This document discusses infection prevention in healthcare settings. It emphasizes the importance of infection prevention to protect clients, staff, and the community from disease transmission. Key points made include that infection prevention lowers healthcare costs, prevents post-procedure infections, and protects susceptible individuals. The document then outlines various modes of disease transmission and strategies to prevent transmission, including standard precautions like hand hygiene, barrier methods, isolation techniques, disinfection, and sterilization of medical equipment and facilities.

1. Infection prevention in health
care setting
Clients are at risk of infection during and
immediately following the procedure

2. introduction
• Many of the people seeking health care
services are already sick and may be more
susceptible to infections

3. introduction
• Others also have infections that can be
transmitted to others.

4. Importance of infection prevention
measures.
• It Prevents post procedure infection
• It Provides high-quality, safe services
• It Prevents infections in service providers and
other staff

5. Importance of infection prevention
• It Protects the community from infections that
originate in health care facilities.
• It Prevents the spread of antibiotic-resistant
microorganisms.
• It Lowers the costs of health care services,
since prevention is cheaper than treatment.

6. Who is at risk of infection?
• The health staff
• The client
• The community

7. infection transmission
• Infections are caused by microorganisms,
microorganisms are everywhere--on your skin,
in the air you breathe, and in people, animals,
plants, soil, and water.

8. Infection transmission
• Some microorganisms are normally present on
your skin and in your respiratory, intestinal,
and genital tracts. These are called normal
flora. Other microorganisms are normally not
found on or in the human body and are
usually associated with disease. These are
known as pathogens.

9. Modes of transmission
• Contact - Direct transfer of microorganisms
through touch
• Vehicle - Material that serves as a means of
transfer of the microorganisms. This can be
food ,water or instruments and other items
used during clinical procedures

10. Modes of transmission
• Airborne - Microorganisms can be carried by
air currents (measles, TB)
• Vector - Invertebrate animals can transmit the
microorganisms
• Hospital acquired infections are known as
nosocomial infections

11. Infection prevention
• The only way to prevent infections is to stop
the transmission of microorganisms
• By observing the following standard
precautions : Asepsis, sterilization,
disinfection etc

12. ASEPSIS
• Asepsis is a state of being free from micro-
organisms. Medical asepsis comprises those
practices which are carried out in order to
keep micro-organisms within a confined area.
• The aim is to prevent cross infection

13. Ways of achieving medical asepsis
• hand washing
• use of caps
• use of boots
• use of mask
• use of gloves

14. Medical asepsis
• use of gowns
• Isolation nursing techniques
Barrier nursing
Reverse barrier nursing.

15. ISOLATION TECHNIQUE
• Barrier nursing is adopted when a patient has
an infectious disease which can be passed on
to others.

16. Isolation techniques
• Reverse barrier nursing is adopted when it is
necessary to protect a patient in a susceptible
condition from possible infection from outside
source.

17. Decontamination
• Decontamination is any activity that reduces
the microbial load to prevent inadvertent
contamination or infection

18. DISINFECTION AND STERILIZATION
• Disinfection is the elimination of virtually all
pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate
objects with the exception of large numbers of
bacterial endospores, reducing the level of
microbial contamination to an acceptably safe
level.

19. Disinfection
• All instruments to be disinfected should be
dipped into a container containing 0.5%
chlorine solution for ten minutes
• Remove instruments and wash with soapy
water using a brush

20. disinfection
• Rinse the instruments with pipe water
• Dry instruments in the open air for some time
• Pack instrument ,label and sterilize in an
octoclave, or boil in the absence of an
octoclave

21. Calculation of strength of solution for
disinfection
• For 5% concentration ( 5/0.5 – 1) =9
• This means to get 0.5% solution for
disinfection ,add 9 parts of water to 1 part of
5% chlorine solution

22. Sterilization
• The destruction of all microbial life, including
bacterial endospores

23. Methods of sterilization
• Autoclaves. Thus steam heat sterilization under
pressure at 121 degrees for 30minutes at 15psi
• Chemical sterilization. Used for heat sensitive
objects, requires a prolong contact time with a
high concentrated solution.
• Dry heat sterilization. Less effective as compared
to autoclave sterilization, requires longer time (2-
4hrs) at higher temperatures 160 degrees

24. Vital signs
By the end of the class students should be able
to;
• Measure and record patients temperature
• Check and record patients pulse
• Check and record patients respiration
• Measure and record patients blood pressure

25. Checking vital signs
• Vital signs are observations that provide a guide
to patient’s condition and progress Vital signs
include; Temperature, pulse, respiration, blood
pressure, oxygen saturation, level of
consciousness, etc ( Elliott & Coventry, 2012) .
• For over 100 years, nurses have performed this
surveillance using the same vital signs:
• temperature, pulse, blood pressure, respiratory
rate but in recent years, oxygen saturation has
been added as a mandatory vital sign (Ahrens,
2008).

26. Temperature
• Temperature is defined as the degree of
hotness or coldness of a body. The instrument
used in taking temperature is called clinical
thermometer, measured in degrees Celsius or
degrees Fahrenheit

27. Sites at which temperature can be
taken
• Mouth
• Axilla
• Rectum
• Groin

28. Contra – indications for measuring
temperature in the mouth
• Children
• Psychiatric patient
• Unconsciousness
• Stomatitis
• Dypsnea
• Nose packs
• Fitting patients

29. Contra – indicators for measuring
temperature in the rectum
• Rectal surgery
• Disease of the rectum
• Diarrhoea

30. Degrees and Fahrenheit
• To convert 37°C to Fahrenheit
• (37 *9/5) +32 = 98.6°F
• To convert from 98.6°F to degree Celsius (°C)
• (98.6 – 32) * 5/9 = 37.

31. Thermometers used in wards
• Bath
• Lotion
• Wall – atmospheric
• Clinical
• Infra red

32. Causes of subnomal temperature
Normal temp range 36.2- 37.2
• Exposure to cold
• Starvation
• Shock

33. Causes of pyrexia
• infection
• Continues pain

34. Pulse
• A wave of expansion felt In an artery
whenever a superficial artery passes over a
bone. This corresponds with left ventricular
contraction.
• Normal rate is 60 – 80 in adult.
• It is faster in children and slow in old age and
in starvation
• it is measured in beats per minute.

35. Sites for pulse taking
• Dorsal pedal pulse
• Radial
• Temporal
• Facial
• Femoral
• Fontanel
• Popliteal pulse
• Posterior tibial artery
• over apex of the heart
• Carotid artery

37. Respiration
• This is the process by which interchange of
gases take place in the lungs between the air
and circulating blood. That is inspiration and
expiration (16 – 20).
• The unit of measurement is cycles per minute
• The cycle includes inspiration, expiration and
a pause

38. Factors affecting respiration.
• Exercise
• Excitement
• Decrease atmospheric pressure
• Rest
• Sleep

39. Factors affecting respiration
• Fatigue
• Disease of the lungs
• Febrile conditions
• Heart disease
• Hemorrhage

40. Factors affecting respiration
• Increase intracranial pressure
• Coma due to toxemia
• Some drugs example morphine also cause low
respiration

41. Abnormal respiration
• Sighing: respiration characterized by air
hunger, slow inspiration and rapid expiration
• Grunting: loud snoring and blowing of the
cheeks as in brain injury

42. Abnormal respiration
• Stridor
• Wheezing
• Whoop
• Inverse respiration: inspiration, pause,
expiration

43. Requirements for checking vital signs
A tray containing a
• Thermometer
• A pen
• A receiver
• A gallipot with cotton wool swabs
• Spirit

44. Requirements for checking vital signs
• Temperature chart
• Stop watch
• A rule
• A gallipot with water
• Sphegnomanometre
• stethoscope

45. procedure
• Explain the procedure to the patient
• Provide privacy
• Wash and dry hands and send tray to the bed
side
• Make the patient comfortable
• Wipe the patients armpit with dry cotton wool
swab

46. Procedure
• Wipe the thermometer from the bulb towards
the stem
• Insert the thermometer in the patients armpit
• Monitor the patients pulse for one minute
• Count respiration also for one minute
• Record pulse and respiratory rates
• Take out the thermometer, clean from stem to
bulb and read the recording then chart.

47. procedure
• Stretches patient arm and places
sphygmomanometre at the shoulder level
• Wound cuff around arm above the elbow
• Palpate redial artery and inflates the cuff
• Wears and places stethoscope on brachial
artery
• Releases cuff pressure slowly and listens with
the stethoscope

48. procedure
• Removes cuff and reassemble
• Thank patient and make patient comfortable,
remove screen
• Record BP
• Discard tray, wash and dry hands.

49. Blood pressure
• Blood pressure
• Blood pressure (BP) refers to the pressure
exerted by blood
• against the arterial wall. It is influenced by
cardiac output,
• peripheral vascular resistance, blood volume
and viscosity and
• vessel wall elasticity (Fetzer, 2006).

50. Blood pressure
• BP is an important vital
• sign to measure as it provides a reflection of
blood flow when
• the heart is contracting (systole) and relaxing
(diastole). It is
• also one of many indicators of cellular oxygen
delivery

51. conclusion
• Four vital signs are traditionally used to assess
patients at the bedside:
• temperature, pulse, blood pressure,
respiratory rate
• Owing to increasing patient acuity and illness
complexity, these vital signs may not be
sufficient to detect patient deterioration

52. conclusion
• the knowledge and skills to recognise
deterioration is mandatory for all nurses in
acute settings
• Nurses should consider incorporating other
assessment parameters into their routine
care: pain, level of consciousness and urine
output

53. • Thank you for your time