brought to it (Katz, 2019). Reports were starting to show significant numbers of virus
indication especially when it crossed over into Caribbean, Puerto Rico, and parts of the U.S.
(Katz, 2019). Another example includes Ebola in West Africa. It took a year from the
outbreak occurring to the time that the WHO declared it a public health emergency. The
disease spread rapidly and across national borders which demonstrates the security
implications that occurred (Katz, 2019). Consider emerging and re-emerging diseases such
as SARS, HIV/AIDS, Ebola, Zika and measles and describe how these diseases can directly
and indirectly impact the security of nations: SARS- Indirect- individuals are not travelling
due to fear of contracting disease. Does not impact security immediately, but can affect the
4. economic growth. Direct- diseased individuals travelling across countries spreading the
disease. HIV/AIDS- Indirect- infected individuals cannot get the job/career they want due to
their disease (ex: joining military). Armed forces have to be healthy to protect the nation.
Direct- orphans from HIV/AIDS has increased and labor force has shrunk due to sick
individuals. Economic unrest is a direct result. Ebola- Indirect- overload of infected
individuals are turned away by overcrowded clinics and health care facilities—the number
of health care workers to infected individuals is not a realistic ratio. Direct- individuals flee
areas and end up in other regions in effort to escape- could still be infected and unaware
that they are spreading the disease. Zika- Indirect- infants born with complications, costing
healthcare and families more money to maintain or assist. Direct- individuals fear the virus.
Infected individuals may spread the disease through sexual contact. Measles- Indirect-
vaccinations do exist but fear of travelling before your child is fully vaccinated can be an
issue. If you travel and return home after being exposed, the illness could be dormant for a
few days before symptoms appear. Direct- highly contagious illness that can spread quickly
and cause outbreaks in new regions. References: CDC. (2019). Top 4 Things Parents Need to
Know about Measles. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/parents-
top4.html Katz, R., & Banaski, J. A. (2019). Essentials of public health preparedness and
emergency management (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Katz, R. &
Singer, D.A. (2007). World Health Organization: Health and security in foreign policy, 85(3).
Retrieved from https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/85/3/06-036889/en/ National
Academy of Sciences (NAS). (2003). Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and
Response. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK221484/