Karl Landsteiner discovered the main human blood groups (A, B, AB and O) in 1901. He found that mixing blood from two individuals can cause clumping of red blood cells. This occurs due to the presence of antigens on red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in plasma. Landsteiner's discovery made blood transfusions safer by allowing blood typing. There are over 20 blood group systems but ABO and Rh (Rhesus) are most important. ABO blood groups are determined by inheritance of A, B or O alleles while Rh status depends on presence/absence of the D antigen. Compatibility between donor and recipient blood is crucial to avoid dangerous immune reactions.
Mr. Jayesh Soni discusses congenital heart defects in children. He notes that approximately 8-12 children per 1000 are born with congenital heart defects. The document then describes the fetal circulation patterns and how they normally close after birth. It provides classifications for acyanotic and cyanotic heart defects and discusses specifics such as atrial septal defects (ASD), ventricular septal defects (VSD), signs/symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, and management including medical, interventional, and surgical options. Complications are also outlined.
1. The document discusses various pathways of fatty acid oxidation including beta-oxidation, alpha-oxidation, and omega-oxidation.
2. Beta-oxidation occurs in the mitochondria and involves the removal of two carbon units from fatty acyl-CoA in repeated cycles to generate acetyl-CoA.
3. Deficiencies in enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation can cause diseases like Refsum's disease or Zellweger syndrome characterized by neurological symptoms and accumulation of fatty acids.
This document provides information on normal hematological values and various blood disorders including anemia, thalassemia, hemophilia, and leukemia. It then focuses on anemia, discussing types such as iron deficiency, hemolytic, and megaloblastic anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is defined and causes, pathophysiology, diagnostic tests, and management are outlined. Sickle cell anemia and thalassemia are also defined and their causes, inheritance patterns, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and nursing management are summarized.
Counseling and guidance are processes aimed at helping individuals overcome problems and facilitate personal development. Counseling involves a helping relationship between a counselor and an individual seeking assistance, and aims to help solve problems through discussion of issues. Guidance is a broader process of influencing attitudes and behaviors through interpersonal relationships to help individuals understand themselves and develop their potential. Both counseling and guidance are underpinned by principles of focusing on the individual, assisting with decision-making and problem-solving, and promoting self-understanding and personal growth.
This document discusses infection prevention and control. It defines infection, infection prevention, and discusses the incidence of unsafe injections leading to diseases like hepatitis and HIV. It describes the infection prevention and control team and their roles in providing advice, guidelines, education and conducting surveillance to prevent hospital-acquired infections. The document outlines the infection cycle, stages of infection, and importance of good infection prevention practices. It discusses universal precautions, standard safety measures like physical health, standard precautions, and biomedical waste management. The main obstacles to improving infection prevention are also summarized.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There are three main types - allergic, non-allergic, and mixed. Triggers such as allergens, infections, pollution, and exercise can cause an immune response leading to bronchospasm, mucus production, and airway inflammation. Symptoms are typically treated and controlled through medication and by avoiding triggers when possible.
This document discusses different types of immunity. It describes innate immunity as resistance at birth through epithelial surfaces, antibacterial substances, cellular factors, inflammation, fever and acute phase proteins. Acquired immunity develops during life and is either active (adaptive) through natural infection/vaccination or passive through natural transfer or immunization with antibodies. Active immunity is long-lasting while passive is short-term. Innate provides initial defense while acquired immunity provides adaptive response.
Karl Landsteiner discovered the main human blood groups (A, B, AB and O) in 1901. He found that mixing blood from two individuals can cause clumping of red blood cells. This occurs due to the presence of antigens on red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in plasma. Landsteiner's discovery made blood transfusions safer by allowing blood typing. There are over 20 blood group systems but ABO and Rh (Rhesus) are most important. ABO blood groups are determined by inheritance of A, B or O alleles while Rh status depends on presence/absence of the D antigen. Compatibility between donor and recipient blood is crucial to avoid dangerous immune reactions.
Mr. Jayesh Soni discusses congenital heart defects in children. He notes that approximately 8-12 children per 1000 are born with congenital heart defects. The document then describes the fetal circulation patterns and how they normally close after birth. It provides classifications for acyanotic and cyanotic heart defects and discusses specifics such as atrial septal defects (ASD), ventricular septal defects (VSD), signs/symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, and management including medical, interventional, and surgical options. Complications are also outlined.
1. The document discusses various pathways of fatty acid oxidation including beta-oxidation, alpha-oxidation, and omega-oxidation.
2. Beta-oxidation occurs in the mitochondria and involves the removal of two carbon units from fatty acyl-CoA in repeated cycles to generate acetyl-CoA.
3. Deficiencies in enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation can cause diseases like Refsum's disease or Zellweger syndrome characterized by neurological symptoms and accumulation of fatty acids.
This document provides information on normal hematological values and various blood disorders including anemia, thalassemia, hemophilia, and leukemia. It then focuses on anemia, discussing types such as iron deficiency, hemolytic, and megaloblastic anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is defined and causes, pathophysiology, diagnostic tests, and management are outlined. Sickle cell anemia and thalassemia are also defined and their causes, inheritance patterns, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and nursing management are summarized.
Counseling and guidance are processes aimed at helping individuals overcome problems and facilitate personal development. Counseling involves a helping relationship between a counselor and an individual seeking assistance, and aims to help solve problems through discussion of issues. Guidance is a broader process of influencing attitudes and behaviors through interpersonal relationships to help individuals understand themselves and develop their potential. Both counseling and guidance are underpinned by principles of focusing on the individual, assisting with decision-making and problem-solving, and promoting self-understanding and personal growth.
This document discusses infection prevention and control. It defines infection, infection prevention, and discusses the incidence of unsafe injections leading to diseases like hepatitis and HIV. It describes the infection prevention and control team and their roles in providing advice, guidelines, education and conducting surveillance to prevent hospital-acquired infections. The document outlines the infection cycle, stages of infection, and importance of good infection prevention practices. It discusses universal precautions, standard safety measures like physical health, standard precautions, and biomedical waste management. The main obstacles to improving infection prevention are also summarized.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There are three main types - allergic, non-allergic, and mixed. Triggers such as allergens, infections, pollution, and exercise can cause an immune response leading to bronchospasm, mucus production, and airway inflammation. Symptoms are typically treated and controlled through medication and by avoiding triggers when possible.
This document discusses different types of immunity. It describes innate immunity as resistance at birth through epithelial surfaces, antibacterial substances, cellular factors, inflammation, fever and acute phase proteins. Acquired immunity develops during life and is either active (adaptive) through natural infection/vaccination or passive through natural transfer or immunization with antibodies. Active immunity is long-lasting while passive is short-term. Innate provides initial defense while acquired immunity provides adaptive response.
Administration of medication by Jayesh sir.ppsxJayesh
The document discusses various methods of administering medication. It begins by stating that administering medication is often a chief responsibility of nurses, who must have knowledge of indications, contraindications, dosages, interactions and more for the drugs they administer.
It then describes different routes of drug administration including oral, sublingual, inhalation, topical, intrathecal and more. Specific details are provided about intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous and intradermal injections including proper technique.
The document concludes by explaining procedures for preparing and administering both oral and sublingual medications safely to patients. It emphasizes correctly identifying patients, calculating dosages, and ensuring the right medication is given by the proper
Mr. Jayesh Soni discusses congenital heart defects in children. He notes that approximately 8-12 children per 1000 are born with congenital heart defects. The document then describes the fetal circulation patterns and their remnants post-birth. It provides classifications for acyanotic and cyanotic heart defects and discusses specifics such as atrial septal defects and ventricular septal defects in more detail. For VSDs, the document outlines signs, symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, and management approaches including indications for surgery. Complications are also listed.
1. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a fetal circulatory structure that normally closes after birth, but fails to do so in PDA. This allows blood to shunt from the aorta to the pulmonary artery, overloading the lungs.
2. Signs of PDA include respiratory infections, fatigue, sweating, rapid breathing, poor weight gain, and congestive heart failure. It is diagnosed through physical exam, chest X-ray, ECG, and echocardiogram.
3. Treatment involves medications to close the ductus or surgical ligation if medications fail. Complications include congestive heart failure, infective endocarditis, and pulmonary hypertension.
This document discusses various types of birth injuries including caput succedaneum, cephalohematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, skull fractures, brachial plexus injuries (Erb's palsy), facial nerve palsy, and spinal cord injuries. It describes the causes, signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment for each condition. Complications from difficult births can cause damage due to pressure or stretching of nerves and blood vessels in the head or neck. Imaging tests help diagnose injuries while most cases are managed with close monitoring, protection of injured areas, and physical therapy.
Jayesh Soni is the Head of Department of Child Health Nursing at Venkteshwar College of Nursing. He oversees the Child Health Nursing department and curriculum. Venkteshwar College of Nursing provides nursing education and trains students in child health.
A normal newborn weighs 2.5-3.5 kg, is 45-55 cm long, and has a head circumference of 33-35 cm. Vital signs include a temperature of 96.8-99°F, heart rate of 120-160 beats/minute, and respiratory rate of 30-60 breaths/minute. A comprehensive physical exam assesses the newborn from head to toe and includes measurements, examination of features and organs, and assessment of reflexes. Key reflexes in newborns include rooting, sucking, swallowing, and Moro reflex. The physical exam establishes the health and normalcy of the newborn.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. It is a specialized area of biology that examines microbes and their relationships to humans, animals, plants and the environment. Some key areas of microbiology include bacteriology, virology, mycology, parasitology, immunology, and environmental microbiology. Important historical figures who contributed to the development of microbiology include Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and Alexander Fleming. Microorganisms can be classified based on their cellular structure as being either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Bacteria are the most common type of prokary
This document discusses culture media used to grow microorganisms in microbiology laboratories. It defines culture media as a special medium that provides nutrients for microbial growth. It then classifies culture media into three types based on physical state: solid, semisolid, and liquid broth media. It further classifies media based on ingredients into simple/basal media, undefined/complex media, and defined/synthetic media. The document also discusses several special types of media and their uses, as well as common culture methods like streak plating and lawn culture. It concludes by describing the McIntosh and Fildes jar method for obtaining anaerobic conditions for culturing anaerobic bacteria.
Administration of medication by Jayesh sir.ppsxJayesh
The document discusses various methods of administering medication. It begins by stating that administering medication is often a chief responsibility of nurses, who must have knowledge of indications, contraindications, dosages, interactions and more for the drugs they administer.
It then describes different routes of drug administration including oral, sublingual, inhalation, topical, intrathecal and more. Specific details are provided about intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous and intradermal injections including proper technique.
The document concludes by explaining procedures for preparing and administering both oral and sublingual medications safely to patients. It emphasizes correctly identifying patients, calculating dosages, and ensuring the right medication is given by the proper
Mr. Jayesh Soni discusses congenital heart defects in children. He notes that approximately 8-12 children per 1000 are born with congenital heart defects. The document then describes the fetal circulation patterns and their remnants post-birth. It provides classifications for acyanotic and cyanotic heart defects and discusses specifics such as atrial septal defects and ventricular septal defects in more detail. For VSDs, the document outlines signs, symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, and management approaches including indications for surgery. Complications are also listed.
1. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a fetal circulatory structure that normally closes after birth, but fails to do so in PDA. This allows blood to shunt from the aorta to the pulmonary artery, overloading the lungs.
2. Signs of PDA include respiratory infections, fatigue, sweating, rapid breathing, poor weight gain, and congestive heart failure. It is diagnosed through physical exam, chest X-ray, ECG, and echocardiogram.
3. Treatment involves medications to close the ductus or surgical ligation if medications fail. Complications include congestive heart failure, infective endocarditis, and pulmonary hypertension.
This document discusses various types of birth injuries including caput succedaneum, cephalohematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, skull fractures, brachial plexus injuries (Erb's palsy), facial nerve palsy, and spinal cord injuries. It describes the causes, signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment for each condition. Complications from difficult births can cause damage due to pressure or stretching of nerves and blood vessels in the head or neck. Imaging tests help diagnose injuries while most cases are managed with close monitoring, protection of injured areas, and physical therapy.
Jayesh Soni is the Head of Department of Child Health Nursing at Venkteshwar College of Nursing. He oversees the Child Health Nursing department and curriculum. Venkteshwar College of Nursing provides nursing education and trains students in child health.
A normal newborn weighs 2.5-3.5 kg, is 45-55 cm long, and has a head circumference of 33-35 cm. Vital signs include a temperature of 96.8-99°F, heart rate of 120-160 beats/minute, and respiratory rate of 30-60 breaths/minute. A comprehensive physical exam assesses the newborn from head to toe and includes measurements, examination of features and organs, and assessment of reflexes. Key reflexes in newborns include rooting, sucking, swallowing, and Moro reflex. The physical exam establishes the health and normalcy of the newborn.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. It is a specialized area of biology that examines microbes and their relationships to humans, animals, plants and the environment. Some key areas of microbiology include bacteriology, virology, mycology, parasitology, immunology, and environmental microbiology. Important historical figures who contributed to the development of microbiology include Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and Alexander Fleming. Microorganisms can be classified based on their cellular structure as being either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Bacteria are the most common type of prokary
This document discusses culture media used to grow microorganisms in microbiology laboratories. It defines culture media as a special medium that provides nutrients for microbial growth. It then classifies culture media into three types based on physical state: solid, semisolid, and liquid broth media. It further classifies media based on ingredients into simple/basal media, undefined/complex media, and defined/synthetic media. The document also discusses several special types of media and their uses, as well as common culture methods like streak plating and lawn culture. It concludes by describing the McIntosh and Fildes jar method for obtaining anaerobic conditions for culturing anaerobic bacteria.
3. .
सामाजिक रूप से हाथ धोना
(सादे साबुन और पानी से
हाथ धोना): हाथोों को
शारीररक रूप से स्वच्छ
बनाने और हाथ ों से सूक्ष्म
जीव ों क हटाने क
े लिए
सामाजिक हाथ धोने का कार्य
जकर्ा िाता है l
प्रकार:
साबुन और पानी से हाथ धोना,
एों टीसेजिक सोल्यूशन से हाथ धोना,
अल्कोहल-आधाररत हाथ धोना,
4. हाथ ों क ध ने की प्रलिया
हाथोों को पानी से गीला करें
अपने हाथोों को साबुन से रगड़कर
झाग बनाएों
अपने हाथोों क
े जपछले जहस्से, अपनी
उोंगजलर्ोों क
े बीच और अपने नाखूनोों
क
े नीचे झाग लगाएों
कम से कम 15 से 20 सेक
ों ड तक
हाथोों को आपस में रगड़ें
हाथोों को पानी से धोएों
तौजलर्े से सुखाएों
नल बोंद करने क
े जलए जटशू पेपर का
प्रर्ोग करें
5.
6. अपने हाथ साबुन और पानी से या
र गाणुर धी स ल्यूशन से ध एों यलि:
आपक
े हाथ स्पष्ट रूप से गोंदे हो
खाना बनाने से पहले, दौरान और बाद
में
खाना खाने से पहले और बाद में
नाक साफ़ करने, खाोंसने र्ा छीोंकने क
े
बाद
जकसी पीजड़त व्यक्ति की देखभाल करने
से पहले और बाद में
जकसी िानवर, पशु चारा, र्ा पशु
अपजशष्ट को छ
ू ने क
े बाद
शौचालर् का उपर्ोग करने क
े बाद
आपक अपने हाथ ों क साबुन और पानी से कब-कब ध ना
चालहए?
7.
8.
9. सोंिामक र ग ों क फ
ै िने से
र कने की शक्ति आपक
े हाथ
में है
हम सभी लमिकर क
ु छ अिग कर सकते
हैं